Genus Erythrina Research Articles

Bioinformatics Study of Flavonoids From Genus Erythrina As Ace2 inhibitor Candidates For Covid-19 Treatment.

This study aimed to screen potential drug candidates from the flavonoids of the genus Erythrina for the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment. A comprehensive screening was conducted on the structures of 473 flavonoids derived from the genus Erythrina, focusing on their potential toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles. Subsequently, flavonoids that were non-toxic and possessed favorable pharmacokinetic properties underwent further analysis to explore their interactions with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, employing molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Among 473 flavonoids, 104 were predicted to be safe from being mutagenic, hepatotoxic, and inhibitors of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG). Among these 104 flavonoids, 18 compounds were predicted not to be substrates of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Among these 18 flavonoids, gangetinin (471) and erybraedin D (310) exhibit low binding affinities and root mean square deviation (RMSD) values, indicating stable binding to the ACE2 receptor. The physicochemical attributes of compounds 310 and 471 suggest that they possess drug-like properties. Gangetinin (471) and erybraedin D (310) may serve as promising candidates for COVID-19 treatment due to their potential to inhibit the ACE2-RBD interaction. This warrants further investigation into their inhibitory effects on ACE2-RBD binding through in vitro experiments.

Investigating the Potency of Erythrina‒Derived Flavonoids as Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Free Radical Scavengers Through in silico Approach: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy.

This study aimed to evaluate the potency of 471 flavonoids from the genus Erythrina as potential acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and free radical scavengers through computational studies to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapies from natural products. A total of 471 flavonoids from the genus Erythrina were subjected to molecular docking against AChE, followed by toxicity screening. The potential AChE inhibitors with the least toxic profile were subjected to further investigation through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, density functional theory (DFT) study, and in silico pharmacokinetic predictions. A combination of molecular docking and in silico toxicity screening led to the identification of 2(S)‒5,7‒dihydroxy‒5'‒methoxy‒[2'',2''‒(3''‒hydroxy)‒dimethylpyrano]‒(5'',6'':3',4') flavanone (89) and Abyssinoflavanone IV (83) as potential AChE inhibitors. These compounds had stable binding to AchE and exhibited lower Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values compared to the apo state of AChE. In addition, Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA) analysis revealed that the binding energies of 89 and 83 were significantly lower compared to acetylcholine, the natural substrate of AChE. Based on DFT study, these compounds exhibited a higher energy in the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO) and lower electron affinity (EA) than Quercetin. This indicated that 89 and 83 could be potential radical scavengers through their electron-donating activity. Although this study primarily relied on computational methods, the results showed the dual functionality of compounds 89 and 83 as both potential AChE inhibitors and free radical scavengers. Further investigation in wet laboratory experiments is required to validate their therapeutic potential for AD.

Cytotoxic Evaluation, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and ADMET Prediction of Isolupalbigenin Isolated from Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk). Merr. (Fabaceae) Stem Bark: Unveiling Its Anticancer Efficacy.

Erythrina subumbrans, a medical plant found in sub-Saharan Africa and the Western Ghats of India, shows promise as a potential source of bioactive compounds to treat cancer. In our ongoing research on folk medical plants, we report the isolation of flavonoid compound from the stem bark of E. subumbrans along with its cytotoxic activity against breast cancer (MCF-7 and T47D), and cervical cancer (HeLa) cell lines. This study aimed to isolate secondary metabolite from the stem bark of E. subumbrans and evaluate its cytotoxic activity to support the use of folk medicinal plants as alternative therapy against cancer. Isolupalbigenin was isolated from the stem bark of E. subumbrans by column chromatography. Cytotoxic activity against breast cancer (MCF-7 and T47D) and cervical cancer (HeLa) cell lines was evaluated using the MTT assay, whereas the in silico study was evaluated using molecular docking and molecular dynamics against estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). The cytotoxic assay showed that isolupalbigenin inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cell with an IC50 of 31.62 µg∙mL-1, while showing no toxicity against normal human cells (Vero cell line). The molecular docking results suggested that isolupalbigenin can bind to ERα with a lower binding affinity than estradiol, whereas the stability of the isolupalbigenin-ERα complex was confirmed by molecular dynamic simulation with a median Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of 2.80 Å. Toxicity prediction suggested that isolupalbigenin was less likely to cause hepatotoxicity or carcinogenicity, whereas pharmacokinetic prediction suggested that isolupalbigenin has high intestinal absorption with medium Caco2 permeability. In addition, isolupalbigenin was predicted to have a medium volume of distribution (Vd). Isolupalbigenin isolated from the stem bark of E. subumbrans with cytotoxic activity supports further development of plants from the genus Erythrina as a medicinal plant for alternative therapy against cancer.

