Genus Epidendrum Research Articles

Geographic location shapes fungal communities associated with Epidendrum roots

Fungal biodiversity significantly influences ecosystem dynamics through various interactions with plants, ranging from pathogenic to mutually beneficial associations. This study explores the fungal diversity associated with an ornamental orchid genus Epidendrum that is widely propagated globally but native to northern South America. Root samples were collected from Epidendrum in diverse geographic locations: Brazil, Colombia, Germany, Spain and six South African provinces. Fungal biodiversity was catalogued from the genomic DNA extracted from these roots using fungal-specific primers and Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Bioinformatic and statistical analyses revealed significant fungal diversity in the roots, with distinct dominant orders in each geographic region. Among the South African samples, significant differences were found in alpha diversity indices and species richness. Even though samples originating from different provinces overlapped in the PCoA plot, PERMANOVA indicated a significant difference in the fungal biodiversity, which was further supported by PERMDISP. In the global dataset, alpha diversity indices were insignificant, but species richness was. In the PCoA plot, data points clustered by sampling sites, indicating substantial differences in fungal biodiversity between the samples. This was validated by PERMANOVA and PERMDISP analyses. Outcomes from the core fungal analyses showed Epidendrum retained a conserved set of fungal orders from its native habitat when it transitioned to exotic regions, while it also formed new associations with local fungal communities in these introduced regions. These findings highlight the role of both core and region-specific fungal communities in the ecological adaptability and success of this widely planted orchid genus.

Characterization and Comparative Analysis of the Complete Plastomes of Five Epidendrum (Epidendreae, Orchidaceae) Species.

Epidendrum, one of the three largest genera of Orchidaceae, exhibits significant horticultural and ornamental value and serves as an important research model in conservation, ecology, and evolutionary biology. Given the ambiguous identification of germplasm and complex evolutionary relationships within the genus, the complete plastome of this genus (including five species) were firstly sequenced and assembled to explore their characterizations. The plastomes exhibited a typical quadripartite structure. The lengths of the plastomes ranged from 147,902 bp to 150,986 bp, with a GC content of 37.16% to 37.33%. Gene annotation revealed the presence of 78-82 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. A total of 25-38 long repeats and 130-149 SSRs were detected. Analysis of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) indicated that leucine (Leu) was the most and cysteine (Cys) was the least. The consistent and robust phylogenetic relationships of Epidendrum and its closely related taxa were established using a total of 43 plastid genomes from the tribe Epidendreae. The genus Epidendrum was supported as a monophyletic group and as a sister to Cattleya. Meanwhile, four mutational hotspots (trnCGCA-petN, trnDGUC-trnYGUA, trnSGCU-trnGUCC, and rpl32-trnLUAG) were identified for further phylogenetic studies. Our analysis demonstrates the promising utility of plastomes in inferring the phylogenetic relationships of Epidendrum.

Synopsis of the Peruvian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) belonging to the Scabrum group, subgroup Soratae: diversity and description of a new species

We present a synopsis of the species of the genus Epidendrum belonging to Soratae subgroup, Scabrum group in Peru. Information on their distribution, elevation ranges, phenology, and conservation status in Peru is provided. For this purpose, we conducted a review of herbarium plant material, the AMO-DATA herbarium database, and the original publications of the species. We recorded 27 species with the greatest species richness in the eastern cordillera from north to south and the highest concentration of endemic species in the central region of the Peruvian Andes. Epidendrum centralense is described and illustrated as a new species and compared with Epidendrum soratae, which is the closest species. The new species differs mainly in the color of the flowers that are green-brown with an irregular red brown tinge, the length and shape of the leaves that are 2.0–2.5 cm long, lanceolate, obtuse, the cuniculus forming a small vesicle in the pedicel, and the size and shape of the lip that is 3.1–4 × 5 mm, transversely reniform and apically obtuse. The new species represents an important record for the flora associated with the high elevation Andean Forest of Polylepis from central Peru. We provide a key to the Peruvian members of Epidendrum belonging to the Soratae subgroup.

New and noteworthy species of the genus Epidendrum (Orchidaceae, Laeliinae) from the Área de Conservación Privada La Pampa del Burro, Amazonas, Peru.

