Genotypes Viz Research Articles

Yield and physiological responses of mungbean Vigna radita (L.) Wilczek genotypes to high temperature at reproductive stage

A study was conducted to examine the physiological responses and yield of contrasting mungbean genotypes viz, MH 421, MH 318 and Basanti differing in their sensitivity to high temperature raised in earthen pots (30 cm diameter) filled with 5.5 kg of dune sand (Typic Torrispamments) under screen house conditions. High temperature stress was given by manipulating sowing dates i.e. normal (12th March, 2013) and late (29th March, 2013) sown. Samplings were done at 3 and 7 days after exposure (DAE) of temperature above 35°C at reproductive stage. Sampling below 35°C temperature was considered as control. High temperature resulted in decreased chlorophyll stability index, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, relative stress injury and yield. Sensitive genotypes showed large reductions in aforementioned physiological traits. On the other hand, tolerant genotype (MH 421) maintained higher chlorophyll stability index, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, relative stress injury and yield. After 7 days of exposure to high temperature under late sown, A significant decrease was noticed in genotypes MH 318 and Basanti.

Screening of maize genotypes against pink borer, Sesamia inferensWalker under artificial infestation in the field

The varietal screening studies of ten maize genotypes were carried out under field conditions with artificial infestation of Sesamia inferens and the classification of the maize genotypes was done based on the dead hearts and leaf injury rating. Among the ten maize genotypes, Madhuri (5.03) was classified as highly resistant genotype, while BML 7 (5.33) was placed under resistant category. The genotype, HKI 163 (5.87) was classified as moderately resistant genotype. The remaining five genotypes viz ., HQPM 1 (6.50), MP 717 (6.93), BML 6 (7.03), BH 40625 and BH 1576 (7.90) were grouped as highly susceptible.

Study of genetic diversity of sugarcane (Saccharum) species and commercial varieties through TRAP molecular markers

Genetic variations were evaluated among the twenty-five sugarcane genotypes employing functional molecular (TRAP) markers. Genetic diversity exists among sugarcane germplasm was exploited to identify promising genotypes bearing enviable agronomic traits (sucrose content and multiple disease resistance). Genetically diversified genotype could be exploited as proven parents in sugarcane hybridization programs to establish a promising cross. TRAP markers amplify functional regions of the genome, a valuable information in relation to the variations within coding/functional regions of the plant genome. Genetic similarity (GS) among all the twenty-five genotypes was calculated in a wide range as 41–99% with an average of 70%. Thirteen unique DNA bands of Saccharum spontaneum and thirteen specific DNA bands for cultivar were produced by the used markers. Poly component analysis showed that 52.48% of the cumulative variation was explained by the all the genotypes with respect to the sucrose metabolism related genes. Sugarcane genotypes viz; CoS 96269 and CoS 8436 (GS 97.0%) and BO 91 and CoSe 95422 (GS 96%) showed highest genetic similarity. These genotypes may be recommended as proven parents for making enviable crosses in sugarcane breeding programs. Moreover, functional TRAP markers would be efficiently useful in genetic studies for sugarcane genetic improvement.

Multivariate analysis in Indian mustard genotypes for morphological and quality traits

Multivariate analysis was carried out with 20 morphological (including quantitative as well as qualitative) and five oil quality traits in 43 genotypes of Indian mustard. Principal factor analysis led to the identification of nine principal components (PCs) which explained about 77% variability. The first principal component (PC1) explained 16.65% of the total variation. The remaining PC’s explained progressively lesser and lesser of the total variation. Varimax Rotation enabled loading of similar type of variables on a common principal factor (PF) permitting to designate them as seed yield and component traits, leaf, oil and its quality factors. Based on PF scores, the genotypes viz ., RH(OE)0801, EC597320, EC597341, EC597344, EC592579, EC592584 and JM6014(YS) have been identified superior for seed yield/plant, while the genotypes JM6009, JM6011, EC697334 and ZEM-1were found superior for oil content. Similarly, the genotypes JM6009, NUDBYJ-10, Pusa Mustard-21, RLC-2 and ZEM-2 showed superiority for erucic acid, whereas genotypes JM6004(YS), JM6026 and EC552583 exhibited superiority for glucosinolate content. These genotypes may further be utilized in breeding programmes for evolving mustard varieties having high seed yield and oil content; and with superior oil quality. Hierarchical cluster analysis resulted into eight clusters containing one to 16 genotypes. The results of cluster and principal factor analyses confirmed each other.

