Genotypic Characteristics Research Articles

Recent increase in Candida auris frequency in the SENTRY surveillance program: antifungal activity and genotypic characterization.

We observed an increase in the frequency of Candida auris among invasive candidiasis isolates in the 2022 SENTRY Antifungal Surveillance Program compared to prior years: ≤0.1% before 2018, 0.4%-0.6% from 2018 to 2021, and 1.6% in 2022. C. auris isolates were collected in seven countries, but 28 (35.9%) isolates were recovered in the USA (five states; more common in New York, Texas, and New Jersey) and 26 (33.3%) in Panama. Greece and Turkey had 12 and 9 isolates, respectively. Overall, 82.1% of the isolates were resistant to fluconazole; 17.9% were resistant to amphotericin B; and 1.3% were resistant to caspofungin, anidulafungin, or micafungin (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention tentative resistance breakpoints). Rezafungin inhibited 96.2% of the isolates (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute susceptibility breakpoint). Pandrug resistance was not observed, but 17.9% of the isolates were resistant to fluconazole and amphotericin B. South Asian (Clade I) isolates were most common (n = 40, 51.3%); of these, 97.5% were resistant to fluconazole and 30.0% were resistant to amphotericin B. Thirty (38.5%) isolates belonged to the South American region (Clade IV), and 56.7% of those were resistant to fluconazole and 6.7% to amphotericin B. Seven isolates belonged to the South African Clade III and one to East Asian Clade II. Erg11 (Y132F, K143R, and F126L) and MRR1 (N647T) alterations were detected. One isolate that was resistant to all echinocandins carried an FKS R1354G alteration. Two isolates displayed elevated rezafungin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values but low MIC values against other echinocandins and no FKS alterations. As C. auris is spreading globally, monitoring this species is prudent.

Genotypic characterization of biofilm in Staphylococcus aureus in respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections

Genotypic characterization of biofilm in Staphylococcus aureus in respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections

Morphological and agronomic characterization of fava bean genotypes (Phaseolus lunatus L.) cultivated in the state of Ceará

A fava (Phaseolus lunatus L.) é uma leguminosa cultivada em todas as regiões do Brasil, sobretudo na região Nordeste, em que apresenta maior produção. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar a identificação dos caracteres morfológicos e agronômicos de 15 genótipos de fava cultivados em diferentes municípios do estado do Ceará, para obtenção de informações sobre os descritores que possam contribuir para estudos de caracterização e variabilidade genética desta cultura. Os ensaios foram conduzidos na área experimental do Laboratório de Ecofisiologia Vegetal (ECOFISIO) da Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE), em Fortaleza–CE. Analisaram-se 38 descritores para identificação e caracterização dos genótipos estudados. Observou-se que os descritores peso de cem sementes, comprimento e largura das sementes foram os que mais contribuíram para a variabilidade genética dos genótipos analisados. Os genótipos BF 304, BF 308 e BF 312 foram os que apresentaram maiores valores para estes parâmetros, tornando-se os genótipos promissores para o melhoramento genético. Os aspectos botânicos que permitiram diferenciar os genótipos analisados foram cor e forma do tegumento; cor do hipocótilo e dos cotilédones; textura da testa; cor das nervuras e presença de antocianinas das folhas primárias; cor da folha; forma do folíolo central; cor da quilha e das asas na inflorescência; forma do ápice, curvatura e cor da vagem. Desta forma, conclui-se que a análise destes descritores é importante na diferenciação e determinação de cultivares de fava mais produtivas no estado do Ceará, visto que há informações escassas sobre a diversidade genética e o potencial agronômico desta cultura no Brasil.

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of the first Latin America isolates of Corynebacterium rouxii, a recently described member of the Corynebacterium diphtheriae complex reported in Europe.

