Gentian Violet Dye Research Articles

Gentian violet adsorption on a super magnetic nanocomposite (Fe2O3/Bentonite), non-linear kinetic and isotherm modeling

The health of humans may be at risk from textile wastewater's harmful dye effluents. Searching for effective and inexpensive adsorbents to treat these contaminated waters has attracted a lot of interest over the years. This work aimed to prepare a super nanocomposite based on raw bentonite to remove a cationic dye (gentian violet) from wastewater. Raw and Magnetic bentonite have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The specific surface area calculated by BET transform for both adsorbents show a high specific area for magnetic bentonite, four times higher than the raw one, it is estimated to 10.3452 and 41.6073 m2. g-1 for raw and magnetic bentonite respectively. A UV-Vis spectrophotometer has also characterized the gentian violet dye (GV). Kinetic non-linear models confirm that the adsorption phenomena are well modeled by the pseudo second order model, and thermodynamic studies show that it is also a spontaneous, endothermic, and inorganized process. The non-linear adsorption isotherm results were best fitted using the Langmuir isotherm, which refers to monolayer adsorption. The effect of some parameters, such as adsorbent mass, temperature, and contact time, has also been optimized. From these results, we concluded that supporting iron oxide on bentonite can increase the adsorption capacity, with a maximum Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity qm= 137.39 mg. g-1.

Validation of preloaded DMEK donor tissues: a laboratory-based study on endothelial cell viability and comparison of two F-mark inks

ObjectiveTo investigate endothelial cell loss (ECL) associated with Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) donor tissues preloaded in the DMEK RAPID transport system after 1 and 5 days and to compare prestamping with 2 different F-mark inks. MethodsDMEK donor tissues were stripped, marked with gentian violet dye applied as an F-mark, trephined, stained with trypan blue, and then preloaded into the DMEK RAPID transport system by an eye bank technician. Preloaded DMEK tissues were then unfolded and stained with calcein AM after 1 or 5 days of storage. Tissues were imaged, analyzed for total tissue ECL, and immunostained for corneal endothelium markers zonular occludens-1 and xCD166. Additionally, ECL and the intensity of an F-mark caused by 2 different inks were quantified. ResultsPreloaded DMEK tissues displayed an average ECL of 11.9% ± 4.5% (n = 8) at 1 day and 9.9% ± 4.2% (n = 9) at 5 days. No difference was found between the 2 groups. Zonular occludens-1 and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM; also know as CD166) staining showed that the corneal endothelial monolayer remained intact on preloaded tissues. On 5-day preloaded DMEK tissues, the average ECL and mean grayscale caused by the Keir Surgical ink F-mark and the Cardinal Health ink F-mark were 4.3% ± 0.8% and 158.5 ± 13.9% and 5.0% ± 1.1% and 142.9% ± 20.0%, respectively. No difference was found between the F-mark inks. ConclusionPreloaded DMEK donor tissues resulted in an acceptable ECL range after 1 and 5 days of storage and were deemed suitable for transplantation. Both F-mark inks are acceptable for prestamping preloaded DMEK tissues prior to surgical transplantation with comparable ECL and intensities.

Application of central composite design and response surface methodology for the study of extraction of gentian violet dye in aqueous solution by polystyrene membrane modified with oleic acid

AbstractThe present study is interested in removal of a cationic dye gentian violet (GV) using a polystyrene membrane (PS) activated with oleic acid (OA). These innovative membranes were developed by using PS as the base polymer and OA as extractant. The best matrix obtained was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x‐ray diffraction (XRD), and then applied in the extraction of a cationic GV dye. The effects of an extraction ratio (OA/PS) in the PS‐AO matrix, initial GV dye concentration ([GV]0), and pH of the solution were studied in a batch reactor. The thermodynamic parameters (, , and ) have been calculated. Therefore, the GV extraction onto the PS‐OA matrix is an exothermic and spontaneous process. In addition, the slop method confirms that the chemical formula of the extracted OA‐GV complex is GV‐RHR. The central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the conditions of each experimental run, and extraction optimization was achieved using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the quadratic regression model was statistically significant (0.9994), and the parameters studied had a profound effect on the extraction efficiency. The optimum GV extraction efficiency of 99% was achieved at an extractant ratio of 1, pH of 8, and [GV]0 of 10 mg L−1. The findings of the current study reveal that PS‐AO matrix is an advantageous and effective membrane for the extraction of GV from aqueous solutions, both environmentally and economically, it can be regenerated and used up to five times.

