Adiantum Research Articles

Effect of ethanol Adiantum capillus-veneris extract in experimental models of anxiety and depression

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders with a prevalence of 15%-25%. Monoamine aminotransferases, in particular, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, change in the brain of depressed people. Adiantum capillus-veneris is one of the species of the maidenhair fern genus that have traditionally been used to treat cough, cold symptoms, and local hair loss.In this experimental study, white male rats weighing 250-300 g were assigned to 5 groups of 10 each; group 1: Receiving normal saline; groups 2-4: Receiving A.capillus-veneris extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively; and group 5: Receiving fluoxetine at 10 mg/kg. Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) was induced by 3-week exposure to chronic stress. The forced swim test and plus maze were used to assess depression and anxiety, respectively. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and antioxidant capacity in the serum and brain were measured. Treatment with A.capillus-veneris extract at 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the duration of immobility. In the group given extract at 200 mg/kg, a significant increase in the number of open arm entries was observed when compared to the control group. A.capillus-veneris extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg resulted in a significant increase in the time spent in the open arm. A.capillus-veneris extract reduced MDA levels and increased antioxidant levels of serum and brain in rat. A.capillus-veneris has significant antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects in rat, probably due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Pteridaceae Fragrant Resource and Bioactive Potential: A Mini-review of Aroma Compounds

Seven ferns of Pteridaceae, grown in a botanical garden or wild, harvested in France were investigated for their Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) profile using GC-MS: Adiantum pedatum L., Adiantum peruvianum Klotzsch, Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link, Cheilanthes maderensis Lowe, Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R. Br., Pteris cretica L. and Pteris vittata L. Fifty-three VOC biosynthesized from lipidic, shikimic, terpenic and carotenoid pathways were identified. The two Adiantum species show different VOC composition. The main linalool (10.8%) in A. pedatum has several biological activities of great interest. This Maidenhair fern contains the highest proportion (57.9%) of isoprenoid flavor precursors, i.e., ionone derivatives with various scent notes. The two major odorant unsaturated hexenoic acids derivatives of A. peruvianum are used as flavouring agents. Anogramma leptophylla concentrates 6-methoxymellein (71.5%), a bitter phytoallexin which contributes to stress or pathogen resistance. Cheilanthes maderensis produces mainly coumarin (89%) and vanillin (3.5%) with a low odor detection threshold, both used in perfumery and cosmetic industry or as flavouring agent and drug additives. Cryptogramma crispa accumulates a broad-spectrum of carotenoid derivatives (52.1%) and three major shikimic derivatives: the spicy 4-vinylguaiacol (flavouring agent), the floral phenylethanal and benzyl alcohol with floral, balsamic scent. Pteris cretica accumulates mostly furan derivatives, i.e., 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (33.2%) and 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydromaltol (18.3%) used as food and beverage additives with caramel or roasty flavour and also found in fortified wines, toasty or heat-treated foods. Pteris vittata produces predominantly shikimic derivatives applied in perfumery and food industries as benzaldehyde (26%, with almond scent), benzyl alcohol (22%, floral fruity balsamic scent), nonanal (19.8% cucumber note) and phenylethanal (11%; floral note). Pteridaceae resources are of great interest as a reservoir of odorous and bioactive compounds.

Notas sobre el uso del helecho Jokome (Adiantum pulverulentum L. Pteridaceae) por el pueblo Murui-Muina “uitoto” en el piedemonte andino-amazónico de Colombia

Se describen y discuten los usos rituales, medicinales y tradicionales que el pueblo Murui-Muina, registra para el helecho Jakome (Adiantum pulverulentum L.) Pteridaceae. © 2018. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat.

