Genuine Work Research Articles

Histoire des curés (review)

Reviewed by Clarke Garrett Dickinson College (Emeritus) Histoire des curés. By Michel Lagrée, Nicole Lemaitre, Luc Perrin, and Catherine Vincent. (Paris: Fayard. 2002. Pp. 523. €23,00.) The four authors of this work have set themselves a formidable task. Drawing on a vast body of scholarship, most of it published in the last thirty years, they describe and analyze the history of the Roman Catholic Church [End Page 877] from the fourth century until the present, focusing, as much as possible, on the perspective of the parish priest, the person placed in charge of the "care of souls" in a specific territorial space within a diocese. Catherine Vincent is the author of the introduction and the first section, which in a little over a hundred pages covers the period from the fourth century until the fourteenth. It is a remarkable achievement. Vincent draws on a wide range of studies, most of them in French but including a respectable number of works in Italian and English as well. She emphasizes that our knowledge is still fragmentary and that much of the written record reflects the ideal and not the reality of parish organization and priestly conduct. Adapted from the structures of the Roman Empire, the organization of the Church into dioceses and parishes was the distinct contribution of the church based in Rome. It was not present in the Eastern Church or in Celtic Christianity, which until the Middle Ages was essentially autonomous. The establishment of the parish system was a process of centuries, articulated by Carolingian and Gregorian reformers but not firmly in place until the thirteenth century. The second section, on the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, is the work of Nicole Lemaitre. A central theme is that from the perspective of the parish clergy, the period reflects two contrasting notions of the nature of the Church, both of which had had their advocates in the previous millennium. The reformers, at least those of the mainline Reformation, rejected the notion of hierarchical authority within the clergy and the special calling of the clergy, living within communities but set apart from them, to embody spiritual and moral perfection. Those who adhered to Roman authority were equally committed to reform, but only within the traditional structures of authority. The Council of Trent, Lemaitre argues, was a genuine work of reformation, addressing the concerns of the past and resolving many of them. Especially crucial for the future, she demonstrates, was the decision to create seminaries in which the clergy would receive an education as little concerned with the material, secular world as possible. The third section, on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, is by the noted scholar Michel Lagrée. It is difficult to summarize. Lagrée notes that despite their training, many clergy, at least in France and Italy, were deeply involved in the social and intellectual transformation that was the Enlightenment. The French Revolution thus presented a tragic dilemma, because so many priests, some of them influenced by the pervasive movement of Jansenism, welcomed it as a divinely sanctioned opportunity to transform both Church and state. The chapters on the nineteenth century are somewhat fragmentary, perhaps because Lagrée attempts to cover too many topics and as a result loses sight of the central theme of the evolution of the parish clergy. The final section, on the Church since World War I, is the work of Luc Perrin. It is the least satisfactory part of the book, but then recent developments, [End Page 878] especially since Vatican Council II, are the least amenable to historical analysis. Perrin emphasizes the enormous impact of the World War I on the clergy—fourteen per cent of Frenchmen killed in the war were priests, monks, or seminarians. The role of the Church in occupied Europe in World War II is treated without much depth or analysis, although it is still a topic of enormous controversy. The section on Vatican II is fuller and more balanced, especially concerning its impact on the...