The genus Corynebacterium is the largest genera among corynebacteria and has a range of species widely spread in ecological niches, some with epidemic potential and capable of causing fatal diseases. In recent years, due to the reclassifications and discoveries of new potentially toxin-producing species, microbiological identification and epidemiological control have been compromised, becoming possible only with sequencing techniques. Two bacterial strains isolated from a cat were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as Corynebacterium diphtheriae and sent to the collaborating center of the Brazilian Ministry of Health for molecular identification and determination of toxigenicity potential, which were initially performed by multiplex PCR method. In addition, the antimicrobial susceptibility profile was determined according to BrCAST. Finally, for the final identification at the species level and effective epidemiological monitoring, the sequencing of the 16S rRNA and rpoB housekeeping genes was carried out. The isolates were identified as nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae strains by mPCR. Both strains were found susceptible to all antimicrobial agents. Although the identification at the species level was not possible through similarity analysis of S rRNA and rpoB housekeeping genes, the phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates belonged to the species Corynebacterium rouxii with a high value of reliability. This is the first report of the isolation of C. rouxii in Latin America. Molecular identification, whether by the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry or PCR techniques, does not discriminate C. rouxii from C. diphtheriae, requiring gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for correct identification at the species level.

Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Wheat Genotypes Under Drought Stress: Implications for Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms and Genomic Analysis

Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Wheat Genotypes Under Drought Stress: Implications for Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms and Genomic Analysis

Genetic Variability in the Physicochemical Characteristics of Cultivated Coffea canephora Genotypes.

The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic divergence and selection gains of the physicochemical grains traits of 68 genotypes of C. canephora most cultivated in the Western Amazon. For this purpose, the following characteristics were evaluated over two harvests: aqueous extract, ash, acidity, pH, protein, ether extract, soluble solids, phenolic compounds, soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and non-reducing sugars. The genotype × measurement interaction effect was significant for all characteristics, with a predominant simple interaction, resulting in smaller changes in the ranking of genotypes. Out of a total of 45 genotypic correlation estimates, 8 were significant, of which 5 were related to acidity. The dispersion of the first two components associated with reference points shows that the genotypes BRS3193, AS1, AS2, AS3, N16, CA1, and AS7 were closest to the ideal type of higher performance. Selection for the main characteristic of soluble sugars resulted in estimates of genetic progress lower than those observed using selection indices. The genetic materials present high genetic diversity, allowing the selection of reference plants with high levels of sugars (BRS3193, AS3, GJ25, and LB30), proteins (BRS2357), lipids (GJ30), and phenolic compounds in their green beans (BRS3193) and high water solubility (AS2).

Screening and Genotypic Characterization of Lactic Cultures Isolated from Fermented Idli Batter

Screening and Genotypic Characterization of Lactic Cultures Isolated from Fermented Idli Batter

Mobile genetic elements contributing to horizontal gene transfer of blaNDM among Escherichia coli in the community setting

ObjectiveTo investigate the distribution of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) in the community and to describe the genomic characteristics. MethodsCRE screened from fecal samples in healthy people at the health examination center of a tertiary hospital in China underwent Whole genome sequencing (WGS) to analyze genotypic characteristics of CRE. The flanking DNA sequence of blaNDM-5 and mcr1.1 genes were analyzed by Gcluster software. ResultsA total of 7187 fecal samples were screened, and CRE carriage was detected in 0.4 % of the sampled population. In total, 30 Escherichia coli, one Citrobacter freundii and one Klebsiella aerogene were screened. The 30 carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) isolates displayed slight resistance to amikacin (13.3 %) and aztreonam (20.0 %). All the CRE isolates contained blaNDM, and blaNDM-5 (84.4 %) was the most common one. B1 (n = 11) and A (n = 7) were predominant phylogroups. Furthermore, 34 distinct plasmid replicons, 67 different VFs, 22 distinct STs, 17 different FimH types, 26 O:H serotypes as well as 74 MGEs including 61 insertion sequences and 13 transposons were identified. The flanking DNA sequence analysis of blaNDM-5 and mcr1.1 genes indicates the key role of horizontal transfer of blaNDM-5 in the CRE development evidenced by diverse STs and phylogenetic tree. ConclusionE. coli was the most predominant CRE isolates in community setting, and blaNDM (blaNDM-5) was the main CHβL encoding genes. The high prevalence of ARGs was associated with high resistance to commonly used antimicrobials. Besides, the genetic diversity of these isolates suggested the key role of blaNDM horizontal transfer in the CRE development. Thus, active screening of blaNDM in communities is particularly important for the prevention and control of CRE.

