Gentle Release Research Articles

Injectable Therapeutic Organoids Using Sacrificial Hydrogels

SummaryOrganoids are becoming widespread in drug-screening technologies but have been used sparingly for cell therapy as current approaches for producing self-organized cell clusters lack scalability or reproducibility in size and cellular organization. We introduce a method of using hydrogels as sacrificial scaffolds, which allow cells to form self-organized clusters followed by gentle release, resulting in highly reproducible multicellular structures on a large scale. We demonstrated this strategy for endothelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells to self-organize into blood-vessel units, which were injected into mice, and rapidly formed perfusing vasculature. Moreover, in a mouse model of peripheral artery disease, intramuscular injections of blood-vessel units resulted in rapid restoration of vascular perfusion within seven days. As cell therapy transforms into a new class of therapeutic modality, this simple method—by making use of the dynamic nature of hydrogels—could offer high yields of self-organized multicellular aggregates with reproducible sizes and cellular architectures.

Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment and Breastfeeding

ObjectiveOsteopathic physicians, or doctors of osteopathic medicine (DOs), routinely counsel patients on the clinical benefits of breastfeeding in their capacity as medical doctors. However, when a mother presents with a complaint of feeding difficulty in her newborn, osteopathic physicians are uniquely equipped to assess and treat the infant with osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT).MethodsOMT is the practice of manual medicine developed by A.T. Still in the late 19th century, founded on the principle that the human body's structure and function are reciprocally interrelated. The osteopathic discipline encompasses a variety of musculoskeletal techniques, ranging from gentle myofascial release to high-velocity/low-amplitude thrusts. A complete osteopathic assessment of a breastfeeding infant should include evaluation of the skull and cranial base, cervical spine, thoracic spine, oral cavity and tongue, hyoid bone, and mandible.ResultsAll treatments directed at newborns, infants, and children are very gentle, following the tissues in their position of ease to allow for a release of the restriction. A variety of techniques can be employed, including condylar decompression, Still technique for cervical spine dysfunction, balancing of the hyoid bone, myofascial release of the thoracic inlet, and treatments in the cranial field.ConclusionOsteopathic manipulation should be initiated when the first-line interventions do not result in improved nursing, and other causes such as hypoglycemia or maternal factors have been excluded.

Highly sensitive and rapid isolation of fetal nucleated red blood cells with microbead-based selective sedimentation for non-invasive prenatal diagnostics

Non-invasive prenatal diagnostics (NIPD) has been an emerging field for prenatal diagnosis research. Carrying the whole genome coding of the fetus, fetal nucleated red blood cells (FNRBCs) have been pursued as a surrogate biomarker traveling around in maternal blood. Here, by combining a unique microbead-based centrifugal separation and enzymatic release, we demonstrated a novel method for FNRBC isolation from the blood samples. First, the gelatin-coated silica microbeads were modified with FNRBC-specific antibody (anti-CD147) to capture the target cells in the blood samples. Then, the density difference between microbead-bound FNRBCs and normal blood cells enables the purification of FNRBCs via an improved high-density percoll-based separation. The non-invasive release of FNRBCs can then be achieved by enzymatically degrading the gelatin film on the surface of the microbeads, allowing a gentle release of the captured target cells with as high as 84% efficiency and ∼80% purity. We further applied it to isolate fetal cells from maternal peripheral blood. The released cells were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction to verify their fetal origin and fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect fetal chromosome disorders. This straightforward and reliable alternative platform for FNRBC detection may have the potential for realizing facile NIPD.

Highly efficient isolation and release of circulating tumor cells based on size-dependent filtration and degradable ZnO nanorods substrate in a wedge-shaped microfluidic chip.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been regarded as the major cause of metastasis, holding significant insights for tumor diagnosis and treatment. Although many efforts have been made to develop methods for CTC isolation and release in microfluidic system, it remains significant challenges to realize highly efficient isolation and gentle release of CTCs for further cellular and bio-molecular analyses. In this study, we demonstrate a novel method for CTC isolation and release using a simple wedge-shaped microfluidic chip embedding degradable znic oxide nanorods (ZnNRs) substrate. By integrating size-dependent filtration with degradable nanostructured substrate, the capture efficiencies over 87.5% were achieved for SKBR3, PC3, HepG2 and A549 cancer cells spiked in healthy blood sample with the flow rate of 100μL min-1. By dissolving ZnNRs substrate with an extremely low concentration of phosphoric acid (12.5mM), up to 85.6% of the captured SKBR3 cells were released after reverse injection with flow rate of 100μL min-1 for 15min, which exhibited around 73.6% cell viability within 1h after release to around 93.9% after re-cultured for 3days. It is conceivable that our microfluidic device has great potentials in carrying on cell-based biomedical studies and guiding individualized treatment in the future.