New Media, Cardboard, and Community in Contemporary Buenos Aires

modification of the fabric of the sensible, a transformation of the visible given-Jacques Ranciere, Art of the Possible (264)Cardboard hardly a material associate with media or digital technology in general. And yet in considering a series of recent editorial projects in several Latin American cities-editorial projects whose last name always Cartonera and whose denning attribute a trash aesthetic of handpainted books made from recycled cardboard-it seems difficult to avoid confronting the present media ecology characterized by these technologies. These editorials produce, on some level, a kind of new media, although the mere novelty of their enterprise only the most superficial of their affiliations with this concept. On the contrary, it seems clear to me that these projects also enact a form of production that should be interrogated within a discussion of the forms of sociality associated with media and the politico-economic landscape they inhabit and condition.The principal I have in mind was founded in 2003, based in Buenos Aires, inhabits a modest space down the street from the soccer stadium in La Boca, and bears the name Eloisa Cartonera. The was launched in post-2001(1) Buenos Aires and has recently opened a sister workshop in Sao Paulo, while also inspiring similar groups in Lima (Sarita Cartonera), La Paz (Yerba Mala Cartonera), Santiago (Animita Cartonera), and Mexico City (Lupita Cartonera). The has attracted increasing attention since its inception, as much from the world of the visual arts as within the literary sphere proper, a trend visible in its participation in the exhibits Civilizacion y Barbarie [argentinos contemporaneos] (2004) and arteBA (2004), both in Buenos Aires, and Lo Material No Cuenta (2006-07), in Madrid. Perhaps as a consequence of this notoriety, the editorial recently published, in conjunction with the Akademie Scholss Solitude, a text titled No hay cuchillo sin rasas. Historia de una editorial latinoamericana y antologia dejovenes autores, which, as the title indicates, offers a retrospective glance at the No hay cuchillo sin rasas, also the name of Eloisa Cartonera's workshop, a collaborative text whose introductory section both presents the project's theoretical justification and describes its functioning in some detail. Making the books, the text tells us, is simple: We buy cardboard in the street. From it cut out the books' covers. We paint the title and the author's name with tempera and stencils. Then print, staple, and bind the originals (s).2 This activity regarded as both an educational process-we learn the different stages involved in making a book: graphic design, printing, binding, cutting, and painting the covers. We also learn to do other tasks like distribution, diffusion, and the sale of the books at fairs, poetry festivals, and other places are invited to attend (5)-and an attempt at constructing an alternative economic ethos through which we learn to cooperatively and generate genuine work (4). The theorization of the more fully developed on Eloisa Cartonera's website, which describes the editorial as an artistic, social, and community project that seeks to invent its own aesthetic, regardless of the origins of each participant, attempting to inspire a process of collective learning. It publishes unedited marginal and avant-garde from all over Latin America, pays five times the market price for the cardboard that it uses, and claims that the process of physical elaboration allows the participants (who are the cardboard-collectors themselves, referenced in the editorial's name) to stop being cartoneros while they on the project. The page for orders advertises the texts as handand brush-made and proudly announces that no 2 covers are the same! In these aspects, the editorial attempts to produce works that graphically maintain the physical traces of their elaboration, symbolically incorporating the social divisions incarnate in cardboard both as a potential material support for literature (and other cultural endeavors) and as refuse that can be collected and sold for a relatively dismal price. …

The Queen under attack—A rejoinder

The object once known as the Burney Relief, and now renamed The Queen of the Night (hereinafter referred to as the Queen) is a mould-made plaque of straw-tempered clay (Fig. 1). Integral with the rectangular background (49.5 × 37 cm) is a nude figure who wears the horned headdress of a Mesopotamian goddess, has lowered wings, dewclaws and bird's talons, holds the divine rod-and-ring symbol in each hand, stands on the backs of two addorsed lions, and is flanked by large owls. Traces of black, red and white paint survive. Since it was first published in the Illustrated London News on 13 June 1936, the plaque has been hailed as a masterpiece of ancient Mesopotamian art generally dated to the Old Babylonian period and, more specifically, to the age of Hammurabi (reigned 1792–1750 BC according to the Middle Chronology). After more than seven decades in private ownership, the plaque finally came into the public domain when, in 2003, the British Museum celebrated its 250th anniversary with the acquisition of this iconic work.One would expect such a unique piece to have its detractors, and in 1936–7 Dietrich Opitz published an article in which he raised doubts about its authenticity, although Van Buren, in her article appended to his (1936–7), came out in favour of the plaque. Then “a seminal article by Henri Frankfort (1937–9)… caused Opitz (1937–9) to change his mind” (Curtis and Collon 1996: 91–2), and other major scholars have agreed with Frankfort, including Thorkild Jacobsen (1987).In 1970, Pauline Albenda published a short article that focused on two features of the plaque's iconography, namely the “ring and rod” (normally referred to as rod-and-ring) symbols held by the goddess, and the overlapping lions on which she stood. These led her to “conclude that the Burney relief is not genuine”. In 2005, she revived the debate in an article in the Journal of the American Oriental Society. I shall consider in turn the various points she raises (giving the relevant page numbers in brackets) and seek to demonstrate why I think her arguments to be flawed and why I am convinced that the Queen of the Night is a genuine work of the age of Hammurabi of Babylon.