Fourteen species of the genus Epidendrum, recently collected in the Área de Conservación Privada La Pampa del Burro (ACPPB), five of them new to science (Epidendrumechinatiantherumsp. nov., E.imazaensesp. nov., E.parvireflexilobumsp. nov., E.rosulatumsp. nov., and E.ochrostachyumsp. nov.), are described and illustrated. The other species include a new record for Peru (E.acrobatesii) and four for the department of Amazonas (E.brachyblastum, E.forcipatum, E.mavrodactylon, and E.tridens). Epidendrumenantilobum is here considered a synonym of Epidendrumbrachyblastum. The type locality of Epidendrumcryptorhachis, originally stated as Ecuador, Guayabamba, is corrected to indicate that it refers to the valley of Guayabamba, Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Peru. Our results show the need to continue conducting botanical exploration in the ACPPB as a baseline for subsequent studies, including a full inventory of the orchid diversity.

Epidendrum petacaense, a new species of Orchidaceae from Sinaloa, Mexico

A new, unusual species of the Epidendrum anisatum group, Epidendrum petacaense is described from the extreme northern range of this genus, and is illustrated in full color, and compared with some of the closely related species: E. anisatum, E. vandifolium, and E. lowilliamsii. Photographs in parallel are presented for the four species in a figure to facilitate comparisons. With other recent discoveries, the total count for the genus Epidendrum is 127 species and two natural hybrids in Mexico.

Two pathways of 2n gamete formation and differences in the frequencies of 2n gametes between wild species and interspecific hybrids

Epidendrum produces 2n gametes with high frequency. This paper is the first to report on multiple pathways for forming 2n gametes, meiotic defeats, and pre-meiotic chromosome doubling. Unreduced 2n reproductive cells are predominantly involved in pathways that lead to polyploid plants. Although one of the most common pathways for inducing 2n gametes is through meiotic defects, a small set of isolated species alternatively generates 2n gametes from tetraploid pollen mother cells in the pre-meiotic phase. Hence, determining the mechanisms underlying 2n gamete formation is critical to improving breeding programmes and understanding plant evolution. We investigated sporads to reveal the pathway(s) accounting for the formation and frequencies of 2n gametes in wild species and interspecific hybrids in the genus Epidendrum. We investigated different types of sporads with varying frequencies, sizes, and viability in the wild species and hybrids of the genus Epidendrum. Large tetrad-estimated pre-meiotic chromosome doubling was observed in wild species. The Epidendrum is unique in that it forms 2n pollens via two pathways, namely, meiotic defects and pre-meiotic chromosome doubling. These two pathways of 2n pollen formation could influence the high diversity generation of polyploidy with different degrees of heterozygosity and genetic backgrounds in the genus Epidendrum. Therefore, these findings are proposed to influence polyploid breeding of Epidendrum via 2n pollen, helping us understand evolution and speciation via unreduced 2n gamete formation in Orchidaceae.

Target Nuclear and Off-Target Plastid Hybrid Enrichment Data Inform a Range of Evolutionary Depths in the Orchid Genus Epidendrum.

Universal angiosperm enrichment probe sets designed to enrich hundreds of putatively orthologous nuclear single-copy loci are increasingly being applied to infer phylogenetic relationships of different lineages of angiosperms at a range of evolutionary depths. Studies applying such probe sets have focused on testing the universality and performance of the target nuclear loci, but they have not taken advantage of off-target data from other genome compartments generated alongside the nuclear loci. Here we do so to infer phylogenetic relationships in the orchid genus Epidendrum and closely related genera of subtribe Laeliinae. Our aims are to: 1) test the technical viability of applying the plant anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) method (Angiosperm v.1 probe kit) to our focal group, 2) mine plastid protein coding genes from off-target reads; and 3) evaluate the performance of the target nuclear and off-target plastid loci in resolving and supporting phylogenetic relationships along a range of taxonomical depths. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from the nuclear data set through coalescent summary and site-based methods, whereas plastid loci were analyzed in a concatenated partitioned matrix under maximum likelihood. The usefulness of target and flanking non-target nuclear regions and plastid loci was assessed through the estimation of their phylogenetic informativeness. Our study successfully applied the plant AHE probe kit to Epidendrum, supporting the universality of this kit in angiosperms. Moreover, it demonstrated the feasibility of mining plastome loci from off-target reads generated with the Angiosperm v.1 probe kit to obtain additional, uniparentally inherited sequence data at no extra sequencing cost. Our analyses detected some strongly supported incongruences between nuclear and plastid data sets at shallow divergences, an indication of potential lineage sorting, hybridization, or introgression events in the group. Lastly, we found that the per site phylogenetic informativeness of the ycf1 plastid gene surpasses that of all other plastid genes and several nuclear loci, making it an excellent candidate for assessing phylogenetic relationships at medium to low taxonomic levels in orchids.