Efficient Release of Affinity-Captured Cells Using a Coiled-Coil-Based Molecular Trigger.

Affinity-based cell separation is label-free and highly specific, but it is difficult to efficiently and gently release affinity-captured cells due to the multivalent nature of cell-material interactions. To address this challenge, we have developed a platform composed of a capture substrate and a cell-releasing molecular trigger. The capture substrate is functionalized with a cell-capture antibody and a coiled-coil A. The cell-releasing molecular trigger B-PEG (polyethylene glycol), a conjugate of a coiled-coil B and polyethylene glycol, can drive efficient and gentle release of the captured cells, because A/B heterodimerization brings B-PEG to the substrate and PEG chains adopt extended conformations and break nearby multivalent antibody-biomarker interactions. No enzymes or excessive shear stress are involved, and the released cells have neither external molecules attached nor endogenous cell-surface molecules cleaved, which is critical for the viability, phenotype, and function of sensitive cells.

A Method of Targeted Cell Isolation via Glass Surface Functionalization.

One of the limiting factors to the adoption and advancement of personalized medicine is the inability to develop diagnostic tools to probe individual nuances in expression from patient to patient. Current methodologies that try to separate cells to fill this niche result in disruption of physiological expression, making the separation technique useless as a diagnostic tool. In this protocol, we describe the functionalization and optimization of a surface for the cellular capture and release. This functionalized surface integrates biotinylated antibodies with a glass surface functionalized with an aminosilane (APTES), desthiobiotin and streptavidin. Cell release is facilitated through the introduction of biotin, allowing the recollection and purification of cells captured by the surface. This release is done through the targeting of the secondary moiety desthiobiotin, which results in a much more gentle release paradigm. This reduction in harsh reagents and shear forces reduces changes in cellular expression. The functionalized surface captures up to 80% of cells in a single cell mixture and has demonstrated 50% capture in a dual-cell mixture. Applications of this technology to xenografts and cancer separation studies are investigated. Quantification techniques for surface verification such as plate reader and ImageJ analyses are described as well.

Effects of Strain/Counter Strain on Cervical Pain & Disability: A Case Report

Background: The use of strain-counterstrain (S-CS) as a primary intervention has been controversial due to a lack of empirical evidence. The issue is further complicated when one adds in a generalized pathological condition, such as cervical pain. Research has demonstrated that S-CS decreases pain [1-5], improves strength [4], increases mobility [2-5], improves function [1,3], and decreases disability [3]; however, none of the studies have described the application of S-CS for musculoskeletal-related cervical pain. The purpose of this case report is to describe the effectiveness of S-CS on outcomes for a patient with cervical spine pain, weakness and disability. Methods: The patient was a 36-year-old male Marine referred for a cervical sprain with neck stiffness, weakness, and pain after injury due to an explosion. Treatment consisted of S-CS for the upper trapezius and superior oblique tender points, performed twice weekly for four weeks. RESULTS: He exhibited increased cervical flexion strength measured by hand-held dynamometry; a statistically significant reduction in pain scores measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) (Figure 1), and improved disability scores measured by the Neck Disability Index (NDI) (Figure 2). Conclusion: Although a causative effect may not be inferred by this case report, results suggest a potential benefit from the use of this gentle positional release intervention for reducing pain, improving strength and function. Future studies are recommended to investigate the effectiveness of S-CS in the treatment of neck pain and disability. Disclosures: The authors acknowledge they have no commercial interest conflicts associated with this manuscript.