Virtual Screening and ADMET Prediction to Uncover the Potency of Flavonoids from Genus Erythrina as Antibacterial Agent through Inhibition of Bacterial ATPase DNA Gyrase B.

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance due to the widespread and inappropriate use of antibiotics has now become the global health challenge. Flavonoids have long been reported to be a potent antimicrobial agent against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms in vitro. Therefore, new antibiotics development based on flavonoid structures could be a potential strategy to fight against antibiotic-resistant infections. This research aims to screen the potency of flavonoids of the genus Erythrina as an inhibitor of bacterial ATPase DNA gyrase B. From the 378 flavonoids being screened, 49 flavonoids show potential as an inhibitor of ATPase DNA gyrase B due to their lower binding affinity compared to the inhibitor and ATP. Further screening for their toxicity, we identified 6 flavonoids from these 49 flavonoids, which are predicted to have low toxicity. Among these flavonoids, erystagallin B (334) is predicted to have the best pharmacokinetic properties, and therefore, could be further developed as new antibacterial agent.

An overview of techniques and strategies for isolation of flavonoids from the genus Erythrina.

Plants in the genus Erythrina is a potential source of chemical constituents, one of which is flavonoids, which have diverse bioactivities. To date, literature on the flavonoids from the genus Erythrina has only highlighted the phytochemical aspects, so this review article will discuss isolation techniques and strategies for the first time. More than 420 flavonoids have been reported in the Erythrina genus, which are grouped into 17 categories. These flavonoid compounds were obtained through isolation techniques and strategies using polar, semi-polar, and non-polar solvents. Various chromatographic techniques have been developed to isolate flavonoids using column flash chromatography, quick column chromatography, centrifugally accelerated thin-layer chromatography, radial chromatography, medium-pressure column chromatography, semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographic processes for isolating flavonoids can be optimized using multivariate statistical applications such as response surface methodology with central composite design, Box-Behnken design, Doehlert design, and mixture design.

In vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of isolated compounds and semisynthetic derivative from aerial parts of Erythrina senegalensis DC

The current study was conducted to isolate the phytoconstituents from Erythrina senegalensis leaves and stem bark and evaluate their inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, digestive enzyme related to diabetes mellitus. Phytochemical investigation of the leaves resulted in the isolation of three saponins (3–5), two triterpenoids (7 and 8) and two steroids (10a and 10b) as inseparable mixture, while one saponin (6), one triterpenoid (9) and one mixture of two cinnamates (2a and 2b) were isolated from the stem bark. Except for compounds 2 b, 7, 8, 10a and 10 b all the isolated compounds are reported here for the first time from the genus Erythrina. Acetylation of the mixture of two cinnamates (2a and 2b) led to a new diester derivative (1) trivially called erythrinamate. The extracts and pure compounds (3, 4, 6) showed good α-glucosidase inhibitory activity compared to the standard drug acarbose. The findings suggest that saponins of E. senegalensis could be used to develop potential anti-hyperglycemic drugs.

Flavanones from Erythrina crista-galli Twigs and Their Antioxidant Properties Determined through In Silico and In Vitro Studies.

Flavonoids are a secondary metabolite group with various bioactivities, such as antioxidants. They are rich in the genus Erythrina, such as Erythrina crista-galli. This research aims to isolate and characterize flavonoids from the twigs of E. crista-galli and determine their antioxidant properties through in silico and in vitro assays. The ethyl acetate extract of E. crista-galli twigs were separated by column chromatography and characterized using spectroscopic methods. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on the isolated flavonoids and the reference compounds (ascorbic acid and quercetin) to obtain global descriptive parameters and a donor–acceptor map (DAM). We successfully isolated lupinifolin (1) and citflavanone (2) for the first time from E. crista-galli, along with lonchocarpol A (3), which has been discovered previously. The DAM suggests that these flavanones are good antiradicals with effective electron donors. However, they tend to be electron acceptors in methanol. The frontier molecular orbital analysis implies that lupinifolin (1) is a better antiradical than the other flavanones. The DPPH assays show that lupinifolin (1) has the highest antioxidant (antiradical) activity, with an IC50 value of 128.64 ppm. The in silico studies showed similar trends to the in vitro assays using the DPPH method.

Judge it by its shape: a pollinator-blind approach reveals convergence in petal shape and infers pollination modes in the genus Erythrina.