Improvement of the methodology of the tetrazolium test using different pretreatments in seeds of the genus Epidendrum (Orchidaceae)

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the most suitable pretreatment to enhance the tetrazolium test in seeds of the Epidendrum genus. Initially, mature capsules were harvested at El Escorial village, in the municipality of Pamplona, Colombia. Subsequently, the seeds were subjected to five pretreatments: deionized water, 0.5% NaClO, 1.0% NaClO, 10.0% sucrose and a control group. Using the syringe method with cloth filter, the seeds were rinsed with distilled water and subjected to two concentrations of tetrazolium solution (0.25%, 1.0%) and three exposure times (6 h, 24 h and 48 h). Finally, the tetrazolium viability test results were correlated with the in vitro germination test. It was found that the use of deionized water improves the efficiency of the tetrazolium test in seeds of Epidendrum fimbriatum and E. microtum; as in seeds of E. elongatum when using 1.0% tetrazolium for 24 h. Similarly, a high correlation was found between viability and germination, using deionized water and 10.0% sucrose, with homogeneous results with each other.

Orchids as a Tourist Resource in the Southern Area of Manabí Province


 This article consists of analyzing the potential of the endemic species and representative orchids of the province of Manabí that investigates and determines its importance for tourism. Given that Ecuador is one of the countries that has a great diversity of Orchidaceae families and other vascular plants, the province of Manabí presents important resources of wealth, such as orchids to develop a tourism offer of highly differentiated nature. A selection of sampling, participatory observations and interviews with key informants were conducted for the research development (25); a search for information was also carried out, including by reviewing publications and reports on botanical and tourism data. Sixty-one (61) orchids and five hybrids were identified in total. The most representative genus Epidendrum (6), Oncidium (5), Dendrobium (4) Pleurothallis (4) and Stelis (3). It is concluded that the identification, organization shows the need for interpretive hiking implementation, integrating education and conservation observing the orchids in their natural environment, allowing the generation of economic income by exploiting the potential of local communities, integrating all local actors.

Cryopreservation of orchid seeds through rapid and step freezing methods

Ecuador has a great variety of climatic regions that potentiate biodiversity. The family Orchidaceae constitutes one of the most important of the country, having identified about 4032 species with a high degree of endemism, therefore the development and research of alternative methods of storage and conservation of species is a strategy of primary interest for researchers and for society in general. In cryopreservation, temperatures reach below -190°C in order to paralyze the chemical reactions and keep the plant material viable for long periods. The present research focuses on the development of protocols for cryopreservation of seeds, aimed at the preservation of biodiversity, focusing on the family Orchidaceae, for the subsequent generation of a seed bank. The assays were performed on seeds of Epidendrum quitensium, Sobralia rosea, and Epidendrum anderssonii. Two freezing rates were tested: rapid freezing at -196°C; and step freezing at -22°C, -60°C to 196°C, further analyzed four combinations from Dimethylsulfoxide DMSO, glycerol and sucrose (DMSO 1M; DMSO 1M + glycerol 1M; DMSO 1M + sucrose 1M; DMSO 1M + glycerol 0,5M + sucrose 0,5M). The best results were obtained both in rapid and stepped freezing without the use of cryo-protective substances, by introducing the seeds directly into liquid nitrogen. Species of the genus Epidendrum presented a more efficient response in comparison to Sobralia. The viability of the seeds was evaluated by the tetrazolium test.

Cryopreservation of orchid seeds through rapid and step freezing methods.