EFFECTS OF EPIPHYTES ON TEA PRODUCTION AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

Epiphytes are a group of non-parasitic plants that settle to obtain support from plants. Under the natural forest ecosystem, the presence of epiphytes is an indicator of unpolluted and undisturbed environment. However, massive infestation by epiphytes to commercial tree crops including tea is a concern to productivity. A study was conducted initiated to determine the influence of different management options on epiphytes which included mosses, ferns, maidenhair ferns, and tongue ferns. The study evaluated the influence of different management options on epiphytes and to determine the effect of the management options on tea yields. The experiment was laid on a field infested with epiphytes in split plot design treatment structure in a randomized complete block layout, replicated three times. In the main plots the epiphytes were manually removed from the tea bush branches whereas the control was left in situ while the subplots involved use of agricultural chemicals; Copper Nordox, Cuprocaffaro, Milraz, Hydrate of lime, Round up Turbo and control (untreated). Post-treatment scoring for 3 years of all types of epiphytes was done using a scale to determine the level of yellowing, scorching, and regrowth. Yield data were also recorded for one prune cycle of four years and data was subjected to analysis of variance. The main treatments (disturbed and undisturbed) management options did not influence the efficacy of the chemical products on epiphytic mosses but disturbance reduced (p less than or equal to0.05) levels of the epiphytic ferns. Copperbased products (Copper Nordox and Cuprocaffaro) reduced (p less than or equal to0.05) in mosses levels (reducing the degree of yellowing and regrowth) than other products and the control. However, all chemical products reduced (p less than or equal to 0.05) levels of epiphytic ferns. The removal of epiphytes on the tea branches increased (p less than or equal to0.05) the yield of tea, while chemical products were ineffective in improving yields. This study, therefore, concludes that the epiphytes on the tea frame have effects on the functioning of the tea bush and removal of the massive epiphytes is necessary for improved productivity of tea bush.

Maiden hair ferns (Adiantum L., Pteridaceae–Vittarioideae) of North East India: diversity, phytochemistry and utilization

The genus Adiantum L. (Pteridaceae–Vittarioideae) are medicinal ferns with around 200 species and distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Several species of the genus are used in traditional medicine in different parts of the world including the Chinese Herbal Medicine, United States Pharmacopoeia and Ayurveda System of Medicine and Homeopathy. In the present paper, an updated and comprehensive data on species diversity of Adiantum found in the seven (7) states of North East India will be discussed. Altogether, nine (9) species are recorded and this includes A. capillus–veneris L. with two (2) races, A. caudatum L., A. edgeworthii Hook., A. flabellulatum L., A. hispidulum Sw., A. incisum Forssk., A. peruvianum Klotzsch, A. philippense L. with three (3) subspecies and A. raddianum C. Presl. Brief morphological parameters, utilization including medicinal, economical and traditional aspects, along with their bioactive components are described. The paper also aims to provide for the first time an updated compilation of species information including correct nomenclature, synonyms, distribution and propagation.

Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXVII. Pteridaceae

We provide a synopsis to the Pteridaceae s.l. in Bolivia, a family comprising four subfamilies, 27 genera, and 154 species. These totals, approximating those for Dryopteridaceae and Polypodiaceae, make this one of the most genus-and species-rich families in Bolivia. New combinations are made for two species of Argyrochosma: A. flava and A. tenera. Eight species of Pteridaceae are considered endemic: Adiantum solomonii, A. squamulosum, Cheilanthes glutinosa, Eriosorus angustus, E. ascendens, E. madidiensis, Pteris boliviensis, and P. lellingeri.

Phylogenetic biogeography reveals the timing and source areas of the Adiantum species (Pteridaceae) in the West Indies, with a special focus on Cuba