Wildlife as Reservoirs of Encephalitozoon Cuniculi and Encephalitozoon Hellem and Molecular Genotyping of Encephalitozoon spp. in Small Mammals in the Czech Republic.

Parasites of genus Encephalitozoon are well known pathogens of domestic animals however less attention was paid to its spread among wildlife that can play an important role of reservoir of infection. The aim of the study was to conduct molecular detection and genotype characterization of Encephalitozoon spp. in wild small mammals trapped in localities both near to and at a large distance from residential areas. In total, 300 wild small mammals (274 Rodentia and 26 Eulipotyphla) were trapped in 41 localities of the Czech Republic and tested by nested PCR for Encephalitozoon spp. The DNA of Encephalitozoon spp. was proved in tissues (brain or liver) of 11% (32/300) of animals. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) in positivity among animal species with the most infected species Micromys minutus (50%, 4/8) and Myodes glareolus (17%, 9/53). There was also statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between localities with the higher positivity (29%, 12/42) in localities near to residential areas, compared to localities with a large distance from residential areas (8%, 20/258). Sex and age of wild small mammals did not have effect on their positivity. Genotyping analysis revealed E. cuniculi genotype II in 22 samples and E. hellem genotype 1A in one sample. This study brings new information on the molecular characterization of Encephalitozoon spp. isolated from wild small mammals trapped in two different areas (localities in near to residential areas and localities with a large distance from residential areas).

Characterization of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae isolated from diseased Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) and the preliminary development of a formalin-killed cell vaccine.

Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) is an economically important fish species that is widely cultivated in Thailand. However, aquaculture of Asian seabass is limited by infectious diseases. One of the most serious diseases is photobacteriosis, caused by Photobacterium damselae. Vaccination is recognized as an efficient disease prevention and pathogen control method for strengthening the aquaculture industry. To promote vaccine development, the characterization of pathogenic bacteria and their pathogenesis is required. In this study, isolates of P. damselae were obtained from commercial aquaculture farms in Thailand during 2019-2021. Analyses of 16S rRNA and the urease subunit alpha genes identified the isolates as P. damselae subsp. damselae (Phdd). Antibiotic susceptibility analyses showed that all Phdd isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (10 μg). Haemolysis and phospholipase activities were used to categorize P. damselae into three groups based on their biological activities. The pathogenicity of four candidates (SK136, PD001, PD002 and T11L) was tested in Asian seabass. Isolate SK136 showed the highest virulence, with a lethal dose (LD50) of 1.47 × 105 CFU/fish, whereas isolate PD001 did not show any virulence. Genotypic characterization, based on multi-locus sequence typing analysis, demonstrated that all candidates were novel strains with new sequence types (64, 65, 66 and 67). Preliminary vaccination using formalin-killed cells (FKCs) protected Asian seabass from artificial challenges. Taken together, these results provide fundamental knowledge for vaccine development against Phdd infection in Asian seabass.