Development of SnO2: Ag Nanoparticle as an Affordable Catalyst for the Degradation of Gentian Violet Dye

Abstract: An effective visible catalyst (SnO2:Ag) was successfully synthesized using co-precipitation method for the decomposition of the dye Gentian Violet (GV). In addition to XRD, SEM and UV – Visible analysis, a variety of other physicochemical measurements were used to validate the as-prepared SnO2:Ag nanoparticles. The phase identification of prepared sample is characterized by X – ray powder diffraction (XRD), which confirms the tetragonal rutile structure. The surface morphology is examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the optical absorption and the band gap value are calculated using the UV-visible spectrum. These results confirm the synthesis of nanoparticles by successive steps. A nanoparticles was demonstrated to be a superior catalyst for the degradation of GV dye when exposed to UV light. The photocatalytic activity studies are discussed using SnO2:Ag nanoparticles. The degradation efficiency of the nanoparticle is 96 % towards the degradation of the GV dye

Kinetics and Isotherm Studies for Adsorption of Gentian Violet Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Synthesized Hydroxyapatite.

Water is the most important resource for life, but it has been greatly exhausted over the past century as a result of the human population and environmentally harmful activities. The excessive quantity of dyes exists in the wastewater produced from the textile industries which is the main reason for serious human health and environmental problems. There are many dye removal techniques, and the most promising one is the adsorption technique. The novelty of this research is using unmodified synthesized hydroxyapatite (HAp) as an adsorbent for the removal of gentian violet (GV) dye from aqueous solutions as there are no sufficient data in the literature about using it in the adsorption of GV dye from aqueous solutions. Unmodified HAp was synthesized by a combined precipitation microwave method. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and zeta potential analyses. The kinetic study showed that the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model was the best fitted model with the experimental data. Analysis of adsorption isotherms using different models showed that this adsorption system was better described by the Halsey isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 1.035 mg/g. The effects of experimental factors such as initial solution pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time were studied during the investigation of GV dye removal efficiency. The experimental results indicated that the maximum adsorption efficiency (99.32%) of the GV dye using HAp adsorbent was achieved at the following conditions: contact time = 90 min, pH = 12, initial GV dye concentration = 3 mg/L, and adsorbent dose = 1 g/L. The adsorption mechanism of the GV dye using HAp might be explained by the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged surface of the HAp and the positively charged group of the GV dye. Thermodynamics study was performed on the adsorption process of GV dye from aqueous solutions using the synthesized HAp which revealed that this process was endothermic and spontaneous due to positive values of ΔH and ΔS and negative values of ΔG.

Exploring the multipotentiality of plant extracts for the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles: A study of adsorption capacity and dye degradation efficiency

The goal of the project was to create environmentally friendly and economically viable materials for thoroughly purifying contaminated water. An affordable, phytogenic, and multifunctional plant-based nanomaterial was prepared in this context. The work demonstrates an effective green synthesis method for producing iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using six different plant extracts as a reducing agent. The characterization of green synthesized catalysts was concluded via Spectroscopy (tauc plot), XRD, FE-SEM, and FT-IR. The produced nanomaterial, which had an X-ray diffractogram (XRD) peak at 43.33⁰ and a size range of 1.82–63.63 nm, functioned as a highly effective nano-photocatalyst for the degradation of cationic dye. Due to the presence of a lower overall secondary metabolites quota, Ocimum sanctum plant extract reduced iron precursor produced the highest yield of dried NPs, followed by Azadirachta indica, Prosopis cineraria, Syzygium cumini, Citrus limon, and Salvadora oleoides. Further, the synthesized catalyst was tested for its effectiveness against gentian violet dye degradation. Ocimum sanctum plant extract reduced iron precursor produced the highest yield of dried NPs, followed by Azadirachta indica, Prosopis cineraria, Syzygium cumini, Citrus limon, and Salvadora oleoides, in that order. The dye removal efficiency of nanoparticles was 51% (Azadirachta indica), 83% (Ocimum sanctum), 59% (Syzygium cumini), 40% (Salvadora oleoides), 59% (Prosopis cineraria), and 63% (Citrus limon) after 12 h of visible light irradiation. The key factor in the process of deterioration is •O2−. As a result, the nanoparticles can be used in antibacterial and photocatalytic processes. The reduced band gap was responsible for the increased photocatalytic quantity. The maximum adsorption capacity at the time of equilibrium was obtained in order as Ocimum sanctum > Citrus limon > Prosopis cineraria > Syzygium cumini > Azadirachta indica > Salvadora oleoides. The simplicity of production, low cost, magnetic property, and high adsorption capacity will increase the efficacy of the water treatment method. This article reports on the creation of unique iron nanoparticles and their use in the purification of water.

