Genuine Ones Research Articles

Further study of the equivalent theorem of Hellinger-Reissner and Hu-Washizu variational principles

In this paper, it has been proved that the well-known Hu-Washizu variational principle is a pseudo-generalized variational principle (pseudo-GVP). The stationary conditions of its functional may satisfy all its field equations and boundary conditions if all the variables in the functional are considered as independent variations, but there might exist some kinds of constraints. Some new pseudo-GVPs are established to distinguish them from genuine ones by the so-called inverse Lagrange multiplier method. The constrained Hu-Washizu principle, therefore, is proved to be equivalent with the Hellinge-Reissner principle under the constraints of stress-strain relations.

Non-destructive analysis and appraisal of paper-like objects

This paper reports the experimental results of external proton beam radiation damage on paper. The damage effect was observed by the tensile strength degradation and the change of the structure measured by XRD. The limit doses of 2.5–3.5 MeV proton beam for some kinds of paper are given. This paper also reports the experimental results of the identification of some Chinese stamps of different editions. The proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method has also been used to identify forged notes, including false Renminbi and US Dollar found in China. The PIXE spectrum measured from the forged notes shows that the elemental composition is different from that of genuine ones. The PIXE spectra from the forged notes made by different counterfeiters are different from each other. So the PIXE method is a helpful tool to unveil the provenance of the forged notes.

Histo-blood group Lewis genotyping from human hairs and blood.

The expression of histo-blood group Lewis antigens is determined by the Lewis-type alpha 1-->3/4fucosyltransferase (Le enzyme) encoded by Fuc-TIII gene (Le gene). The genotyping of Le genes by the PCR-RFLP methods established recently and partly modified in this study was found to be useful not only for determining the genuine Lewis blood types of samples such as human hairs and blood stains but also for distinguishing non-genuine Lewis-negative phenotypes frequently observed in pregnant women from genuine ones. The availability of the present PCR-RFLP methods for the paternity tests was also discussed.

The psychiatric expert in court.

The law about expert evidence is unsatisfactory: it gives scope for the expert to usurp the role of judge, jury and parliament; it brings the professions of the experts into disrepute; and it sets juries the impossible task of sorting pseudo sciences from genuine ones. The law should be reformed by changing statutes which force expert witnesses to testify beyond their science, by taking the provision of expert evidence out of the adversarial context, and by removing from the courts the decision whether a nascent discipline is or is not a science.

Not-Last Words: Worn-Out Dichotomies in the Sociology of Science (Reply)

The measure of a scholarly debate may not be consensus, but a more accurate appreciation of disagreements. The exchange which, for the moment, stops here is thus successful inasmuch as its identifies dichotomies which can no longer meaningfully separate relativists and constructivists, from themselves or from others. This reply cannot serve as a 'last word', since it seeks only to retire worn-out lines of argument, leaving genuine ones for future squabbles.

A canonical operad pair

The purpose of this paper is to construct an operad ℋ∞with the good properties of both the little convex bodies partial operadand the little cubes operadused in May's theory ofE∞ring spaces or multiplicative infinite loop spaces ((6), chapter VII). In (6) ℋ can then be used instead ofand, and the theory becomes much simpler; in particular all partial operads can be replaced by genuine ones. The method used here is a modification of that which May suggests on (6), page 170, but cannot carry out.

Separation and identification of synthetic dysstuffs by thin-layer electrophoresis and its application in the forensic analysis of liquors

The excessive demand for alcoholic drinks has resulted in the preparation of fakes and created a problem for their identification. Dyestuffs have been added to alcoholic liquors and the separation of these dyestuff mixtures into their various components has been the subject of study by thin-layer electrophoretic techniques on silica gel-G plantes. 10 dyestuffs commonly used in liquors and beverages have been resolved into their components. The migration distances of the separated coloured zones in five electrolytes, either basic or acidic, have been recorded. The technique was found to be particularly suitable for distinguishing fake samples from genuine ones.

In defence of non-metaphysical ethics

In this note I should like to suggest some arguments that might be advanced against an attitude towards the problems of ethics (and aesthetics) as that held by Logical Positivism, a school of thought to which I feel a strong affinity in all other points. Logical Positivists certainly do not doubt that the propositions of logic are genuine ones. It is, however, unquestionable that language does not always observe the rules of logic, and that there are languages that follow a kind of logic rather different from our own (e.g. Chinese). Together with the Good and the Beautiful, Truth is a value, a value being that which we think or feel concerns us. From what is one can never conclude what should be, so there is no possibility of proving conclusively even the necessity of logic. By an analysis of the common ground and intention of speaking we can, however, instead of a categorical one establish the conditional necessity of logic, springing from its positive definition. A definition, in the first place, is not a proposition but an agreement (very often a silent agreement, which has grown), i.e. a fact or an act. A definition can, of course, be the object of a proposition, it then is a definition stated. While true or false cannot be applied to any defini tion as such, these qualifications are obviously applicable to definition propositions. The way of establishing a definition-proposition is the same as that by which we can find the conditional necessity of logic. Truth may be defined as the quality of statements that consists in the unambiguous or univocal description given therein of the objects, facts, or relations examined, and logic may be said to be the univocal language (whichever be the tongue actually used). All language springs from reason. It helps our thinking, not to say it makes it possible. Language is the foremost means to facilitate the task

Proof of Handwriting and Typewriting

Many attorneys are not fully acquainted with the progress that has been made in the investigation and proof of the facts relating to documents. This condition of mind does not always imply a lack of alertness on the part of the lawyer because cases in which documents are disputed come infrequently to the trial attorney. Sometimes only a few in a decade appear, but the number is rapidly increasing. This activity is due to a tremendous increase in the use of documents in general business and to the progress that has been made in the application of scientific processes to the discovery and proof of the facts regarding disputed documents. There is no doubt that many fraudulent wills, notes, receipts, contracts and other papers have gone through a trial and their spurious character was never discovered; and some genuine ones have been set aside because the means

The short-circuit beetle et al : (U. S. D. A. Clip Sheet No. 908)

Writing from the numismatist point of view, the authors open this paper by reviewing critically the use of scientific methods for the studies of ancient coins. They also report about an application of the PIXE method at low incident proton energy to one of the most celebrated and known coinage in the ancient history: the Athenian silver coins of the fifth century BC. The results of those analyses indicate that the metallic composition of several coins usually taken as ancient imitations of Athenian coins does not differ from that of the genuine ones. Those analyses confirm what the authors have inferred from numismatic sources: These coins are probably genuinely Athenian.