Effects of Strain/Counter strain on Cervical Pain & Disability: A Case Report

Background: The use of strain-counterstrain (S-CS) as a primary intervention has been controversial due to a lack of empirical evidence. The issue is further complicated when one adds in a generalized pathological condition, such as cervical pain. Research has demonstrated that S-CS decreases pain [1-5], improves strength [4], increases mobility [2-5], improves function [1,3], and decreases disability [3]; however, none of the studies have described the application of S-CS for musculoskeletal-related cervical pain. The purpose of this case report is to describe the effectiveness of S-CS on outcomes for a patient with cervical spine pain, weakness and disability. Methods: The patient was a 36-year-old male Marine referred for a cervical sprain with neck stiffness, weakness, and pain after injury due to an explosion. Treatment consisted of S-CS for the upper trapezius and superior oblique tender points, performed twice weekly for four weeks. RESULTS: He exhibited increased cervical flexion strength measured by hand-held dynamometry; a statistically significant reduction in pain scores measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) (Figure 1), and improved disability scores measured by the Neck Disability Index (NDI) (Figure 2). Conclusion: Although a causative effect may not be inferred by this case report, results suggest a potential benefit from the use of this gentle positional release intervention for reducing pain, improving strength and function. Future studies are recommended to investigate the effectiveness of S-CS in the treatment of neck pain and disability. Disclosures: The authors acknowledge they have no commercial interest conflicts associated with this manuscript.

Gradual and Controlled Decompression for Brain Swelling Due to Severe Head Injury

Patients suffering from uncontrollable intracranial hypertension due to posttraumatic brain swelling (BS) generally either die or survive in an extremely disabled state. Decompressive craniectomy (DC) with dural augmentation may be the best method to assist these patients. However, the efficacy of DC on functional outcomes remains controversial. One of the factors contributing to poor outcomes could be intraoperative brain extrusion, which is an acute potential complication of DC. The authors have adopted a new surgical technique for traumatic BS that can prevent and control massive intraoperative BS (IOS). In the past 3 years, the authors have used a unique technique, called "gradual and controlled decompression", in the treatment of posttraumatic BS. This procedure consists of creating numerous small dural openings and removing clots; enlarging fenestration in the frontal and temporal basal regions to detect and treat brain contusion; making U-shaped, discontinuous, small dural incisions around the circumference of the craniotomy; and performing an augmentation duraplasty through the discontinuous small opening with dural prosthetic substances. This technique has been employed in 23 patients suffering from posttraumatic BS. In all cases, IOS was prevented and controlled through gradual stepwise decompression, and expanded duraplasty was performed successfully. This new surgical approach for posttraumatic BS can prevent severe extrusion of the brain through the craniotomy defect and allows the gradual and gentle release of the subdural space. Further clinical studies should be conducted to estimate the impact of this new technique on morbidity and mortality rates.

Fully Flexible GaN Light‐Emitting Diodes through Nanovoid‐Mediated Transfer

Recently, achieving flexible and highly efficient light‐emitting elements is the most noticeable demand for lighting or displays. Here, fully flexible gallium nitride (GaN) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are demonstrated based on a unique transfer method. The LED structure consisting of GaN pyramid arrays are first fabricated on an amorphous glass‐based template with a low‐temperature gallium nitride/titanium (LT‐GaN/Ti) hetero‐interface, then released and embedded into a flexible or stretchable substrate using a specialized interface control. Nanovoids created during thermal annealing render the hetero‐interface weaker than the other interfaces. This interface is further weakened by a post‐mechanical treatment for gentle release of the GaN pyramid arrays from the interface during a transfer process. The LEDs typically have a total thickness of }70 lm and exhibit stable surface‐emitting electroluminescence even at a bending radius of }2 mm with exceptionally high luminance values of 595 and 175 cd/m2 at peak wavelengths of 514 and 483 nm, respectively. The results suggest a route to high brightness, large, flexible/stretchable blue or green lighting or displays.