Kinetic and Theoretical Study of Removal Gentian Violet from Aqueous Solution Using Stachy Plant

The main parameters and methods influencing the removal of Gentian Violet (GV) dye from aqueous media were investigated using a stachy plant in this study. The surface of the stachy plant was determined using FTIR spectra. Adsorption is influenced by the adsorbent's characteristic groups. The research took into account the usual conditions for GV dye adsorption by the stachy plant, such as the impact of contact time. Mass dosage , after 0.3 g the amount of adsorbed dye declines. Study pH and ionic strength, the results obtained showed that at pH 3 the largest adsorption of (GV) was seen, while at pH 9, the lowest adsorption was observed at 298 K, the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium constants were achieved, and the equilibrium data was fitted using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were used to investigate the adsorption process of gentian violet. The adsorption kinetics was discovered to be governed by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0. 0.9943. Study the theoretical electrostatics of Gentian Violet dye was measured and plotted as a 2D and 3D contour and the program hyperchem-8.07 was used for semi-empirical and molecular mechanic calculations in the gas phase to estimate the total energy.

The Antibacterial Action of Safranin and Gentian Violet.

BackgroundThe increasing resistance of many bacterial pathogens against antibiotic measures urgently requires new or repurposing therapeutic strategies. Gentian violet is a triarylmethane dye used as a histological stain and for Gram’s method of classifying bacteria. It also exerts an antimicrobial effect against certain pathogens, especially dermatological infections. Safranin is the most popular counterstain used in medical laboratories due to its low cost and safe laboratory usage. However, few studies have been conducted on the antimicrobial activity of safranin.ObjectiveWith the growing prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of gentian violet and safranin against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa).MethodsAll tested bacteria were multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated from skin infections (abscesses and wounds). Using gentian violet and safranin, antibacterial effects were studied using the well-diffusion method against 20 samples of clinically isolated bacteria, 10 diagnosed as S. aureus, and 10 as P. aeruginosa. Bacteria were diagnosed using the VITEK 2 automated system (bioMérieux, Marcy-l’Étoile, France). Iodine served as the control agent, since both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are sensitive to it.ResultsGentian violet dye has been shown to be 100% sensitive to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Although safranin also had high sensitivity (100%) to S. aureus isolates, its sensitivity to P. aeruginosa was only 20%. Staphylococcus aureus was more resistant to iodine (40% sensitivity) compared to P. aeruginosa, which was 100% sensitive to iodine.ConclusionsGentian violet and safranin are low-cost and better tolerated topical agents that have potential for use in dermatological applications. Gentian violet had good antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, making it useful for treating bacterial skin pathogens such as S. aureus and P. aeruginosa especially for MDR bacteria. While safranin has good efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus), its effect against Gram-negative bacteria (e.g. P. aeruginosa) is poor.

