Genus Artocarpus Research Articles

Chemical constituents from stems and leaves of Artocarpus tonkinensis and their inhibitory effects on proliferation of synovioblasts in vitro

The chemical constituents from the stems and leaves of Artocarpus tonkinensis in Artocarpus of Moraceae were systematically studied by means of silica gel, octadecylsilyl(ODS), and Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatographies, as well as preparative high-performance liquid chromatography(Pre-HPLC) and a variety of chromatographic separation techniques. The spectral data and physicochemical properties of the compounds were obtained from separation and compared with those of the compounds reported in the literature. As a result, 11 compounds isolated from the 90% ethanol extract of the stems and leaves of A. tonkinensis were identified as artocatonkine(1), 5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone(2), apigenin-4'-O-β-D-glucoside(3), rayalinol(4), psorachalcone A(5), 4-ketopinoresinol(6), ficusesquilignan B(7), pinnatifidanin AI(8), pinnatifidanin A(9), O-methylmellein(10), and trans-4-hydroxymellein(11). Among these compounds, compound 1 was a new prenylated flavone, and compounds 2-11 were isolated from the plants belonging to the genus Artocarpus for the first time. Furthermore, all compounds 1-11 were evaluated for their anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities, and the MTS method was used to measure their inhibitory effects on the proliferation of synovioblasts in vitro. The results of activity evaluation showed that flavonoid compounds 1-3, 5, and lignan compounds 8 and 9 displayed significant anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities, showing the IC_(50) values in inhibiting the proliferation of synovioblasts MH7A from(6.38±0.06) μmol·L~(-1) to(168.58±0.28)μmol·L~(-1).

Potential and challenges of utilizing Artocarpus odoratissimus (Binturung) fruit in Kalimantan

Kalimantan possesses diverse local fruit potentials, including the genus Artocarpus (local name: Tarap). There are approximately 13 Artocarpus species in Kalimantan, two of which are endemic to the region: Artocarpus nitidus Trecul ssp. borneensis (Merr.) Jarrett and Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco. A. odoratissimus, commonly known as Binturung in South Kalimantan, is a less frequently encountered local fruit than other Tarap species. The destruction of natural habitats, mainly due to land use conversion from natural forests to other purposes, has led to a decline in Binturung populations in the wild. This study comprehensively reviews relevant literature on A. odoratissimus, encompassing fruit characteristics, potential benefits, and conservation status. Expert interviews, including botanists and biodiversity specialists, are conducted to gather additional information on the commercial potential and conservation challenges associated with Binturung fruit in Kalimantan. This research provides a comprehensive overview of the potential and challenges in utilizing A. odoratissimus fruit in Kalimantan. The findings are expected to serve as a foundation for sustainable conservation strategies and commercial utilization, promoting the conservation of natural resources and enhancing the well-being of local communities.

Secondary metabolites from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus and evaluation of their cytotoxic and antibacterial activities

A new lactone, collectindolide (1), as well as three known compounds, (S)-sydonic acid (2), (S)-hidroxysydonic acid (3), and indole-3-aceticacid (4) were obtained from the liquid media of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which was obtained from Artocarpus heterophyllus. The chemical structures of 1-4 were established by spectroscopic analyses, including NMR experiments and by HR-ESI-TOF-MS mass spectroscopy. Compounds 1-4 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against murine leukaemia P-388 cell lines by MTT assay. Antibacterial activity of compounds 1-4 was also assayed against four bacteria. Phytochemical investigation of the genus Colletotrichum derived from the plant genus Artocarpus is reported for the first time.

Study on α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of isolated flavones from genus Artocarpus and their enzyme kinetics

AbstractFlavonoids are the major compounds associated with diverse bioactivities, especially with α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity related to diabetes mellitus. The study reported the α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of seventeen flavonoids isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus rigida, and Artocarpus altilis. The results indicated that all flavones possessed an α‐glucosidase inhibitory effect, in which compounds 3, 5‐7, 9‐17 strongly inhibited α‐glucosidase enzyme with the IC50 value range from 1.5 to 6.4 μM. Based on their structure‐activity relationships, the prenylation patterns at the flavonoid skeleton gave significantly potent inhibitory abilities against α‐glucosidase. Further kinetics studies were conducted to determine the inhibition type of these prenylated flavones. This is the first time prenylflavones isolated from genus Artocarpus were reported on the α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity and its kinetics. The report suggested that prenylflavones are potential sources for diabetes mellitus treatment.