Synthesis of liver-targeting dual-ligand modified GCGA/5-FU nanoparticles and their characteristics in vitro and in vivo

Nanoparticle drug delivery systems using polymers hold promise for clinical applications. We synthesized dual-ligand modified chitosan (GCGA) nanoparticles using lactic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, and chitosan to target the liver in our previous studies. We then synthesized the GCGA/5-FU nanoparticles by conjugating 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) onto the GCGA nanomaterial, which had a mean particle size of 239.9 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.040, a zeta potential of +21.2 mV, and a drug loading of 3.90%. GCGA/5-FU nanoparticles had good slow release properties, and the release process could be divided into five phases: small burst release, gentle release, second burst release, steady release, and slow release. Inhibitory effects of GCGA/5-FU on tumor cells targeted the liver, and were time and dose dependent. GCGA nanoparticles significantly prolonged the efficacy of 5-FU on tumor cells, and alleviated the resistance of tumor cells to 5-FU. GCGA/5-FU nanoparticles were mostly concentrated in the liver, indicating that the GCGA nanoparticles were liver targeting. GCGA/5-FU nanoparticles significantly suppressed tumor growth in orthotopic liver transplantation mouse model, and improved mouse survival.

Mesoporous bioactive glass: ideal material for higher uptake and well sustained release of ibuprofen

Mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) and mesoporous silica (MS) have been synthesised by evaporation induced self-assembly method. Both samples possess ordered mesoporous structure and grainy morphologies. Ibuprofen was used as model drug, and the drug loading and release process were studied in detail. The MBG shows a higher drug loading capacity (46%) than that of MS (28%) due to its high surface area and pore volume and the stronger interaction between ibuprofen and Ca2+ of MBG. The release profile investigation of both samples indicated that MBG has a longer and gentle drug release process than that of MS. It can be found that MBG has the advantages for controlled release, such as higher drug loading capacity and long release effect, which makes MBG a good candidate for drug carrier.

Thin Wafer Handling Challenges and Emerging Solutions

Temporary bonding attaches substrates to a carrier so that after thinning to the desired thickness further backside fabrications steps can be conducted with "normal" process flows in standard semiconductor equipment. The selection of a suitable temporary adhesive is key to the success of thin wafer handling. The major requirements of temporary adhesives are related to its process flow, thermal stability, chemical resistance, and mechanical strength. The ideal thermal stability should allow high temperature processing up to 400C for dielectric deposition in high aspect ratio vias, polymer curing, solder reflow, metal sintering, permanent bonding or other high temperature processing. The adhesive must be resistant to the chemicals commonly used after wafer thinning. Mechanical strength is required to hold the thin wafer rigidly during processing, especially during permanent bonding applications otherwise the thinned wafer will flex and prevent bonding. The challenge arises in finding a simultaneous solution to these problems while allowing for the gentle release of the thinned substrate to its final, permanent substrate or package without yield loss or stress. This paper will highlight some of the more recent solutions for thin wafer handling that have emerged through technology innovation.

Comparison of Purification Efficiencies of Different Affinity Separation Techniques

An affinity separation method for the isolation of recombinantly produced benzoylformiate decarboxylase (BFD) is presented based on the interaction of the enzyme to its cofactor. Enzyme/cofactor interactions are well suited for affinity purification processes with regard to its high affinity and selectivity. Problems can be induced due to harsh desorption conditions that probably diminish the activity of the purified enzyme. The implementation of boronic acids to immobilize the cofactor introduces a gentle release by a simple pH shift from 8.5 to 6. The disadvantages of m- aminophenyl boronic acids are the high nonspecific adsorption induced by the introduction of a positive charge and a hydrophobic phenyl ring. It was shown that the disadvantages prevail and boronic acid resins are not suitable for protein purification from complex matrices. In contrast to the affinity separation method, where the cofactor was directly immobilized onto the support, a better separation performance could be achieved, which is reflected by a purification factor of 4.

Geological constraints on the 2003–2005 ash emissions from the Nakadake crater lake, Aso Volcano, Japan