Morphological characteristics of fig genotypes selected from the Mediterranean Ionian coast

Morphological characteristics of fig genotypes selected from the Mediterranean Ionian coast

INFLUENCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LENTIL (LENS CULINARIS MEDIK) SAMPLES ON YIELD COMPONENTS AND CORRELATION ANALYSES OF SOME CHARACTERISTICS

The aim of the research is to study the correlation between crop capacity and physiological characteristics of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik). Determination of correlation between physiological characteristics and crop indicators, and assessment of their influence on grain yield give an opportunity to select genotypes with high crop capacity. According to the results of the analysis, strong positive correlation was detected among the valuable economic characters of lentil genotypes, i.e. between indexes such as number of grains per plant with grain weight per plant r=0.88*** and grain productivity per plant r=0.71***; between grain weight per plant and grain productivity in 1m2 plot r=0.79***; among chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and carotenoid content in leaves (r=0.92***, r=0.81*** respectively); between net photosynthetic productivity and biomass in 1m2 plot (r=**0.67;). Moreover, moderate positive correlation was detected among the indicators of grain number per plant (r=*0.54) and grain weight (r=**0.57) and grain productivity (r=*0.62). Among the lentil genotypes, K-72015 genotype, which has a good result based on the analysis of morphological-physiological and productivity characteristics, gives the opportunity to grow it as a new promising variety in the republic and obtain a higher yield.

Genotypic and phenotypic characterisation of respiratory syncytial virus after nirsevimab breakthrough infections: a large, multicentre, observational, real-world study

Nirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody, has been approved for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infants. In France, more than 210 000 single doses were administered in infants younger than 1 year during the 2023-24 season. In this context, the selection and spread of escape variants might be a concern. Here, we aimed to characterise RSV associated with breakthrough infection. We did a multicentre, national, observational study in France during the 2023-24 RSV season in RSV-infected infants (aged <1 year) who either received or did not receive a dose of nirsevimab before their first RSV season. We excluded infants with insufficient information about nirsevimab treatment or without parental consent. We used respiratory samples collected in each laboratory for full-length RSV RNA sequencing to analyse changes in the nirsevimab binding site Ø. We tested clinical RSV isolates for neutralisation by nirsevimab. We analysed F candidate substitutions by fusion-inhibition assay. Of the 695 RSV infected infants, we analysed 545 (78%) full-length RSV genome sequences: 260 (48%) from nirsevimab-treated breakthrough infections (236 [91%] RSV-A and 24 [9%] RSV-B) and 285 (52%) from untreated RSV-infected infants (236 [83%] RSV-A and 49 [17%] RSV-B). Analysis of RSV-A did not reveal any substitution in site Ø known to be associated with resistance to nirsevimab. Two (8%) of 24 RSV-B breakthrough infections had resistance-associated substitutions: F:N208D (dominant resistance-associated substitution) and a newly described F:I64M plus F:K65R combination (minority resistance-associated substitution), both of which induced high levels of resistance in the fusion-inhibition assay. This study is, to the best of our knowledge, the largest genotypic and phenotypic surveillance study of nirsevimab breakthrough infections to date. Nirsevimab breakthrough variants remain very rare despite the drug's widespread use. The detection of resistance-associated substitutions in the RSV-B F protein highlights the importance of active molecular surveillance. ANRS Maladies Infectieuses Emergentes and the French Ministry of Health and Prevention.

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of some virulence genes of Campylobacter species isolated from fresh meat

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of some virulence genes of Campylobacter species isolated from fresh meat

Molecular diversity in fusidic acid-resistant Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus.

The recent emergence of fusidic acid (FA)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has underscored the importance of active surveillance in isolating these strains. The molecular basis of fusidic acid resistance and the carriage of virulence factors in four borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (BORSA) clinical strains was assessed through phenotypical and genotypical methods. All S. aureus clinical strains were obtained from various hospital units in Sicily. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted. WGS was performed using the Illumina MiSeq Platform, and data analysis was carried out to determine ST, resistome and virulome profiles. Genotypic characterization revealed that the strains belong to four STs: ST630, ST8, ST15, and ST1. FA resistance was associated with mutations in the fusA gene or fusB and fusC genes. Additionally, one case exhibited resistance to mupirocin, related to the presence of the mupA gene. Borderline MIC values were observed for cefoxitin in three out of four cases, leading to their categorization as BORSA. Virulence gene content was complex and diversified, with one testing positive for the lukS/F genes, coding for PVL toxin. Resistance to FA is multifactorial, involving point mutations in chromosomal genes or association with mobile genetic elements. Monitoring the resistance to these antibiotics might help to manage and eradicate mupirocin- and FA-resistant S. aureus strains, which are also known to be important carriers of virulence determinants.