Adsorption of Gentian violet dye onto mesoporous aluminosilica monoliths: nanoarchitectonics and application to industrial wastewater

ABSTRACT This research demonstrates the ability of cubic Ia3d aluminosilica (CAS) adsorbent prepared using a simple and repeatable one-pot synthesis technique to remove the cationic dye, such as Gentian violet (GV) from aqueous solutions. The prepared CAS adsorbent nanoarchitectonics appeared with 573 m2 g−1 as a BET surface area. The adsorption behaviour of GV on CAS adsorbent was investigated using the thermodynamics, kinetics, and isotherm models. According to the results, the CAS adsorbent indicated a high ability to absorb GV from an aqueous solution, and their kinetic behaviour follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic. In addition, the equilibrium study revealed that the GV adsorption by the CAS adsorbent followed the Langmuir model. Additionally, the outcomes obtained revealed adsorption of GV onto CAS adsorbent was dominated by electrostatic attraction forces, hydrogen bonding, ion-exchange, and pore filling, The maximum adsorption efficiency of GV onto CAS adsorbent was instituted to be 1.36 mmol g−1 (i.e. 554.85 mg g−1). The enthalpy (ΔHo), entropy (ΔGo), and Gibbs free energy (ΔSo) parameters revealed that the extraction of GV dye using CAS adsorbent was endothermic and spontaneous. The synthesised CAS adsorbent shows significant recyclability and characteristics of re-generability up to five adsorption-desorption cycles. As a proof of concept, the performance of the prepared adsorbent was evaluated for laboratory-scale purification of wastewater samples.

Synthesis of Hexahydroxy Strontium Stannate/Tin Dioxide Nanocomposites and their Photocatalytic Properties for Gentian Violet

Background: Gentian violet dye released from industries into the environment has caused serious water pollution and is a significant environmental pollutant to human beings owing to the toxicity. It is urgent to decrease environmental pollution by removing gentian violet in the wastewater. Objective: The aim is to synthesize hexahydroxy strontium stannate/tin dioxide nanocomposites by a simple hydrothermal method without surfactants and research the photocatalytic performance for gentian violet degradation. Methods: Hexahydroxy strontium stannate/tin dioxide nanocomposites have been obtained via the hydrothermal method. The structure, size, morphology and photocatalytic performance were characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, solid ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results: The nanocomposites possess oven-shaped morphology with the size of less than 100 nm and are composed of hexagonal SrSn(OH)6 and tetragonal SnO2 phases. The band gap of the nanocomposites is 3.52 eV. 10 mg hexahydroxy strontium stannate/tin dioxide nanocomposites have the ability to completely degrade 10 mL gentian violet solution with the concentration of 10 mgL-1 under 6 h ultraviolet-visible light irradiation. Hydroxyl radical, hole and superoxide radical are the main species for the gentian violet photocatalytic degradation using the nanocomposites. Conclusion: The hexahydroxy strontium stannate/tin dioxide nanocomposites show good photocatalytic performance for the GV degradation. The photocatalytic performance for gentian violet degradation using the hexahydroxy strontium stannate/tin dioxide nanocomposites depends on the irradiation time and content of the nanocomposites.

Cutaneous microbial biofilm formation as an underlying cause of red scrotum syndrome

BackgroundRed scrotum syndrome is typically described as well-demarcated erythema of the anterior scrotum accompanied by persistent itching and burning. It is chronic and difficult to treat and contributes to significant psychological distress and reduction in quality of life. The medical literature surrounding the condition is sparse, with the prevalence likely under-recognized and the pathophysiology remaining poorly understood. Formation of a cutaneous microbial biofilm has not been proposed as an underlying etiology. Microbial biofilms can form whenever microorganisms are suspended in fluid on a surface for a prolonged time and are becoming increasingly recognized as important contributors to medical disease (e.g., chronic wounds).Case presentationA 26-year-old man abruptly developed well-demarcated erythema of the bilateral scrotum after vaginal secretions were left covering the scrotum overnight. For 14 months, the patient experienced daily scrotal itching and burning while seeking care from multiple physicians and attempting numerous failed therapies. He eventually obtained complete symptomatic relief with the twice daily application of 0.8% menthol powder. Findings in support of a cutaneous microbial biofilm as the underlying etiology include: (1) the condition began following a typical scenario that would facilitate biofilm formation; (2) the demarcation of erythema precisely follows the scrotal hairline, suggesting that hair follicles acted as scaffolding during biofilm formation; (3) despite resolution of symptoms, the scrotal erythema has persisted, unchanged in boundary 15 years after the condition began; and (4) the erythematous skin demonstrates prolonged retention of gentian violet dye in comparison with adjacent unaffected skin, suggesting the presence of dye-avid material on the skin surface.ConclusionThe probability that microorganisms, under proper conditions, can form biofilm on intact skin is poorly recognized. This case presents a compelling argument for a cutaneous microbial biofilm as the underlying cause of red scrotum syndrome in one patient, and a review of similarities with other reported cases suggests the same etiology is likely responsible for a significant portion of the total disease burden. This etiology may also be a significant contributor to the disease burden of vulvodynia, a condition with many similarities to red scrotum syndrome.