The active crater of Nakadake at Aso Volcano, southwestern Japan, has been occupied by a lake during its dormant periods. Multiple ash emissions were observed from the crater lake between July 2003 and August 2005. The largest events occurred on 10 July 2003 and 14 January 2004. On 10 July 2003, ash (41 tons) was dispersed throughout an area extending 14 km east-northeast of the vent, and on 14 January 2004 ash (32 tons) extended 8 km to the east-southeast. Thereafter, small ash emissions were frequent at the crater lake, in which the water level fell considerably from April to August 2005. During this period major ash emitting events, producing mostly white aggregated ash, occurred on June 10–12, June 21 (4.2 tons) and July 25 (1.2 tons). Ash emissions at the Nakadake crater in 2003–2005 were classified into three types: gentle release of white aggregated ash from fumaroles inside the crater lake (e.g. daytime of 14 April, 10–12 June and 25 July 2005); emission of black ash from an almost dried-up vent (21 June 2005); and short-time (ca. 20 s) small-explosion-triggered gas-and-ash emission through the crater lake (10 July 2003, 14 January 2004 and 14 April 20h41m 2005). All products from these ash emissions consisted of fine-grained (< 1 mm) glass shards, crystals and lithic fragments, and contained neither lapilli nor blocks. Although the glass shards show varying degrees of crystallization and alteration, clear glass shards, which appear fresh, are probably juvenile materials. These observations suggest that the 2003–2005 ash emissions from the crater lake of Nakadake Volcano are related to newly ascending magma.

Post-Release Movements of Introduced Marten

The U.S. Forest Service and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources released 124 marten (Martes americana) (97 males, 27 females) into the Fisher Management Unit (FMU) of the Nicolet National Forest between 26 January 1975 and 3 April 1976. Twenty-one marten (9 males, 12 females) were radiocollared to evaluate: (1) effects of 2 release methods, (2) release movements, and (3) reproduction. Postrelease movements for the 30-day period after release were significantly less for gentle-release (G-R) than for quick-release (Q-R) radio-collared marten. The G-R marten were held for a minimum of 1 week in pens placed throughout the FMU; Q-R marten were released directly from shipping containers. Six radio-collared marten moved out of the FMU by June 1976; maximum straight line movement in a 24-hour period was 22.0 km. Home range estimates for 2 females were 8.2 (N = 170) and 7.7 km2 (N = 42). No evidence of reproduction was documented. Marten are easily live-trapped and transported to parts of their former range provided accepted animal husbandry practices are followed. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 47(1):59-66 Marten were once indigenous to many of the wooded areas of the midwest. Their disappearance from these areas was apparently related to excessive trapping, fires, and logging during the 1800's and 1900's, which drastically reduced marten range throughout North America (Schupbach 1977). The marten was extirpated from Wisconsin in 1925 (Jackson 1961) and is currently classified as endangered in that state. The regrowth of forests in northern Wisconsin and upper Michigan in the last 50 years has created habitat that can again support marten. An attempt to introduce marten during 1969-70 in upper Michigan failed because of trapping pressure and emigration (Schupbach 1977). The U.S. Forest Service and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) released marten into the northwest portion of the Nicolet National Forest in 1975-76. Concurrent with the release, a study was initiated to evaluate: (1) effects of 2 release methods, (2) marten movements after release, and (3) marten reproduction. Research was conducted from I January 1975 to 30 June 1976. I thank L. Martoglio, E. Nelson, R. Perre-Davis, J. Toepfer, P. Vanderschaegen, and especially R. K. Anderson for support throughout the project. The U.S. Forest Service (Region 9), Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point provided financial support. STUDY AREA AND METHODS Marten were released into the Fisher Management Unit (FMU) in the Nicolet National Forest (Fig. 1). This 560-km2 area consists mainly of large lowlands and dense hardwoods within the Pine River Watershed, Forest County. It has been closed to dry-set trapping since the 1960's when fisher (Martes pennanti) were successfully reintroduced. The average annual p ecipitation in the area is 76.2 cm and the average snowfall is 127.0-152.4 cm. J n ry temperatures average -10.8 C, July temperatures average 18.7 C, and annual temperatures average 4.3 C. The FMU contains a variety of habitats differing in composition, age, and size. Large homogeneous stands are not characteristic of this area. Parallel northeastIPresent address: Bureau of Land Management, Battle Mountain, NV 89820. J. Wildl. Manage. 47(1):1983 59 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.120 on Wed, 14 Sep 2016 05:38:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 60 MOVEMENTS OF INTRODUCED MARTEN * Davis