SSR based genetic diversity of pigmented and aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes of the western Himalayan region of India.

A set of 24 of SSR markers were used to estimate the genetic diversity in 16 rice genotypes found in Western Himalayas of Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, India. The level of polymorphism among the genotypes of rice was evaluated from the number of alleles and PIC value for each of the 24 SSR loci. A total of 68 alleles were detected across the 16 genotypes through the use of these 24 SSR markers The number of alleles per locus generated varied from 2 (RM 338, RM 452, RM 171) to 6 (RM 585, RM 249, RM 481, RM 162). The PIC values varied from 0.36 (RM 1) to 0.86 (RM 249) with an average of 0.62 per locus. Based on information generated, the genotypes got separated in six different clusters. Cluster 1 comprised of 4 genotypes viz; Zag 1, Zag 13, Pusa sugandh 3, and Zag 14, separated from each other at a similarity value of 0.40. Cluster second comprised of 3 landraces viz; Zag 2. Zag 4 and Zag10 separated from each other at a similarity value of 0.45. Cluster third comprised of 3 genotypes viz; Grey rice, Mushk budji and Kamad separated from each other at a similarity value of 0.46. Cluster fourth had 2 landraces viz; Kawa kreed and Loual anzul, and was not sub clustered. Fifth cluster had 3 genotypes viz; Zag 12, Purple rice and Jhelum separated from each other at a similarity value of 0.28. Cluster 6 comprised of a single popular variety i.e. Shalimar rice 1 with independent lineage.

Assessment of genetic variation, diversity, and resistance to Helicoverpa armigera in cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) undernew agro-climatic zone

Climate change will have different impacts on various crops around the world. Rise in temperature will offer opportunity to cultivate nutritious legume crops like chickpea in new agro-climatic zones. Therefore, this study was piloted to know the genetic variation, genetic divergence, correlations and path analysis of six important quantitative traits among 25 chickpea genotypes to ascertain their potential to grow in new agro-climatic zone of North-Western Himalayas. The chickpea genotypes exhibited sufficient variability for all the traits. Path analysis revealed that number of pods per plant had highest direct effect followed by plant height on plant yield. Genotypes were grouped into seven clusters and cluster I was the largest among them. Based on highest inter cluster distance, genotypes from cluster III (ICC 4984 and RIL 115) and cluster IV (ICCL 81316); and from cluster III and cluster VI (Vijay and Annigeri) could be selected as parents in hybridization programme. Two genotypes viz; ICCC 37 and ICCL 87314 were rated superior based on damage ratings in sustaining Helicoverpa armigera infestation. ICCV 10 followed by ICC 4984 and RIL 27 had highest seed yield per plant. This study suggested the potential of chickpea cultivation under long summer days in Lahual valley of North-Western Himalayas.

Assessment of yield and yield related traits to determine earliness in Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense, L).

A field experiment was conducted to identify elite early maturing G. barbadense genotypes by evaluating morphological and fibre quality traits advanced genotypes developed at CICR, Regional Station, Coimbatore. Ten advanced genotypes of G. barbadense genotypes viz ., CCB-5, CCB-11, CCB-17, CCB-26, CCB-27, CCB-28, CCB-29, CCB-30, CCB-33 and CCB-36 were used in this study. In the present study, analysis of variance of genotypes was highly significant for all the traits studied. Three genotypes viz ,. CCB-29, CCB-36 and CCB-5 were found to be early maturing in terms of days to first flower, lower node no to first sympodial branch, boll formation in 90, 120 and 150 days after sowing and opening of bolls in 120 and 150 days after sowing. Regarding yield traits, maximum number of bolls per plant and higher seed cotton yield were recorded in the genotypes CCB-29, CCB-36 and CCB-5. It was also observed that maximum staple length, strength and desirable micronaire were registered in CCB-29, CCB-36, CCB-5 and CCB-11. The correlation coefficients showed that the days taken to first flower, number of nodes in lower first sympodial branch, bolls formed at 150 days, number of bolls per plant have significant positive correlations with seed cotton yield. The positive correlations of yield components with seed cotton yield are reliable and more effective and efficient indicators for selecting early maturing genotypes in Egyptian cotton.