Genotypic Characterisation of Carbapenemases in Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital of Kerala

Background: The multidrug-resistant and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains are an increasing global concern. The primary cause of carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii is production of various beta-lactamases with versatile hydrolytic capacities. The present study investigates the prevalence of different carbapenemases among clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii from a tertiary care teaching hospital in Kerala, India. Methods: Non-duplicate isolates from sputum, endotracheal aspirate, pus, urine, and blood samples were included in the study. Isolate identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates were done using vitek 2 system. A conventional polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the carbapenemase-encoding genes in the isolates. Results: A total of the 126 isolates studied, among these 105 (83.3%) isolates were from intensive care unit patients and 21(16.6%) were from non-ICU inpatients. Most of the isolates were obtained from respiratory specimens-78(61.9%) followed by pus-33(26.2%), urine-12(9.5%) and blood- 3(2.4%). The prevalence of carbapenemase genes were as follows:blaOXA-51(n=126, 100%) blaOXA-23 (n=98, 77.7%), blaOXA-58 (n=7, 5.6%), blaNDM (n=66, 52.4%), blaIMP (n=26, 20.6%), and blaVIM (n=20, 15.9%). Among the total isolates 78 (61.9%) isolates harbored metallo-beta-lactamase genes, 47(37.3%) isolates harboured a single carbapenemase gene, while 69(54.8%) isolates harbored two or more genes. Conclusion: This study reveals a higher prevalence of metallo-beta lactamases and the co-occurrence of multiple carbapenemase genes in Carbapenem resistant A. baumannii isolates.

Aquibaculum sediminis sp. nov., a halotolerant bacteria isolated from salt lake sediment.

An aerobic, Gram-stain negative bacterium was isolated from sediment samples of Barkol salt lake in Hami City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, with the number EGI_FJ10229T. The strain is ellipse-shaped, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, and has white, round, smooth, opaque colonies on marine 2216 E agar plate. Growth occurs at 4.0-37.0℃ (optimal:30.0℃), pH 7.0-9.0 (optimal: pH 8.0) and NaCl concentration of 0-8.0% (optimal: 3.0%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences indicated that the isolated strain should be assigned to the genus Aquibaculum and was most closely related to Aquibaculum arenosum CAU 1616T. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and Average amino-acid identity (AAI) values between the type species of the genus Aquibaculum and other related type species were lower than the threshold values recommended for bacterial species. The genomic DNA G + C content of EGI_FJ10229T was 65.41%. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids (> 5%) were C19:0 cyclo ω8c (42.0%) and C18:1 ω7c (33.78%). The respiratory quinone identified was Q-10. Differential phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of this strain and species of genus Aquibaculum showed that the strain should be classified as representing a new species belonging to this genus, for which the name Aquibaculum sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the proposed novel species is EGI_FJ10229T (= KCTC 8570T = GDMCC 1.4598T).

Cardiac MRI in Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) is the noninvasive technique of choice for early detection of cardiac involvement in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD and BMD, respectively), but is seldom used in routine clinical practice in the Indian context. We sought to determine the prevalence of CMRI abnormalities in patients with DMD and BMD and to compare the CMRI parameters with the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. A prospective, observational study was conducted on patients genetically diagnosed with DMD and BMD who could complete CMRI between March 2020 and March 2022. Abnormal CMRI was the presence of any late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) that signifies myocardial fibrosis (LGE positivity), regional wall motion abnormality, or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF <55%). A total of 46 patients were included: 38 patients with DMD and eight with BMD. Cardiac abnormality was seen in 23 (50%) patients. LGE was more common than impaired LVEF in DMD (16, 42.1%), while impaired LVEF was more common in BMD (5, 62.5%). LGE was most frequently found in lateral wall (18/19) followed by inferior (6/19), septal (5/19), anterior (2/19), and apex (1/19). Among the various clinicodemographic parameters, only age (r = 0.495, P = 0.002) and disease duration (r = 0.407, P = 0.011) were found to significantly correlate with LGE in patients with DMD. No association was found between the various CMRI parameters and the genotype. The current study highlights the differences in myocardial fibrosis and LV dysfunction between DMD and BMD, along with other CMRI parameters. Notably, a genotype-CMRI correlation was not found in the current cohort, which needs to be further explored.