Determination of Specific and Non-Specific Parameters of Cempedak Leaf Simplisia (Artocarpus Integer)

Cempedak (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.) is a plant with the genus Artocarpus that grows in Kalimantan and has properties as antimalarial, antidiabetic, abdominal pain and anticancer. This study aims to determine the specific and non-specific parameters of simplisia. The method used refers to the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia and General Standard Parameters of Extracts. Samples came from the South Kalimantan Province and Central Kalimantan Province. The results of the organoleptic test of simplisia are in the form of powder, light green in color, smelling typical of leaves and tasteless. Microscopic results show epidermis, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem, air cavities, chlorophyll and stomata. The results of each test have a range, namely ethanol soluble juice content 17.80% - 25.40%, water soluble juice content 15.27% - 19.33%, total ash content 8.07% - 10.25%, acid insoluble ash content 2.32% - 3.82%, Pb metal contamination <0.001 - 0.004 mg/kg and Cd 0.160 - 0.178 mg/kg. A. integer leaf simplisia contains alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, glycoside, phenolic and anthraquinone compounds which are confirmed on the KLT profile with the same compound content. Total phenol content was 18.88% - 20.29% b/w EAG. The test results of specific and non-specific parameters of A. integer leaf simplisia from two different places have met the requirements set by the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia and BPOM RI.

Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus Artocarpus: A Review on Current Status of Knowledge

Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus Artocarpus: A Review on Current Status of Knowledge

Modification of Antibiotic Activity by Fixed Oil of the Artocarpus heterophyllus Almond against Standard and Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Strains.

Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) is an evergreen tree distributed in tropical regions and is among the most studied species of the genus Artocarpus. The jackfruit almond has been highlighted in relation to phytochemical studies, biological properties, and application in the development of food products. This study aimed to analyze jackfruit fixed oil regarding chemical components, antibacterial property alone, and in association with antibiotics against standard and MDR bacteria strains. In the analysis of the oil by gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID), a high content of saturated fatty acids (78.51%) was identified in relation to unsaturated fatty acids (17.07%). The main fatty acids identified were lauric acid (43.01%), myristic acid (11.10%), palmitic acid (6.95%), and oleic acid (15.32%). In the antibacterial analysis, broth microdilution assays were used. The oil presented minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 1024 μg/mL in antibacterial analysis for standard and MDR bacterial strains. The oil showed synergistic effects in the association with gentamicin, ofloxacin, and penicillin against MDR strains, with significant reductions in the MIC of antibiotics. The results suggest that the fixed oil of A. heterophyllus has fatty acids with the potential to synergistically modify antibiotic activity.

Review on Artocarpus nobilis Thw. (Moraceae): An Endemic Plant of Sri Lanka

The genus Artocarpus consists of about 50 species of large evergreen trees with various medicinal and economical uses. Artocarpus nobilis (Family: Moraceae) is commonly referred to as Ceylon breadfruit and it is endemic to Sri Lanka. Synonyms of A. nobilis are Artocarpus imperialis André, Artocarpus pubescens Moon and Saccus nobilis (Thwaites) Kuntze. Extracts from leaves, bark, fruits and latex are rich in phytochemical compounds such as flavanones, flavonoids, triterpenoids, xanthones, stilbenes and chalcones. These bioactive compounds contribute to various pharmacological properties of Ceylon breadfruit (Artocarpus nobilis). It is used in Ayurvedic and folk medicine to treat asthma, diarrhea, worm infestations and wound healing. It also used in traditional ayurvedic formulations like Chandana guli wattoruwa. Several research that has been carried out on this plant include the evaluation of antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant, antifungal, biosorption and Glutathione-S transferase inhibitory activities. Apart from these it is a productive source of edible fruit and yield good timber. A combination of traditional and new technologies will be important in the future to develop therapeutic products from Artocarpus nobilis. In this present review, attempts on providing comprehensive information on research conducted on A. nobilis.

Developing the Natural Prenylflavone Artocarpin from Artocarpus hirsutus as a Potential Lead Targeting Pathogenic, Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Persisters and Biofilms with No Detectable Resistance.