High Survival and Homing Rate of Hand-Reared Wild-Strain Mallards

In the summer of 1970, 648 (329 males and 319 females) hand-reared wild-strain mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were banded and released at the Arrowwood Naffonal Wildlife Refuge, Edmunds, North Dakota. The females were also marked with numbered nasal saddles. Liberation was by the gentle release method, and no special effort was made to isolate or condition the ducklings prior to release. Ducklings were placed in an enclosed pond area at 2S to 45 days of age. Altogether, 627 (97 percent) ducklings reached flight age and dispersed gradually into the wild. Al1 had left the release area by 25 November. First-year band recovery reports indicated that 68 (11 percent) of the birds were shot in 1S states. Their migraffon pattern was similar to that for immature wild mallards banded in North Dakota in 1970. Eighty-nine ( 33 percent ) of a possible 270 marked females returned to Arrowwood Refuge during 1971. When consideration is given to assumed normal natural mortality and crippling loss, an estimated minimum of 43 percent of the surviving females returned to the release area. Returning birds not observed would raise this figure even higher. This potential homing rate is considerably higher than rates reported for other studies using various strains of mallards. Numerous observations of nests and broods indicated that breeding behavior and nesting success were similar to those of wild mallards in the area. The success of this release is attributed to the inherent capability of hand-reared, wild-strain mallards to revert to their wild behavior, and to the high survival to flight age and first fall migration afforded by the gentle release in a sanctuary area. Indications are that releases of this type under the described conditions can be used to increase the breeding population of mallards in a local area. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 37(2J: 7 547 59 Liberating hand-reared waterfowl to establish or supplement local breeding populations has been advocated by many, including Pirnie (1935), McCabe (1947), Foley (1954), Hunt and Smii ( 1966 ), and Borden and Hochbaum (1966), arld has received qualified rejection by others, including Lincoln (1934), Brakhage (1953), Hunt et al. (1958), and Bednarik and Hanson (1965). Survival of mallards released into the wild is described by Benson (1939) and Kiel ( 1970) . Most of these studies dealt with domestic or semidomestic strains of mallards in which the observed survival and homing was low. Better success was achieved in gentle-release studies by Brakhage (19S3) involving wild-strain mallards and by Doty and Kruse (1972) involving wild-strain wood ducks (Aix sponsa) at Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge in 1968. In view of the scarcity of information but encouraging success achieved from releases of this type, it was decided to conduct further studies with wild-strain mallards, incolporating the best features of the previous studies and several additional features. Emphasis was placed upon assessing the migration, homing, and nesting of the released birds. We acknowledge the assistance of personnel at the Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge in caring for the ducklings, and of various personnel of the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: R. A. Madson and Karl L. Hansen in banding, marking and other aspects of the study; Paul F. Springer for editorial assistance; and Harvey K. Nelson and George \7. Burger for providing encouragement and help in plan-

A Two Year Study of Pheasant Stocking in the Gallatin Valley, Montana

A carefully planned small scale study was conducted in Gallatin County, Montana to secure survival data on game farm pheasants. The, area selected for the study is an agricultural area northwest of Bozeman. Land use practices and natural topography make the area. well suited for pheasants. Five hundred and fourteen 10 week old birds were used in the experiment. In 1948, 96 birds were released. In 1949, 375 birds were released. Approximately one-half of each-release group was released by the gentle method and one-half by the violent method. Four release sites were used. All birds were marked and banded to permit field observations and identification of birds killed by hunters. In 1948 band returns were voluntary but in 1949 checking stations were also used to collect necessary information. During the winter of 1950 trapping operations were carried on to collect further data. Dispersal from release sites suggested that the gentle release birds dispersed at a slower rate than the violents. In 1948; 11 bands (,12.8 per cent of the total cocks released) were returned by hunters. In 1949; 42 banded birds (14.5 per cent of the total cocks released) .were killed by hunters or trapped during the winter. These figures suggest that returns from both years were about the same. Data obtained were compared with those, obtained in other states. In 1949 band returns were analysed on the basis of method and place of release. No marked difference in survival was found for the two release methods. Little information was obtained, when survival and habitat were compared. Checking station data showed that only per cent of the hunter kill were game farm pheasants. Sixty-seven per cent of the birds taken were wild birds of the year. The movement of 48 banded birds taken by hunters and trapping showed that 41.7 per cent moved less than one mile, SO per cent moved from one to three miles, 2.1 per cent moved from four to five miles, and 6.2 per cent moved from nine to fourteen miles. Data indicate that more gentle release birds settled within one mile of release sites than did violents. More violents moved from one to three miles than gentles, and violents were in majority in movements from four to fourteen miles.