Ecuador has a great variety of climatic regions that potentiate biodiversity. The family Orchidaceae constitutes one of the most important of the country, having identified about 4032 species with a high degree of endemism, therefore the development and research of alternative methods of storage and conservation of species is a strategy of primary interest for researchers and for society in general. In cryopreservation, temperatures reach below -190°C in order to paralyze the chemical reactions and keep the plant material viable for long periods. The present research focuses on the development of protocols for cryopreservation of seeds, aimed at the preservation of biodiversity, focusing on the family Orchidaceae, for the subsequent generation of a seed bank. The assays were performed on seeds of Epidendrum quitensium, Sobralia rosea, and Epidendrum anderssonii. Two freezing rates were tested: rapid freezing at -196°C; and step freezing at -22°C, -60°C to 196°C, further analyzed four combinations from Dimethylsulfoxide DMSO, glycerol and sucrose (DMSO 1M; DMSO 1M + glycerol 1M; DMSO 1M + sucrose 1M; DMSO 1M + glycerol 0,5M + sucrose 0,5M). The best results were obtained both in rapid and stepped freezing without the use of cryo-protective substances, by introducing the seeds directly into liquid nitrogen. Species of the genus Epidendrum presented a more efficient response in comparison to Sobralia. The viability of the seeds was evaluated by the tetrazolium test.

Research Article Chromosome variations and diversity of Epidendrum ibaguense Lindl. (Orchidaceae) on the Tepequém's Tepuy, Roraima, Brazil.

Studies addressing chromosome variations have elucidated many points regarding the taxonomy of the Orchidaceae. Epidendrum L. besides being one the largest orchid genera, present remarkable morphological, and inter- and intraspecific chromosome variations. Thus, based on a previous report on flower color variation in individuals of E. ibaguense (magenta, pink, white, and red), our aim was to determine its chromosome number and test whether this trait is associated with flower color variation in natural populations on the Tepequém's Tepuy, Roraima. Root apices were pre-treated with 8-hydroxyquinoline at 4°C for 24 h and subsequently submitted to conventional cytogenetic procedures. Slides with the best spreading and contraction of chromosomes were photographed under light microscopy. Chromosome number was determined by counting at least 10 mitotic metaphase cells per individual. The types of interphase nuclei were determined for 30 nuclei per individual. E. ibaguense presented intra- and interpopulation variation in chromosome number, with 2n = 58, 72, and 76. The chromosome number 2n = 58 was most commonly found in individuals with magenta, pink, and white flowers, while the remaining two chromosome numbers occurred mostly in red-flowered individuals. The types of interphase nuclei were associated with the chromosome number. Individuals with 2n = 58 presented a predominance of semi-reticulated nuclei, while in those with 2n = 72 and 76 the nuclei were predominantly non-reticulated. The dominance of disploidy in E. ibaguense suggests that this cytotype provides this species with a territorial advantage and a higher reproductive success, possibly contradicting the polyploid hypothesis. Our results suggest that chromosome number may not represent a reproductive barrier in genus Epidendrum.

Transfers to Epidendrum L. from Oerstedella Rchb. f.

Un análisis cladístico de Epidendrum y taxa afines, basado en estudios de secuencias de ADN, ha revelado que Oerstedella es un grupo de Epidendrum. Este género tiene tres clados principales: uno mexicano, uno andino y uno ampliamente distribuido. Oerstedella pertenece a este último clado, que es basal en un subclado mayormente centroamericano. Aquí se realizan 5 combinaciones nuevas y se establecen 2 nombres nuevos, para poder transferir todas las especies de Oerstedella a Epidendrum.

Experimentos de cruzamentos recíprocos como ferramenta para avaliar o isolamento reprodutivo numa zona de hibridação natural da família Orchidaceae Juss

Hybrids are individuals formed when reproductive barriers between closely related species aren’t totally established, and individuals from different species cross. Hybridization is remarkably common in some genus within the Orchidaceae family. On Serra dos Orgaos, Rio de Janeiro, two sister species from the genus Epidendrum: E. secundum Jacq e E. xanthinum Lindl occur sympatrically. Individuals with intermediate traces, supposedly hybrids, also occur. In this work, we evaluate the hypothesis of hybridization between these two species and the intensity of their reproductive isolation. It was possible to detect hybridization using experiments of reciprocal pollination. The low reproductive success observed on hybrid individuals plays a major role as a barrier that promotes reproductive isolation strong enough to maintain these two species apart.