Modernism, Dead or Alive

Modernism: The Lure of Heresy by Peter Gay NewYork: W.W. Norton, 2007. 610 pages The word modernism no longer calls to mind a simple singular aesthetic or a particular set of ideas. To think about what it means is to ask: Whose modernism? What kind? When? Barnett Newman and others of his generation believed that modern art is not about beauty or retinal gratification, but this was by no means the view of Virginia Woolf or Henri Matisse. Marcel Duchamp regarded the habit of distinguishing between good and bad taste as ridiculous. But no such animus inspired the practice of writers and artists like Thomas Mann or Giorgio Morandi. The poet-critic Randall Jarrell could praise the poems of William Carlos Williams for their freshness and humor and fantasy (82), yet also celebrate the passion for philosophy and order (78) in the masterpieces of Wallace Stevens. W. H. Auden saw no reason to refrain from introducing politics into his work, but other writers were reluctant--often on principle--to do so. If modernism is not the name of a practice or a set of principles, it also no longer signifies a particular era. In his new book, Peter Gay operates on the assumption that nineteenth-century writers like Baudelaire and Dostoyevsky were modernists, and he contends that modernism is a phenomenon that comes and goes, dying out for a time and starting up again, as it did in the middle of the twentieth century with the galvanizing appearance of works by Jackson Pollock, Gunter Grass, and other modernist artists. To suppose that modernism is the name of a coherent movement that began and ended in the first 40 or 50 years of the last century seems no longer possible for most cultural historians. Of course the term itself continues to suggest a number of identifiable features, however various the works in which these features are ostensibly embodied. A novel lacking in self-consciousness or any discernable preoccupation with form would not qualify as a work, even if it appeared in the 1920s or 30s when Joyce, Proust, Faulkner, and others were defining the parameters of fiction. We may admire the work of a painter like Lucian Freud and acknowledge the freshness, originality, and power of his portraiture, but we do not regard him as a artist, so little does he seem to strain against the limits of the painter's available resources, so relatively straightforward do his intentions seem. Straightforward in what sense? In the sense that he is not, or does not seem to be, principally interested in questions about his medium or troubled by the relation of his work to the standard high-modernist masterpieces that dominated the period in which he came of age. We expect genuine works to entertain such preoccupations and to be in some degree experimental--that is, to be asking themselves at every turn what they are doing and thinking about the limits and possibilities peculiar to their medium. When in Madame Bovary Flaubert briefly interrupts his narrative to reflect on the linguistic resources available to him as a novelist and complains of their inadequacy, he seems to us to be self-conscious in the way of the modernist, however much his work confirms in other respects his status as a realist writer. The preoccupation with form and medium will vary in emphasis and intensity from one to another, but where it is entirely absent, the writer will inevitably belong to some other dispensation. Is this kind of preoccupation a good thing? Obviously, the commitment to the experimental, like the habit of self-consciousness, is not bound to produce masterpieces. The annals of modernism are filled with tenth-rate experiments and pretentious, stultifyingly tedious, ostentatiously self-conscious works. But modernism was, at its best, a bracing idea. It seemed, for a time, the enemy of complacency in art and thought. …

Productive energy in the US economy

Abstract In this paper, methods of separation of primary work E P , which is needed to provide the genuine work of production equipment, from the total amount of primary energy E are proposed. Direct estimates of primary work of production equipment E P on the base of available data for the US economy for the 20th century are compared with alternative evaluations of the same quantity calculated from time series for consumption of labour and primary energy. The relationship among primary energy E , primary work of production equipment E P , and genuine work of production equipment P (productive energy) is considered. The results allow one to estimate coefficient of efficiency of primary work of production equipment.