Enhanced adsorption of gentian violet dye from water using lignocellulosic agricultural waste modified with di- and tri-carboxylic acids: Artificial intelligence modeling, practical comprehension, mechanistic and regeneration analyses

This study investigated the preparation of reusable bioadsorbents derived from the overripe Abelmoschus esculentus seeds (OAES) by thermodynamically-regulated esterification in the presence of oxalic, citric and tartaric acids. The carboxylic acid-modified OAES materials were used for the removal of hazardous gentian violet (GV) dye from an aqueous solution and the effects of the key operating parameters such as carboxylic acid concentration (0.6–1.5 mol/L), solution pH (3.0–9.0), bioadsorbent dosage (0.4–3.2 g/L), initial GV concentration (50–900 mg/L), temperature (15–45 °C) and contact time (0–300 min) were analyzed. The optimum contact time to achieve equilibrium was found to be 210 min, while the optimum bioadsorbent dosage was 2.0 g/L. The maximum adsorption capacity of the three types of carboxylic acid-modified OAES was 354.08, 412.99 and 292.00 mg/g, respectively, at pH ~5.67 and 45 °C. The Redlich-Peterson isotherm model showed the best fit for the adsorption equilibrium data and the adsorption kinetics followed a fractal-like pseudo-first-order model. The normalized Gudermannian equation demonstrated that the exact equilibrium time was steadily increased with an increase in the initial concentration of GV. The thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption process of GV was endothermic, spontaneous and favorable in nature. The apparent activation energy showed that the adsorption behavior was mainly attributed to both chemisorption and physisorption. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were successfully applied to model and simulate non-linear relationships of process parameters in the adsorption process. The optimized networks exhibited high goodness-of-fit measures reflecting the significant applicability of ANN models that predict the adsorption capacity of bioadsorbents.

Kinetic and Isothermal Investigations of Cost-Effective Sorptive Elimination of Gentian Violet Dye from Water Using Haplophragma adenophyllum Biowaste

A novel biosorbent, Haplophragma adenophyllum (HAB) was employed to explore the biosorption mechanism of Gentian Violet (GV) dye. The novel sorbent was characterized by using FTIR spectra and physiochemical analysis. The effect of different optimizing factors like HAB dosage, GV initial concentration, contact time between sorbent and sorbate, pH of a solution, and the temperature was studied. The optimum removal of GV by HAB was observed at pH 6.0. The equilibrium study was carried out using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Experimental data fitted well in Langmuir isotherm indicating monolayer isotherm with qmax value obtained at optimum process condition of 13.21 mg/g. Kinetics study was carried out and followed by pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamics studies reveal the endothermic reaction.

Conversion of the forest species Inga marginata and Tipuana tipu wastes into biosorbents: Dye biosorption study from isotherm to mass transfer

Residual seed pods from the forest species Inga marginata and Tipuana tipu were used as biosorbents to remove the cationic dye gentian violet from diluted aqueous solutions. It was observed that the materials presented heterogeneous structural characteristics, with a predominance of amorphous regions formed by functional groups typical of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The dosages of 0.80 and 0.72 g L −1 for the Inga marginata and Tipuana tipu , respectively, were sufficient for good biosorption performance. The isothermal studies for both biosorbents were best described by the Langmuir model, with a maximum biosorption capacity of 448.1 and 376.1 mg g −1 for the Inga marginata and Tipuana tipu , respectively. Thermodynamic parameters showed that both biosorbents possess a spontaneous and endothermic nature in the presence of gentian violet. The PVSDM (pore volume and surface diffusion model) model successfully described the concentration decay curves. It was found that the surface diffusion coefficient ranged from 1.00 × 10 −6 to 6.97 × 10 −6 cm 2 s −1 . However, Biot numbers indicate that the external mass transfer is a rate-controlling step. The application of the biosorbents in the treatment of simulated effluent showed that they were able to remove up to 77.65% ( Inga marginata ) and 68.71% ( Tipuana tipu ) of the dye. Thus, the forest species’ pods showed great potential for removing the gentian violet dye from diluted solutions. • Seed pods from Inga marginata and Tipuana tipu were efficiently used as biosorbents. • From 68 to 75% of contaminant gentian violet was removed through biosorption. • The Langmuir model best-described biosorption process. • The PDVSM described concentration decay of gentian violet. • The external mass transfer was defined as the rate-controlling step.