The genus Artocarpus, a nutraceutical, is widely used in traditional medicine for treatment of many chronic diseases including infections. Artocarpus hirsutus Lam., an evergreen tree endogenous to the Western Ghats of India, is a well-documented medicinal plant in Hortus Malabaricus, the oldest comprehensive printed book on the natural plant wealth of Asia. Herein we describe artocarpin, a major isoprenyl flavonoid isolated from the stem bark of A. hirsutus Lam., as the explanation behind the indigenous knowledge reported for treatment of various skin ailments. Artocarpin, a noncytotoxic, isoprenyl flavonoid, is rapidly bactericidal against multiple World Health Organization (WHO) priority 2 pathogens including multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus sp. with an extended postantibiotic effect. Artocarpin (AH-5) synergizes with gentamicin and linezolid, inhibits bacteria in different physiological states, including under biofilm and in macrophages, and does not induce resistance in S. aureus despite repeated exposure. Artocarpin induces rapid cellular lysis, as confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis as well as by measuring the significantly increased extracellular and concomitantly decreased intracellular adenosine triphosphate levels. When tested in vivo, AH-5 is almost as effective as vancomycin in reducing bacterial load in murine thigh and skin infection models, which is comparable to standard of care (SoC) antibiotics. This is highly significant since AH-5 is a direct natural entity that has been evaluated without any pharmaceutical modification and expresses robust in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity, which is comparable to highly optimized SoC comparators and further could be considered as an effective clinical, antibacterial drug lead.

ELECTRONIC POCKET BOOK ABOUT ARTOCARPUS DIVERSITY ON THE RIVER BANKS, BERINGIN KENCANA VILLAGE, TABUNGANEN, NORTH BARITO

Indonesia has an abundance of Artocarpus species. The genus Artocarpus has 30 species spread across Indonesia. This research is a type of development with research results oriented to field data which is then made into a product in the form of an HTML 5-based electronic pocket book enrichment material that will be used for high school students. HTML 5 based electronic pocket book, which is about the diversity of Artocarpus species on the riverbanks of Beringin Kencana Village, Tabunganen District which is compiled as enrichment material. The research method is research and development (R&D) with the Borg and Gall model. The results showed as many as 6 types of Artocarpus namely Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.), Nangka Bilulang (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.), Nangka Bubur (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) which was included in one variety, Sukun (Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosberg.), Cempedak (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.) and Keledang (Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.) are other species. The electronic pocket book that was developed obtained the criteria of "very valid" on the validity test conducted by 3 experts and "very good" on the readability test conducted by 7 students.

Ecological Constraints on Sexual Selection in a Human-Modified Landscape

Anthropogenic activities are changing the sensory landscape, interfering with transmission and reception of sexual signals. These changes are leading to alterations in mating behaviour with consequences to fitness. In systems where mate-finding involves long-distance signalling by one sex and approach by the other sex, the spatial distribution of signallers can have implications for male and female fitness. Spatial distribution of signallers is typically determined by an interplay of multiple factors, both ecological and evolutionary, including male competition, female choice and resources, such as calling and oviposition sites. We investigated the possible influence of resource distribution (signalling sites) on the strength and direction of sexual selection acting on false-leaf katydid Onomarchus uninotatus males, signalling in a human-modified landscape in the Western Ghats, India, a biodiversity hotspot. The landscape has changed from evergreen forests to plantations owing to human settlements. We first determined the spatial distribution of calling males and of available calling sites, which are trees of the genus Artocarpus, in the landscape. Using the information on male spacing, call transmission and hearing thresholds, the perceptual spaces of male signals were computed to understand the acoustic environment of calling males and females. It was found that both calling males and females could hear calls of males from neighbouring trees with a probability of 0.76 and 0.59, respectively. Although calling males were found to be spaced apart more than predicted by chance, significant overlap was seen in their acoustic ranges. Clustering of males enables females to easily sample multiple males, facilitating mate choice, but is detrimental to males as it increases competition for females. Using simulations, we determined the optimal spatial distributions of O. uninotatus males for female choice, and for reduction of male competition, given the signalling site distribution. The observed distribution of signallers was then compared with the hypothetical optimal distributions to examine the drivers of signaller spacing. Spacing of calling males in the field was found to be not optimal for either males or females. Resource distribution was found to limit the effectiveness of sexual selection drivers in pushing male spacing toward fitness optima of males or females.

AKTIVITAS PENGHAMBATAN ENZIM PROTEASE 6LU7 VIRUS SARS-COV-2OLEH SENYAWA FLAVONOID DARI TUMBUHAN GENUS ARTOCARPUS SECARA IN SILICO