Printing the Classical Text by Howard Jones

MLR, IOI.2, 2oo6 50I R. Reimer argues that a hypertextual edition of a hagiographical poem by Lydgate, which reunites the text with images and music, as well as contextualizing itwith a sacred geography, will restore its popularity. Joan Grenier-Winther concludes the volume with a justification and description of her electronic edition of La Belle Dame qui eut mercy. The volume successfully brings together essays from a variety of disciplines to discuss a topic that will be valuable to medievalists from both historical and liter ary disciplines. Comprehensive indexes make it easy to browse through, although those new to the field would benefit from more context to editorial debates in the editors' introduction. The suggestions for exploiting information technology will be particularly welcome given the relative novelty of themedium. However, it isperhaps precisely this novelty which gives rise to the fact that, although token reference is made to the numerous practical difficulties associated with working with electronic editions-arising from the fact that very few of us are experts in both codicology and computers, and from questions of copyright, data protection, and so on-none of the contributors is able, or willing, to hazard any solutions. UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS RHIANNON DANIELS Printing the Classical Text. By HOWARD JONES. (Bibliotheca humanistica & refor matorica, 62) 'tGoy-Houten: HES & De Graaf. 2004. x+225 pp.; II illus. EI32.50. ISBN 90-6I94-279-9. Howard Jones sets out to chart the place of classical Latin and Greek texts in printing from their first appearance in I465 to the end of the incunableperiod in I500. Much of the book is literally charts, or rather tables, of editions produced in five-year periods, as derived from the records of the Incunable Short-Title Catalogue (ISTC). These show in general the predominant place of Italy in classical printing throughout the period and an early concentration there on classical Latin authors. After a crisis of overproduction, observable at Rome and Venice in particular, this gave way to amore catholic range of texts from about I473 onwards. Jones promises to examine 'the range of books with which the classical text competed' (p. viii), but this point isnever really developed. Of the total number of incunable editions (c. 26,550), less than 6 per cent are classical by Jones's count (I,50i editions of 'the original texts of Greek and Latin authors' who lived before the end of the fifth century), though that count is disputable. Why did Nicolas Jenson retreat from the classics to law, theology, and liturgy? Many of the lists are open to challenge in detail. The micropatterns discerned by Jones between different places of printing, authors, and periods are vitiated by insufficient care in handling the evidence. He does not realize that many undated books (a good proportion of the whole) are assigned to round-figure years. The older volumes of the Gesamtkatalogder Wiegendrucke (Leipzig: Hiersemann, I925- ) regularly assigned undated Paris books, for example, to 'um I500'. These conventional peaks are observable to anyone with access to the ISTC database-anyone with a computer and modem. Indeed, all Jones's listings can be readily compiled, and more accurately, by informed interrogation of ISTC. As to books that are in the view of experts datable only within a range of years, Jones has taken itupon himself to assign a definite year to each edition. Since there is no evidence that he has handled any of the books, let alone that he is acquainted with the technical literature (the British Museum catalogue of incunabula is never mentioned), one wonders at his temerity. The totals for individual printing towns are systematically too high because Jones has not applied the filter in ISTC called 'preferred attributions', with the result that 502 Reviews all books that have been assigned tomore than one place are counted at least twice. This does not account forRouen being given more than ten times asmany books as it produced. Westminster, and with itCaxton, isomitted altogether. Another pitfall: the synoptic table facing page I I8 gives io6 incunable editions of Seneca, yet fewer than a third of them have any genuine work of that author. At the end of all Jones's lists, there are no...

The Diabolical Power of Lettuce, or Garden Miracles in Gregory the Great’sDialogues

Gregory the Great wrote hisDialoguesbetween July 593 and October 594. Like most scholars of Gregory the Great, I am convinced that theDialoguesare a genuine Gregorian work and do not share Francis Clark’s opinion that theDialoguesare the rather clumsy product of a later forger. TheDialoguesare an extremely complex work on holiness, a skilful pastoral pedagogy, and a programme of mission as well. They contain Gregory’s ideal of the Church which he developed during a time of crisis. Some elements may even seem to be Utopian.