Marker assisted selection of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for bacterial leaf blight disease resistance

Majority of the cultivated rice ( Oryza sativa L.) varieties are susceptible to Bacterial Leaf Blight disease (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae . Since effective chemical and biological methods are not available, the preferred strategy for disease management is through varietal resistance. To develop BLB resistant varieties, identifying resistance genes in the available germplasm is an urgent need. Molecular characterisation using microsatellite markers is a powerful tool for screening germplasm for resistance gene. Among the various resistance genes, Xa5 is an important recessive bacterial blight resistant gene, which is effective and important in Asian rice breeding programmes. Hence main objective of the present study was marker assisted selection of rice germplasm accessions for Xa5 gene , using RM122, a closely linked microsatellite marker. Forty traditional rice genotypes from the germplasm of Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi, were initially screened in field for BLB resistance. Out of them, only twenty genotypes which had either no or less symptoms of BLB disease, were utilized for marker assisted selection. The PCR products were subjected to gel Agarose electrophoresis (1.5%). Among the thirteen genotypes which displayed marker specific bands during gel electrophoresis, five genotypes viz ., Karuthakuruka, Kuruva, Kokkankoli, Kochuvithu (Thamarakulam) and Punjaparathu had no symptoms of BLB, indicating that BLB resistance in these genotypes is due to the gene Xa5 . Hence these five resistant genotypes can be utilised as donors for Marker Assisted Breeding, to develop BLB resistant rice varieties.

Study of southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) on maize genotypes and its effect on yield

Southern corn leaf blight is considered the most devastating disease of maize crop, which causes noticeable reduction in crop yield. Inbred lines are useful because they are genotyped, multiple time phenotyping is possible, and genetic uniformity, genetic stability and its vigor make inbred lines suitable to study in diversified environment. In present investigation, 12 maize genotypes viz: NC-2703 (hybrid), NC-2003 (hybrid), SP-3 (inbred line), NCML-73 (inbred line), NRL-6 (inbred line), NRL-4 (inbred line), Soan-3 (variety), Rakaposhi (variety), Margala (variety), EV-1097 (variety), Local-Y (variety), Local-W (variety) were tested against southern corn leaf blight under laboratory and field conditions. According to disease severity scale (0–5) inbreds SP-3 and NCML-73 were found highly resistant; Local-W moderately resistance and rest of the genotypes were least resistance in in vitro analysis. In field screening, Margala, NRL-4, EV-1097 showed maximum resistance followed by moderately resistant SP-3, NCML-73, NC-2703, NRL-6 and Local-Y maize genotypes. NC-2003, Rakaposhi and Soan-3 showed least resistance during field evaluation. Cochliobolus heterostrophus showed considerable effects on yield of crop. Significant difference was found in grain yield, plant height, ear height and ear weight while ear placement, ear per plant and infected ear data were non-significant. The results clearly showed the effect on maize genotypes and its yield.

Direct plant regeneration from in vitro-derived shoot apical meristems of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)