AbstractAimThe processes that shaped the West Indian fern flora remain poorly understood. We attempt to investigate earlier biogeographical patterns described for the region using the genus Adiantum as model. These patterns propose that the West Indian fern flora has (1) an essentially continental rather than insular character, having a rich representation of species occurring in tropical America; (2) the Greater Antilles have a higher fern diversity and higher endemism than the Lesser Antilles, and (3) adaptive speciation has been an important process in shaping the fern diversity of the Greater Antilles.LocationWest Indies.MethodsAdiantum is a subcosmopolitan genus that comprises 200–225 species of which 33 occur in the West Indies. We compiled the most comprehensive molecular dataset of Adiantum available to date, including the chloroplast markers rbcL, atpA, atpB and trnL‐F of 407 accessions belonging to 101 species, 24 of which occur in the West Indies. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches were applied to generate phylogenetic hypotheses. Divergence times were estimated using published substitution rates. Ancestral areas were estimated using BioGeoBEARS.ResultsThe extant West Indian Adiantum species originate from at least 17 predominantly Miocene immigration events, 11 from South America and six from Central America, in combination with two cladogenetic events. The Cuban endemics Adiantum alomae and A. sericeum, as well as the Greater Antillean A. deltoideum, A. cristatum and A. pyramidale first appeared during the Pleistocene. The emergence of A. alomae and A. deltoideum coincides with the formation of the karstic relief of the Cuban coasts.Main conclusionsImmigration, rather than cladogenesis, governed the evolution of the West Indian Adiantum species. Our results concur with theoretical models proposed for island communities, suggesting that geologically younger and smaller island assemblages mainly derive from immigration, whereas cladogenesis plays an important role in older and larger islands.

Queen Anne's Lace, Gooseneck Loosestrife, Untitled (Poppy Maidenhair Fern), Blushing Deathcap, Untitled (Trillium), and Untitled (Trillium, Pear Blossom, Salamander) by Victor Schrager

Recognizing the contribution art has had in the Mayo Clinic environment since the original Mayo Clinic Building was finished in 1914, Mayo Clinic Proceedings features some of the numerous works of art displayed throughout the buildings and grounds on Mayo Clinic campuses as interpreted by the author.

Four New Species of Adiantum (Pteridaceae) from the Guianas

We describe, discuss, and illustrate four new species of the fern genus Adiantum (Pteridaceae): one from Guyana (A. cremersii Boudrie & J. Prado) and two from French Guiana (A. granvilleanum Boudrie & J. Prado and A. latipinnulum Boudrie & J. Prado), and A. rivularis Boudrie & J. Prado that occurs in Guyana and French Guiana. The typification and application of the name A. oyapokense Jenman are also discussed.

Phylogeny and relationships of the neotropical Adiantum raddianum group (Pteridaceae)

AbstractWith more than 200 species, the maidenhair fern genus Adiantum is among the top ten most diverse fern genera. Adiantum is pantropical in distribution and, due to the presence of a unique synapomorphy (sporangia borne on indusia rather than laminae), perhaps the most easily recognized fern genus. Many of its members, including numerous cultivars derived from A. raddianum, are grown as ornamentals. Because of its size, a comprehensive taxonomic study of Adiantum is difficult and the genus is perhaps better approached through a series of narrower studies. Here, we focus specifically on A. raddianum and putative allies. We find a newly defined A. raddianum group to be strongly supported as monophyletic and segregated from other maidenhair ferns on the basis of genetic as well as morphological characteristics. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses of plastid atpA, chlL, chlN, rbcL, and rpoA sequences support the A. raddianum clade as sister to A. poiretii and its allies. We identify round‐reniform indusia to be a characteristic of the A. raddianum group (vs. lunate in the A. poiretii group). Additionally, we find species in the A. poiretii group to differ in having a unique 66 nucleotide deletion in our chlN gene alignment. The neotropical A. raddianum group comprises at least 17 species (14 studied here), some widely distributed; one was recently described (A. alan‐smithii).