The Role of Divine Grace in the Soteriology of sankaracarya

This volume examines the role of divine grace in the non-dualist soteriology of Sam kara. The author argues that grace is an essential but generally overlooked feature in Sam kara's enlightenment spirituality. Introductory chapters summarize recent developments in Sam kara research, Sam kara's epistemology and ontology, ancient Vedantic teachings on grace, and modern scholarly disagreement about grace in Sam kara's Advaita system. The heart of the book consists of two lengthy exegetical chapters examining Sam kara's key passages on grace from his dozen genuine works. The final chapter presents for the first time a systematic summary of Sam kara's understanding of the operation and necessity of divine grace. This book provides a useful summary of Sam kara's system as a whole besides offering a radical revision of the standard understanding of Sam kara's soteriology. It also reveals that Sam kara was much more indebted in his thinking to his Vedantic predecessors than had hitherto been thought.

Is there a “right” to self‐defense?

The use of defensive force, even deadly force, in protection of self or others (hereinafter self-defense) is paradigm of moral and legal permissibility. However, just why this is so has turned out to be quite puzzle; indeed, there is today hardly the slightest consensus on the moral justification for this permission to use force, or even on what the various possible alternative justifications might be. The question is not merely theoretical, as one's choice of foundational principle for self-defense will determine one's conception of the scope and limits of permissible self-defense, matter that is continually in controversy. In this essay I propose to critique one purported foundational account: the idea that the permission to use defensive force is grounded in the idea of individual natural rights: that is, as Judith Thomson describes it, rights that a human being has simply by virtue of being human being. (1) I will attempt to demonstrate that, whatever might be the correct account of self-defense, rights theory will not do--it is at best unhelpful, and at worst positively pernicious as an explanation of the permissibility of defensive force. This essay is part of larger project in which I defend much-neglected theory of the foundations of self-defense, one grounded in the intentions of the defender. This position, known as the Doctrine of Double Effect, is usually traced historically to Thomas Aquinas. This account can, I believe, make sense of the principles of self-defense as we currently know them, and avoid the anomalies of other attempted foundational explanations. However, I do not attempt to work out the details of such justification here. Rather, I limit myself to showing that one of the most influential (and increasingly popular) current accounts of self-defense is so clearly inadequate that no amount of tweaking or patching up is likely to save it, and that our attention is best turned elsewhere. Thus this essay is negative in focus; I can ask only that the reader take it as an element of larger positive project, which must begin with clearing away the unworkable alternatives, foremost among which is the idea that the doctrine of self-defense can be explained by the idea of natural rights. What do we want and expect theory of self-defense to do for us? Such theory should have both an explanatory and justificatory function. It should provide single unifying principle or framework that makes sense of the scope and limits of permissible self-defense, thus explaining the inner logic of the practice. This unifying framework should present itself as justifying the practice as well: it should help make it clear why self-defense is morally and legally acceptable. This issue is particularly important given that it is not obvious from either the moral or legal standpoint why we should want to allow individuals to be making judgments about who they may kill on their own initiative. Finally, and equally important, good theoretical account should not simply endorse the status quo, but should have critical or normative function as well by implying recommendations as to how the practice should be modified at the edges, though without rejecting the core of the self-defense doctrine. An account that recommended totally remaking the practice would not be an account of self-defense as we know it; an account that simply took the current practice as correct in every way would probably be too weak to do any genuine work. In any case, there are numerous controversies within the doctrine of self-defense that genuine theory is urgently needed to resolve. (2) A theoretical account of permissible self-defense will not only have to explain the existence of general permission to use defensive force, it will also have to account for widely accepted features of that permission-in particular the four strict limitations on the use of defensive force (3): (1) Force may be used only against an unlawful aggressor. …

Accidental Art: Tolstoy's Poetics of Unintentionality

ART'S ABILITY TO INFECT another with an emotion, the concept that has come to be probably the most readily identified catchphrase in What Is Art? (though it crops up in his earlier writings on art), derives from L. N. Tolstoy's dynamic identity claim about art: we know an artist has created a genuine work of art when he "hands on to others feelings he has lived through, and that others are infected by these feelings and also experience them." 1 "What is art?" is then a taxonomical question, and, according to Tolstoy, art is identifiable from non-art not by some set of external characteristics—the way, say, Aristotle categorized animals in his natural history—rather art is recognizable by its function, by what it does. In this sense art is like a tool: A given thing is art because it performs a certain task, much as one might claim a screwdriver is anything that sets and removes screws, regardless of its external characteristics. Tolstoy, in fact, repeatedly refers to art as "orudie," "a tool," or even "a weapon."