Used central composite chemometric method to adsorption gentian violet dye by nano activated charcoal

In this paper; a modern method was used to remove the Gentian violet dye (GV) from its aqueous solutions by chemometric separation. The Nano charcoal activated (NCA) was used to remove the GV, and the factors affecting the adsorption process were studied simultaneously to reduce the number of experiments followed and to rely on a central composite design which type CCD and the method of response surface by used STATISTICA 12 program. That gives the relationship between all the variables simultaneously. It was found that, the optimum removal efficiency reached 98.042% and it was obtained under the following conditions; The initial concentration of (GV) 12.086 mg/L, Amount of Nano charcoal activated 0.371 g, pH 7.567, Shaking time 22.934 min, and Temperature 312.092 K.

Comparison of the Success Rate of Two Different Marking Techniques (F-Mark and Asymmetric Triangular Mark) to Orient the Donor Graft During Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty.

We evaluated the effects of various graft-marking techniques on surgical results in patients undergoing Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty. In this single-center retrospective study, 65 eyes from 55 patients that had received various types of marking or no marking and that had been used for Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty endothelial graft preparation were included. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the marking technique used: group I (F-marked graft; 17 eyes), group II (asymmetric triangle-marked graft; 12 eyes), and group III (unmarked graft; 36 eyes). The main outcome measurements were best-corrected visual acuity, endothelial cell density, central corneal thickness, postoperative complications, rebubbling, and secondary keratoplasty rates. In groups I, II, and III, rates of patients with 6-month best-corrected visual acuity ≥ 20/32 were 35.7%, 77.8%, and 71.9%, respectively (P = .04). The mean 6-month endothelial cell density decrease for each group was 43.3%, 48.8%, and 46.4%, respectively (P = .589), whereas the mean 6-month central corneal thickness decrease for each group was 7.7%, 15.8%, and 34.0%, respectively (P = .001). Rates of primary graft failure for groups I, II, and III were 35.3%, 8.3%, and 13.9%, respectively. Rebubbling was performed in 21.5% of eyes, and secondary keratoplasty was required in 29.2% of eyes. Although graft-marking techniques for Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty greatly facilitate graft positioning during surgery, both the potential toxic effects of alcohol on the endothelium when marking with gentian violet dye and the risk of graft detachment with asymmetric marking must be considered.

Innovative Approach to Vaginal Drug Delivery

Introduction: The vagina is an ideal site for drug delivery, particularly for those drugs associated with women’s reproductive health. For years traditional applicators have been the primary method used to deliver therapeutic creams into the vagina. The applicator’s lack of efficacy is mainly attributed to the vagina’s rhythmic muscular contractions, which naturally flush out any substances from its canal. As a self-cleaning organ; the vagina not only expels cervical secretions and menstrual blood, but also any therapeutic creams, which will render them less effective. Objectives: • To provide women with an alternative to vaginal applicators, which will increase the time of contact between the therapeutic vaginal preparations and the cervix. • Explore the possibility of topical treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis and Candida infections using a new cervical barrier called FemCap; where it is used as a delivery system for antibacterial and antifungal preparations. Methodology: To prove this concept we recruited 30 women to insert a stained gel (Gentian Violet dye) with a vaginal applicator and another 30 women to insert the same gel with the FemCap. We then compared the retention and distribution of the stained gel over the cervix and we photographed the cervices at 12 and 24 hours. Results: None of the participants reported any side effects using the stained gel with either device. Women reported leakage while using the vaginal applicator and did not have any with the FemCap. Women who used the applicator had no visible stained gel over the cervix after 12 hours of insertion. Cervical photographs have shown that the FemCap participants retained the stained gel on the cervix more than 24 hours after insertion. Conclusion: This pilot study has proved the concept that FemCap is more efficient than the vaginal applicator in delivering vaginal preparations to cervix and vagina. The FemCap can shield the cervix from sperm penetration and potentially from STI organism’s invasion. Further studies should be conducted to explore the possibility of treating Bacterial Vaginosis, Candida topically and some STIs.