Anti-rheumatoid Activity of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Endophytic Chaetomium globosum.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-rheumatoid activity of secondary metabolites produced by endophytic mycobiota in Egypt. A total of 27 endophytic fungi were isolated from 10 dominant medicinal plant host species in Wadi Tala, Saint Katherine Protectorate, arid Sinai, Egypt. Of those taxa, seven isolates of Chaetomium globosum (CG1–CG7), being the most frequent taxon, were recovered from seven different host plants and screened for production of active anti-inflammatory metabolites. Isolates were cultivated on half – strength potato dextrose broth for 21 days at 28°C on a rotatory shaker at 180 rpm, and extracted in ethyl acetate and methanol, respectively. The probable inhibitory effects of both extracts against an adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) rat model were examined and compared with the effects of methotrexate (MTX) as a standard disease-modifying anti-rheumatoid drug. Disease activity and mobility scoring of AIA, histopathology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate probable inhibitory roles. A significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the severity of arthritis was observed in both the methanolic extract of CG6 (MCG6) and MTX treatment groups 6 days after treatment commenced. The average arthritis score of the MCG6 treatment group was (10.7 ± 0.82) compared to (13.8 ± 0.98) in the positive control group. The mobility score of the MCG6 treatment group (1.50 ± 0.55) was significantly lower than that of the positive control group (3.33 ± 0.82). In contrast, the ethyl acetate extract of CG6 (EACG6) treatment group showed no improvements in arthritis and mobility scores in AIA model rats. Histopathology and TEM findings confirmed the observation. Isolate CG6 was subjected to sequencing for confirmation of phenotypic identification. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1–5.8 s – ITS2 rDNA sequences obtained were compared with those deposited in the GenBank Database and registered with accession number KC811080 in the NCBI Database. The present study revealed that the methanol extract of endophytic fungus C. globosum (KC811080) recovered from maidenhair fern has an inhibitory effect on inflammation, histopathology and morphological features of rheumatoid arthritis in an AIA rat model.

Applying DNA Barcodes to Identify Closely Related Species of Ferns: A Case Study of the Chinese Adiantum (Pteridaceae)

DNA barcoding is a fast-developing technique to identify species by using short and standard DNA sequences. Universal selection of DNA barcodes in ferns remains unresolved. In this study, five plastid regions (rbcL, matK, trnH-psbA, trnL-F and rps4-trnS) and eight nuclear regions (ITS, pgiC, gapC, LEAFY, ITS2, IBR3_2, DET1, and SQD1_1) were screened and evaluated in the fern genus Adiantum from China and neighboring areas. Due to low primer universality (matK) and/or the existence of multiple copies (ITS), the commonly used barcodes matK and ITS were not appropriate for Adiantum. The PCR amplification rate was extremely low in all nuclear genes except for IBR3_2. rbcL had the highest PCR amplification rate (94.33%) and sequencing success rate (90.78%), while trnH-psbA had the highest species identification rate (75%). With the consideration of discriminatory power, cost-efficiency and effort, the two-barcode combination of rbcL+ trnH-psbA seems to be the best choice for barcoding Adiantum, and perhaps basal polypod ferns in general. The nuclear IBR3_2 showed 100% PCR amplification success rate in Adiantum, however, it seemed that only diploid species could acquire clean sequences without cloning. With cloning, IBR3_2 can successfully distinguish cryptic species and hybrid species from their related species. Because hybridization and allopolyploidy are common in ferns, we argue for including a selected group of nuclear loci as barcodes, especially via the next-generation sequencing, as it is much more efficient to obtain single-copy nuclear loci without the cloning procedure.

Ferns and lycophytes in three fragments of Tabuleiro lowland forest in northern Espírito Santo State, Brazil: composition and floristic relationships in Atlantic forest

We present here the fern and lycophyte species found in three areas of Atlantic Forest with lowland forest physiognomies, in northern Espirito Santo State, Brazil, and compare their floristic relationships with other physiognomies of that biome in the state. We recorded 57 species, distributed among 35 genera and 18 families within the Corrego Grande Biological Reserve, Rio Preto National Forest, and the Corrego do Veado Biological Reserve. The most representative families were Pteridaceae (17 spp.) and Polypodiaceae (eight spp.), while the genus Adiantum demonstrated the greatest species richness (eight spp.). The fern and lycophyte floras differed significantly between the different Atlantic Forest physiognomies, with indicator species identified for each, as well as species that occur preferentially in certain physiognomies. Correspondence analysis and grouping analysis employing relative Sorensen distances indicated the existence of four floristic groups associated with the different Atlantic Forest physiognomic types related to altitudinal gradients. Greater similarities were found between the floras of the same physiognomies, with the greatest consistency and floristic homogeneity being seen among regions below 300 m, principally the Tabuleiro lowland forests in the northern region of the state.