The genus Artocarpus is one of the genera of Moraceae plants, this genus consists of 50 species and 40 species of them are found in Indonesia. Several studies have reported that the flavonoid compounds contained in the genus Artocarpus have cytotoxic, antiproliferative, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory activity of the protease enzyme 6LU7 of the SARS-COV-2 virus by flavonoid compounds from plants of the genus Artocarpus using the in-silico tethering method. The method used in the in-silico tethering process is carried out using the PLANTS program, validated using the Yasara program, and visualized using the Moe2008 program. The protein model of the 6LU7 Protease Enzyme was downloaded via the Protein Data Bank (PDB) with the code 6LU7. The results of this study indicate that the binding of flavonoid compounds from the genus Artocarpus to the expression of 6LU7 gives valid results in silico. The flavonoid compounds of the Artocarpus genus inhibited the 6LU7 enzyme protein with a higher docking value than each of the comparison drugs and produced 7 amino acid residues that were bound to each other. The conclusion of this study can be concluded that flavonoid compounds from the genus Artocarpus inhibit the expression of 6LU7 protein with a docking score close to the docking score of each comparison drug and 7 amino acid residues are bound to each other.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Artocarpus di Bantaran Sungai Desa Beringin Kecana Kecamatan Tabunganen Kalimantan Selatan

The genus Artocarpus has tree habitus characteristics, and has stem characteristics that produce a special liquid (sap) with a stem growth type, namely monoceus with unisexual flowers. Artocarpus is a type of tropical fruit plant that is multi-functional and can be grown in tropical areas with an altitude of less than 1000 meters above sea level. The purpose of the study was to describe the diversity of Artocarpus species on the riverbanks of Beringin Kencana Village, Tabunganen District. This research method uses a descriptive approach. The results of the species diversity data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that on the riverbanks of Beringin Kencana Village, Tabunganen Subdistrict, 4 types of Artocarpus were found, namely: 1) Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.), Bilulang Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.), Jackfruit Porridge (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.) which belongs to one variety, while Sukun (Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosberg.), Cempedak (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.), and Keledang (Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.) are other species.

Nutritional and antioxidant quality of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

The genus Artocarpus comprises about 50 – 60 species, distributed throughout the Indomalay region and southeast China. The species Artocarpus heterophyllus, known as Jackfruit, is widely consumed in Asia. Currently, it is cultivated in the Mexican Republic in Nayarit and Michoacan states. Yet it is little consumed in Mexico, perhaps due to the lack of knowledge of its nutritional and nutraceutical properties, as well as its medicinal ones. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional and antioxidant compounds of Jackfruit pulp (total phenol, flavonoid, vitamin C, carotenoids). The chemical analyzes showed the carbohydrates, fiber, lipids and proteins contained in the fruit pulp, as well as the minerals (Ca, K, Mg and Fe) and antioxidant compounds. The antioxidant capacity of the fruit correlated with content of Vitamin C (6.8 mg×100g-1 f.w.) and β-carotene (244.84 UI). Flavonoid content was 9.86 mg quercetin equivalents×100g-1 f.w. The content of total phenolic compounds (58.44 mg gallic acid equivalents×100 g-1 f.w.) was similar to that reported by other authors. The jackfruit can be considered as a product with nutritional quality due to its carbohydrate and mineral content, as well as its nutraceutical quality resulting from its levels of antioxidant compounds.

The complete chloroplast genome of Artocarpus altilis (Moraceae) and phylogenetic relationships

The chloroplast (cp) is an essential organelle in higher plants. The genes of the plastome are well suited to infer phylogenetic relationships among taxa. In this study, we report the assembly of the cp genome of Artocarpus altilis and its phylogeny among species from Moraceae family. The cp genome of A. altilis was 160,822 base pair (bp) in length, comprising one large single-copy region of 88,692 bp, one small single-copy region of 19,290 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 26,420 bp. A total of 113 different genes were predicted, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis of 19 species belonging to the Moraceae family confirmed the phylogenetic proximity of the genus Artocarpus and Morus and the genetic similarity of A. camansi and A. altilis.

Specialty Dihydrobenzoxanthone’s Artocarpus Purified By Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC)

One family of plants that are source of bioactive chemicals is the Moraceae.Artocarpus is the main genus of the Moraceae. Several species of the genus Artocarpus have been isolated their secondary metabolites. The main fractions obtained from the VLC are analyzed again by TLC. Fractions that have same spots (Rf) pooled. Purification process on main factions are done repeatedly by radial chromatography. Flavonoid is the most found from Artocarpus plant. Dihydrobenzoxanthone is one of flavonoid derivatives which is successfully isolated from Artocarpus. Dihydrobenzoxanthone is only formed from the flavone with ring B which isoxygenated with pattern of 2', 4' and 5'. Students can be learned dihydrobenzoxanthone’s Artocarpus by laboratory activities.ÂÂ

Prenylated coumarins from the fruits of Artocarpus heterophyllus with their potential anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV activities

A phytochemical investigation on the fruits of Artocarpus heterophyllus led to the isolation and characterisation of a new prenylated coumarin, artoheteronin (1), together with six known analogues (2−7). The chemical structure of 1 was elucidated using extensive spectral methods and the known compounds (2−7) were identified by comparing their spectral data with those reported in the literature. All known compounds (2–7) were isolated from the genus Artocarpus for the first time. The anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV activities of all isolated prenylated coumarins (1–7) were assessed in vitro. As a result, compounds 1–7 displayed notable inhibitory effects against nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells in vitro with the IC50 values in range of 0.58 ± 0.06 to 6.29 ± 0.12 μM. Meanwhile, compounds 1–7 exhibited notable anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) activities possessing EC50 values in the range of 0.18 to 9.12 µM.