Photocatalytic degradation of environmental perilous gentian violet dye using leucaena-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticle and its anticancer activity

Phytomediated synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles has become a key research area in nanotechnology due to its wide applicability in various biomedical fields. The present work explores the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using Leucaena leucocephala leaf extract. The synthesised ZnO-NPs were characterised by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) studies. Biosynthesised ZnO-NPs are found to have wurtzite hexagonal structure with particles distributed in the range of 50–200 nm as confirmed by TEM studies. The anticancer activity of ZnO-NPs against MCF-7 (breast cancer) and PC-3 (human prostate cancer) cell lines was evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. From the assay, biosynthesised ZnO-NPs have better cytotoxic activity on PC-3 cell lines than MCF-7 cell lines. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies of biosynthesised ZnO-NPs against Dalton lymphoma ascites (DLA) cells reveal better antitumor activity of 92% inhibition with concentration of 200 µg·ml−1 of ZnO-NPs, and as the concentration increases, the anticancer efficiency as well increases, and also, it has excellent photocatalytic activity to degrade crystal violet dye in aqueous solution after irradiation of 90 min. The result suggests that the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs could be easily recovered and reused several times without any significant loss of the catalytic activity. The advantage of this technique lies in its low cost, easily climbable and non-use of toxic agents.

A comparative evaluation of the marginal sealing ability and compressive strength of different restorative materials – Type VII glass-ionomer cement, Type IX glass-ionomer cement, and intermediate restorative material: An in-vitro study

Aim: The aim of this in vitro study is to assess and to comparatively evaluate the marginal sealing ability and the compressive strength between type VII GIC, type IX GIC and IRM. Materials and Methodology: Class I cavities were made on a total of 30 extracted and preserved premolars and restored with type VII GIC, type IX GIC and IRM (3 groups of 10 samples each). Samples were thermocycled, stained with 2% gentian violet dye, sectioned bucco-lingually and scored for microleakage under Stereo-Zoom microscope and results were statistically evaluated. 30 Cylindrical shaped moulds were taken and restored with Type VII GIC, Type IX GIC and IRM.(3 groups of 10 specimens each) . The specimens were tested for compressive strength by mounting them on Universal testing machine. Results: The comparison of the performance between the three groups showed a statistically significant difference. P< 0.05 were considered to be significant values. Conclusion: In this study, Type IX GIC showed the least microleakage and high compressive strength when compared to the other two restorative cements. This in-vitro study needs a proper clinical investigation to be applied as a clinical long-term study to overcome the lack of exact oral environmental reflections.

Potential of Araucaria angustifolia bark as adsorbent to remove Gentian Violet dye from aqueous effluents.

Araucaria angustifolia bark (AA-bark), a waste generated in wood processing, was evaluated as a potential adsorbent to remove Gentian Violet (GV) dye from aqueous solutions. The AA-bark presented an amorphous structure with irregular surface and was composed mainly of lignin and holocellulose. These characteristics indicated that the adsorbent contains available sites to accommodate the dye molecules. The GV adsorption on AA-bark was favored at pH 8.0 with adsorbent dosage of 0.80 g L-1. Pseudo-nth order model was adequate to represent the adsorption kinetics of GV on AA-bark. A fast adsorption rate was verified, with the equilibrium being attained within 30 min. Equilibrium data were well represented by the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity was 305.3 mg g-1. Adsorption was spontaneous, favorable and endothermic. AA-bark was able to treat a simulated dye house effluent, reaching color removal values of 80%. An excellent performance was found in fixed bed experiments, where the length of the mass transfer zone was only 5.38 cm and the breakthrough time was 138.5 h. AA-bark can be regenerated two times using HNO3 0.5 mol L-1. AA-bark can be used as a low-cost material to treat colored effluents in batch and fixed bed adsorption systems.