A rapid and reproducible protocol for direct plant regeneration has been established using in vitro-derived, actively growing shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of the genotype 'CO(Ra)-14'. Shoot apical meristems from 3-day-old seedlings of three finger millet genotypes viz, 'CO(Ra)-14', 'Try-1', and 'Paiyur-2' were assessed for the efficiency of direct shoot induction. The regeneration efficiency of 'CO(Ra)-14' surpassed the other two genotypes and produced a mass of green, multiple shoots within 12 d on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 17.6 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), 0.9 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in combination with 750 mg L−1 proline, 500 mg L−1 casein enzymatic hydrolysate, and 2 mg L−1 glycine. 'CO(Ra)-14' showed a maximum frequency of multiple shoot regeneration (96%) with an average of 8.3 shoots per explant. The age and size of shoot apical meristems played a crucial role in triggering adventitious shoot bud proliferation. The multiple shoot buds elongated spontaneously upon reducing the concentration of BA (to 11.0 μM) in the shoot induction medium. The in vitro proliferated shoots were rooted best in half-strength MS medium containing 2.8 μM indole-3-acetic acid and successfully acclimated in the field, subsequently developing into fertile plants. Thus, we report a short tenure (45 d) in vitro whole plant regeneration system, which could be effectively utilized for the production of transgenic finger millet plants.

Performance of different new genotypes of gladiolus

An experiment on the performance of different genotypes of gladiolus was conducted for four consecutive years from 2010 to 2014 at Floricultural Research Station, Hyderabad for the identification of a suitable variety for the cultivation in Andhra Pradesh. Six genotypes of gladiolus along with check White prosperity were evaluated and found that, maximum average plant height (101.1 cm), no. of tillers/plant (2.0), spike length (90.1 cm), no. of spikes per plant (2.1), no. of corms/plant (2.1), diameter of cormel (14.5 mm) were maximum in IIHR-G-12. Days taken to spike emergence (57.1), and days taken to flowering (68.5) were minimum in IIHR-G-12. The genotype White prosperity recorded maximum no. of leaves/plant (8.6), leaf width (2.9 cm), no. of florets/spike (12.5), diameter of 2 nd floret (10.0 cm), no. of cormels/plant (40.1), weight of cormels/plant (50.0 g). Pusa Kiran recorded maximum length of rachis (38.8 cm) and diameter of corm (53.7 mm). Pusa Shubham recorded maximum in weight of corms/plant (60.6 g). The genotypes viz ; IIHR-G-12, White prosperity and Pusa Kiran can be recommended for cultivation in Andhra Pradesh.

Plant Regeneration of Kenyan Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Genotypes

A reproducible regeneration system based on direct somatic embryogenesis is described for Kenya cassava lines. Cassava plants were regenerated at high frequency by inducing shoot primordial on explants derived from cotyledons of cassava somatic embryos. Various parameters were evaluated on their effects on callus induction, somatic embryogenesis, maturation and germination of somatic embryos as well as recovery of regenerated plantlets. Immature leaf lobes were used as explants for somatic embryogenesis. Three Kenyan cassava genotypes viz; Adhiambo Lera, Kibanda Meno and Serere along with a model cultivar, TMS 60444 were used this system. Remarkable regeneration frequencies were observed in all the evaluated genotypes with Adhiambo Lera showing the best responses. As a result, a highly efficient plant regeneration protocol via germination of somatic embryos was achieved. This system enriches the scope of in vitro regeneration protocols for cassava and is envisaged to be a reliable prerequisite to genetic transformation of African cassava genotypes.

Regeneration of Kenyan Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Genotypes

A reproducible regeneration system based on direct somatic embryogenesis is described for Kenya cassava lines. Cassava plants were regenerated at high frequency by inducing shoot primordial on explants derived from cotyledons of cassava somatic embryos.Various parameters were evaluated on their effects on callus induction, somatic embryogenesis, maturation and germination of somatic embryos as well as recovery of regenerated plantlets. Immature leaf lobes were used as explants for somatic embryogenesis. Three Kenyan cassava genotypes viz; Adhiambo Lera, Kibanda Meno and Serere along with a model cultivar, TMS 60444 were used this system. Remarkable regeneration frequencies were observed in all the evaluated genotypes with Adhiambo Lera showing the best responses. As a result, a highly efficient plant regeneration protocol via germination of somatic embryos was achieved. This system enriches the scope of in vitro regeneration protocols for cassava and is envisaged to be a reliable prerequisite to genetic transformation of African cassava genotypes