Movement, demographics, and occupancy dynamics of a federally-threatened salamander: evaluating the adequacy of critical habitat.

Critical habitat for many species is often limited to occupied localities. For rare and cryptic species, or those lacking sufficient data, occupied habitats may go unrecognized, potentially hindering species recovery. Proposed critical habitat for the aquatic Jollyville Plateau salamander (Eurycea tonkawae) and two sister species were delineated based on the assumption that surface habitat is restricted to springs and excludes intervening stream reaches. To test this assumption, we performed two studies to understand aspects of individual, population, and metapopulation ecology of E. tonkawae. First, we examined movement and population demographics using capture-recapture along a spring-influenced stream reach. We then extended our investigation of stream habitat use with a study of occupancy and habitat dynamics in multiple headwater streams. Indications of extensive stream channel use based on capture-recapture results included frequent movements of >15 m, and high juvenile abundance downstream of the spring. Initial occupancy of E. tonkawae was associated with shallow depths, maidenhair fern presence and low temperature variation (indicative of groundwater influence), although many occupied sites were far from known springs. Additionally, previously dry sites were three times more likely to be colonized than wet sites. Our results indicate extensive use of stream habitats, including intermittent ones, by E. tonkawae. These areas may be important for maintaining population connectivity or even as primary habitat patches. Restricting critical habitat to occupied sites will result in a mismatch with actual habitat use, particularly when assumptions of habitat use are untested, thus limiting the potential for recovery.

Maidenhair Ferns, Adiantum, are Indeed Monophyletic and Sister to Shoestring Ferns, Vittarioids (Pteridaceae)

Abstract Across the tree of life, molecular phylogenetic studies often reveal surprising relationships between taxa with radically different morphologies that have long obscured their close affiliations. A spectacular botanical example is Rafflesia, a holoparasite that produces the largest flowers in the world, but that evolved from tiny-flowered ancestors within the Euphorbiaceae. Outside of parasitic lineages, such abrupt transformations are rarely seen. One exception involves the “maidenhair ferns” (Adiantum), which are quintessential ferns: beautifully dissected, terrestrial, and shade loving. The closely related “shoestring ferns” (vittarioids), in contrast, have an extremely simplified morphology, are canopy-dwelling epiphytes, and exhibit greatly accelerated rates of molecular evolution. While Adiantum and the vittarioids together have been shown to form a robust monophyletic group (adiantoids), there remain unanswered questions regarding the monophyly of Adiantum and the evolutionary history of th...

Adiantumshastense, a new species of maidenhair fern from California.

A new species of Adiantum is described from California. This species is endemic to northern California and is currently known only from Shasta County. We describe its discovery after first being collected over a century ago and distinguish it from Adiantum jordanii and Adiantum capillus-veneris. It is evergreen and is sometimes, but not always, associated with limestone. The range of Adiantum shastense Huiet & A.R.Sm., sp. nov., is similar to several other Shasta County endemics that occur in the mesic forests of the Eastern Klamath Range, close to Shasta Lake, on limestone and metasedimentary substrates.

Avencas (Adiantum L. - Pteridaceae) do Município de Acará, Pará, Brasil

The Pteridaceae family includes about 50 genera and over 950 species the family consists of five monophyletic groups that one of these groups is formed by genus Adiantum plus vittarioid ferns. In Brazil are several studies about the family but just one study exclusively for the genus that was realized in Rio de Janeiro State. Therefore, this work aim conduct study of genus Adiantum occurring in the municipality of Acara where was observed eight species: Adiantum dolosum, A. glaucescens, A. humile, A. latifolium, A.multisorum, A. paraense, A. terminatum and A.tomentosum. To this purpose, identification key, descriptions, illustrations, pattern of geographical distribution, types of life forms and environments of occurrence were elaborated. Keywords: ferns; taxonomy; Brazilian amazon.