There is nothin' like a Dame

HepatologyVolume 35, Issue 4 p. 983-985 Landmarks In HepatologyFree Access There is nothin' like a Dame Adrian Reuben, Adrian Reuben M.B.B.S., F.R.C.P. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SCSearch for more papers by this author Adrian Reuben, Adrian Reuben M.B.B.S., F.R.C.P. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SCSearch for more papers by this author First published: 30 December 2003 https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2002.0350983Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References 1 Bloom H. Shakespeare. The Invention of the Human. New York: Riverhead Books, 1998; 255. 2 Summerskill WH. Aguecheek's disease. Gut 1978;19:468-469 and Lancet 1955; 2: 288– 289. 3 Shakespeare W. Twelfth Night. 1602. Act I Scene III. 4 Baló J, Korpássy B. The encephalitis of dogs with Eck fistula fed on meat. Arch Pathol 1932; 13: 80– 87. 5 Frerichs FT. A Clinical Treatise on Diseases of the Liver. Vol. 1, London: New Syndenham Soc., 1860. 6 Walshe JM. Observations on the symptomatology and pathogenesis of hepatic coma. Quart J Med 1951; 20: 421– 438. 7 Adams RD, Foley JM. The neurological disorder associated with liver disease. Res Publ Ass Nerve Ment Dis 1953; 32: 198– 237. 8 Adams RD, Foley JM. The neurological changes in the more common types of severe liver disease. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1949; 74: 217– 219. 9 Hippocrates. The sacred disease. In: Adams F, (transl). The Genuine Works of Hippocrates. New York: W. Wood, 1929; 344. 10 Conn HO, Lieberthal MM. The Hepatic Coma Syndromes and Lactulose. Chapter 1: The syndrome of portal-systemic encephalopathy. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1979; 1– 45. 11 Matthews SA. Ammonia, a causative factor in meat poisoning in Eck fistula dogs. Am J Physiol 1922; 59: 459– 460. 12 McDermot WV Jr., Adams RD. Episodic stupor associated with an Eck fistula in the human with particular reference to metabolism of ammonia. J Clin Invest 1954; 33: 1– 9. 13 Phillips GB, Schwartz R, Gabuzda GJ Jr., Davidson CS. The syndrome of impending hepatic coma in patients with cirrhosis of the liver given certain nitrogenous substances. N Engl J Med 1952; 247: 239– 246. 14 Sherlock S, Summerskill WHJ, White LP, Phear EA. Portal-systemic encephalopathy. Neurological complications of liver disease. Lancet 1954; 2: 453– 457. 15 White LP, Phear EA, Summerskill WHJ, Sherlock S. Ammonium tolerance in liver disease: observations based on catheterization of the hepatic veins. J Clin Invest 1955; 34: 158– 168. 16 Dawson AM, McClarey J, Sherlock S. Neomycin in the treatment of hepatic coma. Lancet 1957; 2: 1263– 1268. 17 Rossle M, Siegerstetter V, Huber M, Ochs A. The first decade of the transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPS): state of the art. Liver 1998; 18: 73– 89. MEDLINE 18 Conn HO, Lieberthal MM. The Hepatic Coma Syndromes and Lactulose. Chapter 2: Pathogenesis of portal-systemic encephalopathy. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1979; 46– 121. 19 Editorial: Hepatic encephalopathy today. Lancet 1984; 1: 489– 491. MEDLINE 20 Mullen KD, Gacad R. Hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterologist 1996; 4: 188– 202. MEDLINE 21 Jones EA. Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Liver Dis 2000; 4: 467– 485. MEDLINE 22 Butterworth RF. Hepatic encephalopathy: a neuropsychiatric disorder involving multiple neurotransmitter systems. Curr Op Neurol 2000; 13: 721– 727. 23 Larsen FS, Blei AT. Pathophysiology of cerebral edema in fulminant hepatic failure. J Hepatol 1999; 31: 771– 776. MEDLINE 24 Amodio P, Del Piccolo F, Marchetti P, Angeli P, Iemmolo R, Coregano L, Merkel C, et al. Clinical features and survival of cirrhotic patients with subclinical cognitive alterations detected by the number connection test and computerized psychometric tests. Hepatology 1999; 20: 1662– 1667. 25 Lockwood AH. “What's in a name?” Improving the care of cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 859– 861. MEDLINE Citing Literature Volume35, Issue4April 2002Pages 983-985 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Issues in effective pain control. 2: From assessment to management.