GENTIC EVALUSATION OF SOME QUINOA GENOTYPES UNDER RAS SUDER CONDITIONS

Genetic diversity of quinoa around the world is narrow which may threaten the ability of breeders to improve and increase the crop yield. A field experiment was carried out at the experimental farm at Ras Sudr, South Sinai Governorate during growing season 2012/2013. Yield, its components and the genetic variation among five quinoa genotypes viz:Kvlsra 2, Kvlsra 3, Regalona, Q-37 and Q-52 were evaluated under Ras Sudr conditions. The results indicated that the genotype Q-37 followed by Regalona cultivar recorded the highest mean values for seed yield. The correlation for mean performances were positive and high significant among number of heads and each of heads yield, 1000- seed weight, seed yield and straw yield, such traits may be taken in account in quinoa breeding programs. Biochemical and molecular markers were used to identify the level of polymorphism and to study the genetic relationships among the five quinoa genotypes. Seventeen polymorphic protein bands produced (59%) of polymorphism. Regalona cultivar and Q-37 revealed that highest number of protein unique bands which could be considered as marker for salinity tolerance. Five isozymes systems including POD, ACPH, β-EST, α-EST andADH revealed six polymorphic bands and produced moderate polymorphism (53%) and two unique bands for Q-37 as markers for salinity tolerance. Five RAPD primers produced fifteen polymorphic bands, and produced the highest polymorphism (66%). Q-37 genotype produced the highest number of unique bands as specific band for salinity tolerance. The dendrogram for the genetic relationships of the five quinoa genotypes based on overall markers separated them into two major groups. The first group included Q-37 genotype and Regalona cultivar and the second group were included Kvlsra 2, Kvlsra 3 and Q-52 genotypes. From the previous results, a considerable level of variations were detected among five quinoa genotypes by biochemical and molecular markers which can help to select the most suitable genotypes Q-37 and Regalona cultivar for stress tolerance, good yield, presented considerable interest for the genetic studies, plant improvement and accepted by farmer to enter breeding programs and for reclamation salt affected lands. The mean squares for all traits were significant among the five quinoa genotypes.

Genetic diversity of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) genotypes for drought tolerance using RAPD markers

In the present study the genetic diversity among different finger millet genotypes with different responses to drought stress was assessed with the help of RAPD markers. Initial screening involved 27 genotypes under drought conditions in laboratory using PEG-6000 treatment. Molecular characterization of these finger millet genotypes was done through eighteen RAPD primers. In RAPD analysis the total number of 25 bands was observed among the twenty seven finger millet genotypes. The number of scorable markers produced per primer ranged from 1 to 4 and size of the products ranged from 250 bp to 1300 bp. The PIC values, a reflection of allele diversity and frequency among the varieties, was highest for 35 ME 10T 23 primer and ranged from 0.659 (OPK 11 F) to 0.966 (35 ME 10T 23) with an average of 0.812. The resolving power varies from 0.370 (35 ME 10T 23) to 4.07 (OPJ 13F) with a mean value of 2.89. The Genetic similarity coefficient was highest (0.0.96) among four genotypic pairs while the lowest similarity index (0.28) was recorded by genotype PRM 8109 in pair with five genotypes viz PRM 701, PRM 8122, PRM 8104, PRM 6112 and PRM 6122 indicating them to be quite diverse. Cluster analysis by UPGMA method grouped the twenty seven finger millet genotypes into two distinct major clusters of 14 genotypes in one cluster and rest of the genotypes in the other cluster indicating presence of genetic diversity among the genotypes at molecular level.

Multiple disease resistance in greengram and blackgram germplasm and management through chemicals under rain-fed conditions

Field screening conducted during Kharif , 2008 and 2009 revealed that out of 31 genotypes of greengram, only 1 genotype ML 1299 and out of 14 genotypes of blackgram, only 3 genotypes viz, BS 2-3, IPU 02-43 and B 3-8-8 showed resistant or highly resistant response against multiple diseases including Cercospora leaf spot, web blight and powdery mildew. In another trial conducted for management of foliar diseases of greengram and blackgram through chemical revealed that two foliar sprays of propiconazole @ 0.1% at an interval of 8-10 days was most effective as it reduced severity of Cercospra leaf spot (85.77 and 80.10 %), web blight (77.87 and 85.29 %) and powdery mildew (100.00 % each) with average yield of 9.08 and 8.83q/ha of greengram and blackgram, respectively.