The anticancer, antimalarial, and antibacterial activities of moracalkon a isolated from Artocarpus kemando Miq

Artocarpus kemando Miq. (pudau) is a species of plant from the genus Artocarpus, family Moraceae. Some compounds have previously been isolated from the genus Artocarpus and they showed some bioactivities as antimicrobial, anticancer, antifungal, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic and cytotoxic properties. This study aims to isolate and characterize the flavonoid compounds in the root wood of the pudau plant (A. kemando Miq.) which was obtained from Karang Anyar, Klaten, P

Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Application on the Postharvest Quality of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Var. EVIARC Sweet

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is one of the most significant trees in tropical home gardens and important genus Artocarpus. The study was conducted to determine the effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer application on the physicochemical and sensory acceptability of jackfruit and identify which nutrient management scheme would give the best postharvest quality. Each replication had four sample trees per treatment. The treatments were designated as follows: T0 – control (no fertilizer application), T1 – inorganic fertilizer (0.830 kg complete fertilizer/tree + 3.329 kg solophos phosphate/tree + 0.726 kg KCl/tree), and T2 – vermicast (75 kg/tree). Analysis of variance and treatment comparison by the least significant difference were performed using the Statistical Tool for Agriculture Research (STAR). Application of organic and inorganic fertilizer significantly influenced the pulp width and circumference and core width of jackfruit. T1 gave bigger pulp circumference (11.38 cm), longest pulp length (7.13 cm) and highest number of pulp per fruit (138.75). The color a (redness/blueness) and b (yellowness) values, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), percent titratable acidity (%TA), vitamin C and juice yield were significantly affected by the application of organic and inorganic fertilizer. The b* values indicate the yellowness of the fresh-cut jackfruit pulp. It was observed that T1 and T2 had noticeably lower +b* than those without fertilizer application as indicated by the lower intensity of yellow color. Sensorial analyses of color, aroma, sweetness, firmness, flavor, and juiciness were not significantly influenced by fertilizer application. The two nutrient management schemes revealed comparable general acceptability of jackfruit.

Prenylated Flavonoid from the Methanol Fraction of Breadfruit Root (Artocarpus communis)

Breadfruit (Artocarpus communis) is a tropical fruit plant that belongs to the genus Artocarpus of the Moraceae family. Prenylated flavonoid compounds were isolated from the methanol fraction of breadfruit root wood using maceration, partitioning, and chromatography methods, while characterization was carried out through phytochemical tests and 1H-NMR spectrum data analysis. The K1D2 (P1) compound obtained was a yellow solid with a mass of 5 mg. The phytochemical test of the K1D2 (P1) compound gave positive results for the flavonoid group. The 1H-NMR spectrum data (CDCl3, 500 MHz) of compound K1D2 (P1) showed a typical chemical shift at δH 13.42 (1H, s, 5-OH) for the hydroxy groups associated with carbonyl; 7.68 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, H-6 ′); 6.71 (1H, dd, J = 16.0; 7.1 Hz, H-10); 6.56 (1H, d, J = 16.0 Hz, H-9); 6.54 (1H, dd, J = 8.5; 1.8 Hz, H-5 ′); 6.46 (1H, s, H-3); 6.42 (1H, d, J = 1.8 Hz, H-3 ′); 6.26 (1H, d, J = 9.3 Hz, H-14); 5.42 (1H, d, J = 9.3 Hz, H-15); 3.94 (3H, s, 2′-OCH3); 2.47 (1H, m, H-11); 1.97 (3H, s, H-17); 1.69 (3H, s, H-18), and 1.10 (6H, d, J = 6.7 Hz, H-12 and H-13). Based on the results of phytochemical tests and analysis of 1H-NMR spectrum data compared with literature data, it showed that the isolated K1D2 (P1) compound is 4 ′, 5-dihydroxy-6,7- (2,2-dimethylpirano) -2'-methoxy- 8γ, γ-dimethylallylflavone (1).