Epidendrum(Orchidaceae) as a model system for ecological and evolutionary studies in the Neotropics

AbstractThe orchid genus Epidendrum, with 1500 species occurring within the Neotropical region, represents a very promising model system for evolutionary and ecological studies offering an expanded repertoire of research opportunities in the breadth of modern plant biology. Epidendrum displays a significant degree of morphological variation, chromosome number diversity and ecological interactions, which challenges widely held views on reproductive barriers and habitat selection. The widespread geographical distribution of many species and populations offers interesting opportunities to investigate how climatic changes and historic demographic processes shaped the current patterns of genetic and species diversity across different biomes and landscapes. Questions involving chromosome barriers to gene exchange and the role of postzygotic genetic barriers in species cohesion (e.g., the contributions of habitat selection and niche divergence on species cohesion) could be easily addressed when using the variety of natural hybrid zones found across Epidendrum. Several key evolutionary questions could be addressed with this model system, such as the identification of the first stages of adaptive radiation, the evolution of pollination strate gies, the adaptive ecological significance of trait variation and hybridisation, the influence of historical demographic events on lineage diversification and speciation. With the advance of cost–effective molecular techniques and by combining ecological and phenotypic data, researchers can now tackle these questions and foster significant progress in the field of Neotropical plant diversification and evolution.

Diversidade de fungos micorrízicos Epulorhiza spp. isolados de Epidendrum secundum (Orchidaceae)

Fungos micorrízicos rizoctonioides Epulorhiza spp. têm sido isolados de orquídeas do gênero Epidendrum e vêm sendo utilizados na germinação simbiótica das sementes de orquídeas. Epidendrum secundum é uma orquídea largamente distribuída em campos de altitude do Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro (PESB), Minas Gerais, e pouco se sabe sobre a associação micorrízica dessa espécie nesse parque. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade morfológica dos fungos micorrízicos rizoctonioides isolados de quatro populações de E. secundum em três regiões de um campo de altitude localizado na subserra Totem Deitado, PESB. Vinte e seis isolados fúngicos foram obtidos, todos pertencentes ao gênero Epulorhiza. As características morfológicas qualitativas e quantitativas avaliadas revelaram, de modo geral, baixa variabilidade entre os isolados obtidos de uma mesma população e de populações localizadas na mesma região, porém grande variabilidade foi observada entre os isolados obtidos das populações de diferentes regiões. Com base nessas características morfológicas, os isolados foram divididos em quatro grupos: o primeiro constituído pelos fungos obtidos das populações I e II da região A, o segundo pelos fungos da população III da região B, o terceiro pelo isolado M61 da população II da região A, e o quarto pelo único isolado obtido na população IV da região C. A variabilidade morfológica observada é um indicativo da diversidade dos fungos Epulorhiza spp. associados a E. secundum no PESB.

Cross-amplification and characterization of microsatellite loci for the Neotropical orchid genus Epidendrum

In this study we tested the cross-amplification of 33 microsatellite loci previously developed for two closely related Neotropical orchid genera (Epidendrum and Laelia). A set of ten loci were polymorphic across five examined species (20 individuals each) with 2 to 15 alleles per locus. The mean expected and observed heterozygosity (average across species) ranged from 0.34 to 0.82 and from 0.27 to 0.85, respectively. In addition we tested all loci in 35 species representative of the genus Epidendrum. Of these, 26 loci showed successful amplification. Cross-application of these loci represent a potential source of co-dominant markers for evolutionary, ecological and conservation studies in this important orchid genus.

Stomatal characteristics in different habitat forms of Brazilian species of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae)

Brazilian species of the genus Epidendrum, distributed over various habitats, were analysed for epidermal structure to test correlations between habitat form and variation in stomatal parameters. This study confirmed the tendency for stomatal index values to increase in the apical direction of the foliar surface in this genus. The generally held view that there are a smaller number of stomata on the adaxial surface in amphistomatic leaves was contradicted for E. vesicatum, whose pendent sympodia showed that the adaxial foliar surfaces assume the abaxial position in relation to light incidence.