Pollinators are thought to exert selective pressures on plants, mediating the evolution of convergent floral shape often recognized as pollination syndromes. However, little is known about the accuracy of using petal shape for inferring convergence in pollination mode without a priori pollination information. Here we studied the genus Erythrina L. as a test case to assess whether ornithophyllous pollination modes (hummingbirds, passerines, sunbirds, or mixed pollination) can be inferred based on the evolutionary analysis of petal shape. We characterized the two-dimensional dissected shape of standard, keel, and wing petals from 106 Erythrina species using geometric morphometrics and reconstructed a phylogenetic tree of 83 Erythrina species based on plastid trnL-F and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. We then used two phylogenetic comparative methods based on Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models, SURFACE and l1OU, to infer distinct morphological groups using petal shape and identify instances of convergent evolution. The effectiveness of these methods was evaluated by comparing the groups inferred to known pollinators. We found significant petal shape differences between hummingbird- and passerine-pollinated Erythrina species. Our analyses also revealed that petal combinations generally provided better inferences of pollinator types than individual petals and that the method and optimization criterion can affect the results. We show that model-based approaches using petal shape can detect convergent evolution of floral shape and relatively accurately infer pollination modes in Erythrina. The inference power of the keel petals argues for a deeper investigation of their role in the pollination biology of Erythrina and other bird-pollinated legumes.

Erythrinoid and indol alkaloids isolated from the seeds of Erythrina rubrinervia Kunth: Chemotaxonomic significance

In the present work, we report the isolation of five alkaloids from the seeds of Erythrina rubrinervia. Four of the isolated alkaloids are erythrinoid type alkaloids which were identified as erysodine (1), erysovine (2), erythraline (3) and erysotrine (4), plus an indolic alkaloid which was identified as hypaphorine (5). The analysis of spectroscopic data for the alkaloid l-hypaphorine shows that the published structure (5a) must be revised, and the correct structure is that depicted as the structure 5c. The chemical structures were elucidated by full spectroscopic analysis. The chemotaxonomic significance of those findings in the genus Erythrina is also discussed.

A Synopsis of the Genus Erythrina (Fabaceae) in India

A synopsis of the genus Erythrina (Fabaceae) in India is presented based on herbarium records, literature, and material available online. Lectotypes are designated for the names E. arborescens Roxb., E. fusca Lour., E. indica Lam. (synonym of E. variegata L.), E. resupinata Roxb. and E. stricta Roxb., and a neotype is designated for E. lithosperma Blume ex Miq. Historical information on the typification of the name E. mysorensis Gamble is given.

Requirements for efficient plantlet regeneration using cotyledonary nodal explants of purple coral tree (Erythrina fusca Lour.)

There are over hundred species in the genus Erythrina which are of practical importance in multiple ways. The requirements for Erythrina plantlet regeneration in vitro were rarely studied. Surface-sterilized seeds of purple coral tree (Erythrina fusca Lour.) exhibited a high germination rate (80%) in vitro. The cotyledonary nodes from the one-month-old purple coral tree seedlings grown in vitro were used as explants. About 70% of the cotyledonary nodal explants exhibited shoot regeneration when the explants were cultured vertically with the cut ends inserted into basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium compared to only 10% of those placed lying horizontally on the surface of the medium. Supplementation of the basal MS medium with 1 mg L−1 of BAP, 1 mg L−1 kinetin and 1 mg L−1 TDZ resulted in the greatest shoot elongation and the highest number of shoots developed from the cotyledonary nodal explants. The regenerated shoots were able to root (100%) on basal MS medium while supplementation with 2 mg L−1 of either NAA or IBA was inhibitory to root elongation. This is the first study on plantlet regeneration of purple coral tree which seems to have more complex requirements for shoot regeneration in vitro than those reported for the other three Erythrina species. Since only 30% of the rooted in vitro shoots survived during acclimatization following a previously published protocol for acclimatization of another plant, it is recommended that future studies are to investigate the requirements of higher plantlet survival for the rooted in vitro shoots of purple coral tree.

Flavonoids and other Non-alkaloidal Constituents of Genus Erythrina: Phytochemical Review.