In the first of these two articles, Davies and McVicar (2000) reviewed issues regarding pain assessment and examined the best means of providing the underpinning education. In the second article, pain management issues are considered while focusing on the factors that influence the translation of planned care into action. The literature identifies that inadequate pain control continues to be a problem and, assessment issues apart, suggests that a lack of knowledge of analgesic pharmacology, and resultant misconceptions among both health professionals and patients, are major factors. This article provides an overview of the rationale for the use of analgesics by considering their biological actions, how the drugs fit into the analgesic 'ladder' (World Health Organization (WHO), 1994), and how they relate to the principles of managing chronic pain. The most common misconceptions concern the use of morphine and arise as a consequence of a lack of understanding of this drug. Further issues relating to the multidimensional aspects of pain and the need for psychosocial care and sound re-evaluations of the continuing effectiveness of pain control are identified. Finally, some of the professional issues that affect the transference of assessment and knowledge are examined. Nurses have a pivotal role in pain assessment and it is suggested that education must play a role in the development of genuine interprofessional working which will allow nurses to have more influence in formulating the care strategy and subsequent action.

Le concept de corridor vert et le développement durable au Costa Rica / The concept of green corridor and sustainable development in Costa Rica

Costa Rica has numerous protected reserves, as many islands of wildlife ; however biodiversity can't be maintained in these isolated areas. The concept of green corridor comes from the necessity to create a communication between two protected areas. A group of two reserves, as a whole entity linked by a corridor surrounded with a buffer zone, is the basic unit. From this unit, one or several corridors can be linked to other units to make a network. The purpose is to restore the ecosystems in their genuine working order while allowing for the development of human activities. The testing project takes place in Monteverde, north west of Costa Rica. The original name of this area comes from a Quaker community that settled there in the fifties. At the moment, a network of institutions and associations is launching different schemes for sustainable development. These programmes involve local people in the fields of architecture, education, agriculture, administration of protected areas, ecotourism...

Unlocking potential (reflections of a late developer)

Outlines some of the questions raised during the course of a qualitative research inquiry into the personal consequences of organisational change for directors who are “drivers” of such change. Links these questions to more general issues and trends in the organisation of work (Handy) and for human resource management priorities (Ulrich). Questions the interpretation of these trends in relation to the role of the developer, arguing that effective development involving a third party developer is always dependent on genuine partnership working. Such a way of working is particularly challenging or even threatening to developers, frequently tempting them into hiding themselves behind fashionable theories, tools and techniques, rather than risking their own learning and development while facilitating that of others. Suggests ten keys to unlocking the development potential in oneself and others and that the application of these keys can be a painful process.

Australian Repetition Strain Injury Phenomenon

The industrial upper limb pain epidemic colloquially known as repetition strain injury rapidly increased in the early 1980s to peak in 1985. Its less precipitous decline coincided with an awareness that repetition strain injury was a nonphysical sociopolitical phenomenon and a corresponding loss of the pecuniary benefits enjoyed by the powerful vested interest groups. Although its protagonists incorrectly claimed that this was a new disease, the rise and fall of repetition strain injury followed its historical predecessors including telegraphists' wrist and writer's cramp. Those affected by this phenomenon, a clearly defined cohort, were all employees who were highly suggestible and engaged in menial repetitious tasks with little job satisfaction. These patients were differentiated from those with genuine work related injuries whose symptoms are reproducible, with physical signs easily defined, disease identifiable, and response to physical treatment predictable. Most patients with repetition strain injury genuinely suffered the symptoms of which they complained and made little secondary gain relative to the protagonists of repetition strain injury who had a vested interest. The similarities between Australian repetition strain injury in the 1980s and American cumulative trauma disorder in the 1990s is compelling.