Rare occurrence of Blastocystis in sea turtles and insects (cockroaches, houseflies, and crickets) from several states in Peninsular Malaysia.

Blastocystis a single-celled eukaryotic protist, is known to inhabit the intestines of various hosts, including humans, and has been implicated in a wide spectrum of symptoms, ranging from gastrointestinal issues to skin disorders, thereby establishing its status as an emerging infectious agent. In this study, the prevalence of Blastocystis infection was investigated in insects, including cockroaches, houseflies, and crickets, as well as sea turtles. Additionally, the genotypic characteristics of the isolated Blastocystis strains were examined, and the evolutionary relationships between Blastocystis species found in sea turtles, and animals/humans were determined. Microscopic techniques and molecular methods were utilized in this study. The results showed that four out of 90 insects (4.44%) and one out of 13 sea turtles (7.7%) were infected by Blastocystis. Furthermore, detailed observations revealed the presence of characteristic morphological features, such as vacuolar forms in the cockroach, cricket and sea turtle samples and binary fission from cockroach samples, indicative of Blastocystis' mode of reproduction. While the ST8 of Blastocystis in sea turtles were successfully identified, no subtyping was achieved for the infected insects. This study not only establishes the occurrence of Blastocystis infection in sea turtles but also uncovers its ability to infect insects, suggesting a potential reservoir role for these organisms. Overall, this research emphasizes the significance of comprehending the prevalence, genotypic diversity, and evolutionary relationships of Blastocystis across various hosts. Such insights are instrumental in developing effective control measures and public health interventions to mitigate the associated symptoms and prevent future outbreaks.

Physiological and Transcriptomic Characterization of Rice Genotypes under Drought Stress

Drought is a primary abiotic stress that inhibits rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and development, and during the reproductive stage it has a negative impact on the rice seed-setting rate. This research study examined two rice lines, La-96 (drought sensitive) and La-163 (drought resistant), for drought stress treatment (with soil moisture at 20% for 7 days) and control (normal irrigation and kept soil moisture ≥40%). To elucidate the photosynthesis and molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance in rice, leaf photosynthetic traits and transcriptome sequencing were used to compare differences between two contrasting recombinant inbred lines (RIL) during drought and subsequent recovery at the booting stage. The rice line La-96 showed a significant decrease in seed-setting rate after being treated for seven days’ drought stress (from 86.64% to 22.75%), while La-163 was slightly affected (from 89.04% to 79.33%). The photosynthetic activities of both lines significantly decreased under the drought treatment, and these traits of La-163 recovered to a comparable level with the control after three days of rewatering. The transcriptome of both lines in three treatments (the control, drought stress, and subsequent recovery) were tested, and a total of 16,051 genes were identified, among which 10,566 genes were differentially expressed in various treatments and rice lines. Comprehensive gene expression profiles revealed that the specifically identified DEGs were involved in the ribosome synthesis and the metabolic pathway of photosynthesis, starch, and sucrose metabolism. The DEGs that are activated and respond quickly, as seen during recovery in the tolerant rice line, may play essential roles in regulating subsequent growth and development. This study uncovered the molecular genetic pathways of drought tolerance and extended our understanding of the drought tolerance mechanisms and subsequent recovery regulation in rice.