Genus Erythrina belongs to family Fabaceae, which is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. It has been used in both traditional herbal medicines and pharmacological applications. Original research articles and publications on the overview of alkaloids related to this genus are available, but a supportive systematic review account which highlighted phytochemical aspects of other types of secondary metabolites is currently insufficient. With the utilization of data and information from SCI-Finder, Google Scholar, the Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Chemical Abstracts, ACS journals, Springer, Taylor Francis, Bentham Science and IOP Science, the reliable material sources of this systematic review paper were obtained from the literature published from the 1980s to now. A vast amount of data showed that the non-alkaloidal secondary metabolites were obtained from genus Erythrina with various classes of chemical structures. Herein, approximately five hundred constituents were isolated, comprising flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phytosterols, phenols, arylbenzofurans, coumarins, alcohols, ceramides, mono-sugars and fatty acid derivatives. In agreement with the previous phytochemical reports on the plants of the family Fabaceae, flavonoids reached a high amount in the plants of genus Erythrina. Numerous biological activity investigations such as anti-bacteria, anti-cancer, anti-virus using isolated compounds from Erythrina species suggested that secondary metabolites of Erythrina plants are now becoming the promising agents for drug developments.

Chemical constituents of the root wood of Erythrina sacleuxii and determination of the absolute configuration of suberectin

Phytochemical investigation on the root wood of Erythrina sacleuxii (Leguminosae) led to the isolation of nine secondary metabolites (1-9). Compound 1 was isolated from the genus Erythrina for the first time. The pure compounds were identified on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses, while their absolute configurations were determined based on chiroptical measurements. Compounds 5 and 6 showed weak antifungal activity against Pyricularia oryzae with MIC values of 20 µg/mL.
 
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2020, 34(1), 135-140.
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v34i1.12

A Further Comprehensive Review on the Phytoconstituents from the Genus Erythrina

Erythrina is a significant source of phytoconstituents. The aim of this review is to solicitude of classification, synthesis, and phytochemicals with biological activities of Erythrina. In our previous review on this genus (Hussain et. al., 2016a) fifteen species (Erythrina addisoniae, E. caribeae, E. indica, E. lattisima, E. melanacantha, E. mildbraedii, E. poeppigiama, E. stricta, E. subumbrans, E. veriagata, E. vespertilio, E. velutina, E. zeberi, E. zeyheri and E. americana) have been studied and 155 molecules with chemical structures were reported. A further comprehensive review was done upon continuation on the same genus and thirteen species (E. abyssinica, E. arborescens, E. berteroana, E. burttii, E. caffra, E. coralloids, E. crista-galli, E. fusca, E. herbaceae, E. lysistemon, E. mulungu, E. speciosa and E. tahitensis) of Erythrina have been studied and 127 compounds are reported as phytoconstituents with their chemical structure in this review. Erythrina crista-galli and E. lysistemon consist of highest number of chemical constituents. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 23(1): 65-77, 2020

Gastroprotective effects of Erythrina speciosa (Fabaceae) leaves cultivated in Egypt against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats.

Members of the genus Erythrina have been traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments such as inflammation and gastrointestinal disorders. Erythrina speciosa (Fabaceae) is a spiny, deciduous shrub or small tree native to Southern America in Brazil. It is cultivated in Africa and Asia. The traditional usage of E. speciosa indicated its antibacterial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Evaluation of the phytochemical constituents, gastroprotective effects and possible mechanism of action of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from the methanol extract of E. speciosa leaves (ESLE). Chemical characterization of ESLE was done using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The gastroprotective activity of ESLE was evaluated using ethanol-induced gastric-ulcer model in rats. Rats were pre-treated with ESLE 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg 1 h before the administration of absolute ethanol. Histological analysis, mucin content, and total acidity were evaluated. The possible mechanism of action of ESLE was studied through the examination of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, PGE2, and NF-κB, iNOS, COX-2, and HSP-70 immunoexpression. In vitro, anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of ESLE was also studied using micro-well dilution method. Fourteen compounds were tentatively identified including alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. ESLE exerted a powerful gastroprotective effect. The pre-treatment with ESLE at different doses resulted in a significant reduction in gastric lesions and significant elevation in the mucin production. These effects could be partially mediated by the potent anti-inflammatory activity of ESLE as evidenced by the significant reduction in the immunoexpression of NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS and the reduction in the pro-inflammatory marker, TNF-α. ESLE counteracted the ethanol-induced oxidative stress by increasing the levels of depleted GSH and catalase as well as significantly attenuating the ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation tissue levels. In addition, ESLE exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against H. pylori. The chemical constituents of ESLE strongly support its potent gastroprotective effect suggesting its future potential application in the management of gastric ulcer by eliminating its symptoms and causes including H. pylori.