Orchidaceae Dunstervillorum V: Two New Species and a New Combination in Epidendrum from the Venezuelan Guayana

Two new species and a new combination are required for the treatment of Epidendrum for the Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. The new species are Epidendrum caurense and Epidendrum nuriense. Neolehmannia pabstii is transferred to Epidendrum, with the new name Epidendrum dichaeoides. All three species are illustrated with previously unpublished plates by the late G. C. K. Dunsterville. Comments on affinities and geography are provided for all species. Although several authors (Barros, 1982; Dunsterville & Garay, 1976; Garay, 1977; Pabst, 1978) assign subtribal rank to some groups of the subtribe Laeliinae (members of former subtribes Epidanthinae L. O. Williams, and Stenoglossinae Benth.) that display well-developed viscidia, most modern orchidologists (e.g., Dressier, 1984; Hagsater, 1985) agree that most members of Epidendrum sensu lato display variously developed viscidia and that the difference between the proposed subtribes Epidanthinae and Stenoglossinae, and the Laeliinae is one of degree. There is a consensus in including most members of the Epidanthinae and Stenoglossinae, genera such as Epidanthus L. O. Williams, Amblostoma Scheidw., Nanodes Lindley, Neolehmannia Kranzlin, Stenoglossum Kunth, and Kalopternix Garay & Dunsterv., in the genus Epidendrum itself. Each of these segregate genera is apparently closer to a different group within the genus Epidendrum, and not to the other members of the Epidanthinae or Stenoglossinae, rendering Dunsterville & Garay's (1976) circumscription of these subtribes artificial. Another genus included in the Stenoglossinae, Cladobium Lindley, containing the sole species C. violaceum Lindley, clearly belongs in the genus Scaphyglottis Poeppig & Endl. because of its vegetative and floral morphology. Scaphyglottis, although a member of the Laeliinae, is only distantly related to NOVON 2: 312-318. 1992. Epidendrum and the other former members of the Stenoglossinae. The broad circumscription of the genus Epidendrum followed in the Orchidaceae treatment for the Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana requires the inclusion of the new species Epidendrum caurense (belonging to the Amblostoma group) and the transfer of Neolehmannia pabstii P. Braga to Epidendrum. Epidendrum caurense Carnevali & G. Romero, sp. nov. TYPE: Venezuela. Bolivar: Rio Caura, in rainforest close to Las Pavas Falls, where Upper Rio Caura separates from the Lower, ca. 300 m, May 1976, collected originally by F. B. Stevens, Dunsterville & Dunsterville 1354 (holotype, AMES). Figure 1. Species haec Epidendro lanipes Lindley similis sed ramas inflorescentia laxioribus, pubescentia rachidis laxioribus, floribus minoribus pallide flavo-viridis, lobo centrali oblongo non pandurato vel cuneato, carina centrali brevioris discrepat. Epiphytic herb; rhizome shortly repent, with the pseudobulbs ? aggregate. Pseudobulbs 30-50 cm long, erect, homoblastic, slenderly fusiform, 3-8leaved in the upper half. Leaves 15-25 x 1.5-2 cm, linear-elliptic, acute, subtended by a tubular sheath, midnerve finely sulcate and sharply carinate, blades generally ascending when young, tending to droop when fully grown. Inflorescence terminal, 2530 cm long, an arcuate panicle with slender, somewhat divaricate, subdensely many-flowered branches; peduncle remotely sheathed, terete, glabrous; rachis with scattered, irregular, moniliform hairs; floral bract ca. 3 x 2 mm, glabrous, ovate, obtuse. Pedicellate ovary 7.5-8 mm long, densely covered with moniliform hairs. Flowers resupinate or not, light yellowish green, with widely spreading perianth This content downloaded from 157.55.39.104 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 05:54:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 2, Number 4 1992 Carnevali & Romero Epidendrum from the Venezuelan Guayana Figure 1. Epidendrum caurense Carnevali & G. Romero. -A. Habit. -B. Upper portion of the inflorescence. -C. Flower, lateral view. -D. Floral segments, spread. -E. Floral bract. -F. Anther and pollinia. segments; sepals ca. 7 mm long, 3-nerved, apex sharply mucronate, dorsal ca. 1.9 mm wide, narrowly elliptic, acute, acuminate, laterals ca. 2.3 mm wide, obliquely elliptic-oblanceolate, acute; petals slightly shorter than the sepals, ca. 0.6 mm wide, linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, 1-nerved, set at variable angles to the column. Labellum fused to column throughout the length of the latter, the free portion ca. 4.5 x 5 mm, sharply 3-lobed; lateral lobes obliquely ovate, ca. 2.5 x ca. 2 mm; central lobe 313 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.104 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 05:54:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

An Addition to the Genus Epidendrum

An Addition to the Genus Epidendrum