Clay mineralogical evidence of a bioclimatically-affected soil, Rouge River basin, South-Central Ontario, Canada

Holocene soils in drainage basins of South-Central Ontario, Canada, are generally Fluvisols (Entisols) in floodplains transitioning to Brunisols (Inceptisols), Luvisols (Alfisols) and Podzols (Spodosols) in older terraces and in the glaciated tableland. A single landslide sourced from the highest fluvial terrace in the Rouge basin, with a rubble drop of ~12m emplaced a lobe-shaped mass of reworked stream gravel, glaciolacustrine sediment and till, emplaced approximately 6m above mean water level at a height roughly equivalent to previously dated mid-Holocene terraces and soils. Clay mineralogy of the soil formed in this transported regolith produced the usual semi-detrital/pedogenic distribution of 1:1 (Si:Al=1:1), 2:1 and 2:1:1 clay minerals as well as primary minerals consisting of plagioclase feldspar, quartz, mica and calcite. Unexpectedly, the presence of moderate amounts of Ca-smectite in the Bk and Ck horizons, relative to a clay-mineral depleted parent material (Cuk), argues for a soil hydrological change affecting the wetting depth in the deposit. The presence of the uncommon ‘maidenhair fern’ (Adiantum pedantum) in the mass wasted deposit, a plant capable of high evapotranspiration, is interpreted as producing a bioclimatic disruption limiting soil water penetration to near root depth (wetting depth), thus producing a clay mineral anomaly.

Molecular phylogenetic and morphological affinities of Adiantum senae (Pteridaceae)

AbstractAdiantum senae, a diminutive fern nearly restricted to southern Brazil, was described by Baker in 1885. In subsequent Floras, it was either completely overlooked or simply retained in the maidenhair genus Adiantum. However, a molecular phylogenetic analysis and a thorough morphological evaluation clearly demonstrate that this species does not belong in this genus. We find strong molecular support for the inclusion of A. senae within the cheilanthoid genus Adiantopsis, as a rather isolated lineage resolved as sister to the large, generally echinate‐spored clade. The position of sporangia in A. senae—along the vein tips of the main laminar tissue rather than on the abaxial tissue of the pseudoindusia—confirms the separation of this species from Adiantum, and the presence of arachnoid‐echinulate spores reinforces its resolved position within Adiantopsis. Based on the sum of this evidence, we here provide a new combination, Adiantopsis senae (Baker) Schuettp. &amp; A.Davila. Additionally, we designate a lectotype for A. senae, as well as for a later synonym.

Medicinal Plants used for treatment of Liver disorders by indigenous communities of Jammu &amp; Kashmir, India

Liver is the largest organ inside human body and its diseases are some of the major causes of morbidity and mortality all across the globe. Traditional medicines are very important part of rural healthcare in the developing counties and may provide important clue for development of new drugs. Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), a predominantly Himalayan state in the north-western part of India is bestowed with a variety of natural resources including various important medicinal plants and is home to large numbers of indigenous communities. Aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive list ofhepatoprotective medicinal plants used by indigenous communities of J&K for treatment of liver ailments. Scientific literature on ethno-medicinal field studies conducted in J&K state of India was searched to record the hepatoprotective plants used by the indigenous communities of the region. Review of literature revealed that, a total of 103 plant species belonging to 94 genera and 52 families were used by indigenous communities of J&K to treat various liver diseases. Maximum number of species used to treat liver diseases belonged to family Asteraceae (13 spp.) followed by Apiaceae (9 spp.), Ranunculaceae (5 spp.), Lamiaceae (5 spp.), Leguminoseae (4 spp.) and Amaranthaceae (4 spp.). Whole plant (57) was used in maximum number of preparations followed by root (56), leaf (28), flower (20), fruit (19), seed (12) and stem (10). Bupleurum was the most preferred genus for treatment of liver related ailments with maximum number of four species used, whereas 2 species each of genus Delphinium, Adiantum, Iris, Viola, Berberis and Saussurea were used. Some of the listed plants have also showed antioxidant as well as hepatoprotective properties in the earlier studies. The presented information will serve as a baseline data to initiate further research for discovery of new hepatoprotective compounds from these potential plants.