Chemical compositions from roots of Erythrina corallodendron

This project is to investigate chemical compositions from the roots of Erythrina corallodendron. Through the methods of silica gel,ODS,Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative HPLC,15 compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the roots of E. corallodendron. Based on spectroscopic techniques,the structures of these compounds were identified as 10,11-dioxoerythraline( 1),erythrinine( 2),erythraline( 3),11-methoxyerythraline( 4),cristanines B( 5),erythratine( 6),erysotrine( 7),medioresinol( 8),( ±)-ficusesquilignan A( 9),( +)-pinoresinol( 10),nicotinic acid( 11),dibutyl phthalate( 12),vanillic acid( 13),3-hydroxy-1-( 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone( 14),and syringic acid( 15). Compounds 8-10 are isolated from genus Erythrina for the first time and all compounds are isolated from E. corallodendron for the first time. Furthermore,this paper screened the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the compounds using models of liver microsomal oxidation inhibition and MTT.

Flavonoids and other Non-Alkaloidal Constituents of Genus Erythrina: A Detailed Account of Phytochemical Review

: Genus Erythrina belongs to family Fabaceae, which widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, and has been applied in both traditional herbal medicines, and pharmacological uses. Original research articles and publications on overview of alkaloids related to this genus are available, but a supportive systematic review account highlighted phytochemical aspects of other types of secondary metabolites is now insufficient. Utilizing data information from SCI-Finder, Google Scholar, the Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Chemical Abstracts, ACS journals, Springer, Taylor Francis, Bentham Science and IOP Science, the reliable material sources of this systematic manuscript paper were obtained from the literature published from 1980s to now. A vast amount of data showed that the non-alkaloidal secondary metabolites obtained from genus Erythrina with various classes of chemical structures. Herein, approximately five hundred constituents were isolated comprising of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phytosterols, phenols, arylbenzofurans, coumarins, alcohols, ceramides, mono-sugars and fatty acid derivatives. It resembles the previously phytochemical reports on the plants of differential genus of family Fabaceae, flavonoids reached to the high amount in plants of genus Erythrina. Numerous biological researches such as anti-microbacteria, anti-cancer, anti-virus using isolated compounds from Erythrina species suggested that secondary metabolites of Erythrina plants are now becoming promising agents for drug developments.

The genus Erythrina L.: A review on its alkaloids, preclinical, and clinical studies.

Erythrina L. genus (Fabaceae) comprises about 115 species, and it has been extensively studied, mainly because of its alkaloids, which have pharmacological properties. References demonstrated that Erythrina spp. have a potential to act in the central nervous system, presenting anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties already established. Phytochemical investigations confirmed the presence of tetracyclic alkaloids as the major compounds. However, other alkaloid classes have also been reported, including dimeric and trimeric substances, coupled through direct polymerization or two erythrinine units via an acetyl glucose. The present review covers the relevant literature from 1990 until 2017 and outlines the current data on chemical composition and preclinical and clinical studies on Erythrina species. Additionally, the quite striking analogy in the biosynthetic route of erythrin, morphinans, and Amaryllidaceae family alkaloids was also discussed.

Antioxidant activity and molecular docking study of Erythrina × neillii polyphenolics

Species of genus Erythrina have a great contribution in folk medicine; various species are utilized as a tranquilizer, to treat insomnia, inflammation and colic. Besides, Erythrina species have reported antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anxiolytic activities. Erythrina × neillii is a hybrid obtained through a cross between E. herbacea L. and E. humeana Spreng. It has not been well-studied for its chemical or biological profile; therefore it represents an interesting field of study. In this study, seven phenolic compounds; two hydrolysable tannins (1,3), one phenolic acid (2) and four known flavonoids (4–7) were isolated and characterized for the first time in E × neillii and Erythrina genus except for vitexin (7). Isolated compounds were assessed for their antioxidant activities using ORAC assay. 2″-O-galloyl orientin (6) exhibited the highest activity followed by 2″-O-galloyl vitexin (5). Flexible molecular docking on heme oxygenase, an important stress protein that is involved in cellular protection, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, justified the antioxidant activity of the isolated compounds. The best scoring was observed with 2″-O-galloyl orientin forming four binding interactions with residues, Arg 136 (two interactions), Met34 and Gly139. Erythrina × neillii offered powerful and available antioxidant beside significantly active phytoconstituents.

Nomenclatural and taxonomic changes in Brazilian Erythrina (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Phaseoleae)

Abstract As a result of our taxonomic study of the genus Erythrina L. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Phaseoleae) in Brazil, 12 lectotypifications, 2 being second step, 1 accompanied by an epitype, and 3 new synonyms, are proposed. Erythrina mulungu, previously considered a synonym, is presented as the correct name for a species formerly known as E. dominguezii, and E. martii is considered a synonym of E. falcata, a conserved name.