Changes in supervisory activity of a continuous process during night and day shifts

With the advent of new technologies, computerized display systems have superseded the wall presentation of information in control rooms. These changes would influence the supervision of a continuous process, characterized with high mental demands. It is important to assess if the types of displays are relevant for the needs of the operators supervising the process during day and night shifts. Inadequate information processing induced by some types of presentation of the information as well as temporal fluctuations in human reasoning may have consequences on the reliability and the operators' workload. In line with many experimental and field studies on shiftwork effect, we then expect that the survey activity of a continuous process will quantitatively and qualitatively vary according to the level of vigilance. Our study was performed in a control room of a chemical plant. We investigated the supervisory activity of controllers working on 3 × 8 shifts with shift changes at 4 am, noon and 8 pm. All the screen pages they selected were recorded over 18 whole shifts. Data were treated according to the frequency of consultation and the type of information gathering. We observed quantitative and qualitative alterations in supervisory activity on normal operation according to cognitive demands of the task and to the internal state of the operator. The call frequency was higher in the afternoon than at night, when the level of vigilance is the lowest. When analysing the type of information called, differences also appeared according to the time of the day. For example, the consultation of trend pages was higher at night than in the other shifts. The operators would adopt different supervisory behavior during day and night shifts, looking for various types of information displayed. These strategies of supervision could suggest that modes of information processing would depend on circadian variations. Relevance to industry Analysis of controllers' supervisory activity in genuine working conditions and real time will help to assess the adaptation of work tools to the cognitive demands. It can also lead to recommendations about work organization (work schedules, time of recovery, number of crews, etc.) and the design of human - computer interfaces.

Presidential address: Venous disorders—Reflections of the past three decades

Presidential address: Venous disorders—Reflections of the past three decades

The not-so-simple art of imitation: Pastiche, literary style, and Raymond Chandler

This analysis extends the tools of statistical analysis to the challenging task of distinguishing between genuine works by an author, the preeminent American writer of mysteries, Raymond Chandler, and deliberate attempts by others to mimic the author's style. Rendering the task all the more challenging, the analysis focuses exclusively on the main elements of Chandler's style rather than on his minor but telling stylistic idiosyncrasies. Statistical analysis establishes that indicators of these stylistic elements can successfully detect the pastiches.

Alexander of Aphrodisias in the Kindī-Cricle and in Al-Kindī' Cosmology

How do the heavenly bodies physically affect the sublunary world? On this topic, the few fragmentary statements by Aristotle were refined and expanded by his Greek commentator Alexander of Aphrodisias. In the Kindī-circle, particular attention was paid to Alexander's treatises on this very topic. They were not simply translated but were rather reworked in terms of an astrological interpretation. Typically, such reworking was attributed directly to Aristotle by the addition of a number of references and pseudo-references to Aristotle's genuine and spurious works. The article demonstrates this phenomenon, and examines the circular relationship between the Kindī-circle adaptations of Alexander and al-Kindī's own works. The Kindī-circle's Alexander was closely followed by al-Kindī on certain points, while al-Kindī himself exerted a reciprocal influence on the Arabic Alexander, who was largely the product of his own group of translators. The appendix contains English translations from Arabic of two adapted Alexander's treatises.

The Spurious Texts of Philo of Alexandria: A Study of Textual Transmission and Corruption with Indexes to the Major Collections of Greek Fragments

The transmission of Philo of Alexandria's works is very complex, and genuine works are preserved in the original Greek, and in ancient Armenian and Latin translations. There are also many excerpts attributed to him in medieval catenae and florilegia, and in quotations in Church writers. The task undertaken here is to discriminate as far as possible between the genuine and the spurious within the textual history of Philo. An analysis of the sources of the fragments of Philo is followed by a listing of sixty-one texts which are demonstrably spurious, deriving (as is shown here) from various sources, including the Bible, Church writers, classical authors, and Josephus. Also included is a survey of the complete books which have been mistakenly assigned to Philo. An Index locorum provides identifications of the Philonic texts found in all the principal collections of fragments. Many of the identifications of spurious and of genuine fragments are made here for the first time.