Estimation of Genetic relatedness among the germplasm accessions of Pearl millet [<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i> (L.) R. Br.

To assess the extent of diversity among the pearl millet accessions and to know the relationship among the accessions, the present study was carried out at Department of Millets, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore with fifty genotypes representing diverse geographical origins of the world. Observations were recorded for the fourteen seed yield potential and its component traits in all the accessions. Hierarchial cluster analysis categorized the germplasm accessions in to twelve clusters indicating the presence of high levels of genetic diversity in the gene pool. Cluster II is the largest having 17 genotypes where most of them are the natives of Nigeria, Namibia, Burkina faso and India, while cluster X, XI and XII had one genotype each representing Nambibia, India and Mali, respectively. Clustering pattern of this study indicated that geographical diversity was not related with genetic diversity. The coefficient of similarity was too far between the genotypes 9618 and 18657 (9.99) followed by 6510 and 19361 (9.98) and IP 3616 and Raj 171 (9.95) for seed yield potential and its component traits, which showed that they are highly divergent among the fifty genotypes. The genotypes viz ., 6869, 15899, IP 3616, 10186, 18722, 11310, 14426, 12138 and 17407 had higher score for seed yield potential (7.0) and brix value (5.0) among the 50 genotypes, though they are grouped in different clusters. These genotypes also excelled well for one or more seed yield contributing traits which could be used as potential parents in hybridization programme for transferring the seed yield potential and related traits to get better hybrids/varieties.

Status of resistance to Ascochyta blight and Fusarium wilt in large-seeded kabuli

Of the 390 Kabuli chickpea genotypes evaluated from 2005 to 2010 against Ascochyta blight (AB), Fusarium wilt (FW) and Dry root rot (DRR) resistance using standard screening techniques, 48 were found to be resistant to FW and DRR. Of these, four genotypes viz GLK95091, GLK95061, GLK24092 and GLK24096 showed resistance to AB with disease score less than 4.0 while another four genotypes GLK22072, GLK22098 and GLK24099 displayed AB disease score 5.0. GLK 22117 with FW percentage 6.3 and DRR 3.5 tested for seven years displayed good performance at other locations in India as well. Extra bold seeded genotypes GLK 26171, GLK26177 and GLK23001have shown good level of resistance to AB, FW and DRR and can be suggested as donors in crossing programme. It was observed that level of FW resistance was comparatively low in large-seeded and extra-large-seeded kabuli than small seeded kabuli.

Assessment of Biochemical Markers in Differentiating Sugarcane Genotypes for Salt Tolerance

Sugarcane belonging to the genus Saccharum grown both in tropical and subtropical region is an important commercial crop. Modern sugarcane genotypes are derived largely from intercrossing of first mobilized hybrids and their progenies. A pot culture experiment was conducted to assess the effect of salt stress on sugarcane genotypes. Ten sugarcane genotypes viz, Co-94012, CoC-671, Co-740, CoM-0265, Co-86032, Co-9012, CoC-08026, CoM-08086, CoM-08011 and MS-08002, cultivated in three varying soil conditions viz., normal, saline and sodic soils were evaluated for the effect of salt stress on parameters such as proline, glycine betaine, soluble protein contents, nitrate reductase activity and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase activity. The analysis showed that the increased accumulation of proline, glycine betaine, soluble protein and increased activity of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase activity in sodic soil can be used as biochemical markers to screen the promising genotypes for salt tolerance in sugarcane.

Sesame Shoot Regeneration-Using Different Combinations of Growth Regulators

Sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) an important and oldest oil seed crop known to man still, the regeneration studies remained as a bottleneck. Here an attempt was to develop shoot via tissue culture approaching using hypocotyls callus, for this five genotypes viz GLW (Gulbarga local white), Western-II (W-II), DS-I, E-8 and Tumkur local (TL). Healthy and moderately compact callus was obtained from hypocotyls segments placed in the plane MS media were used as explants. These obtained callus were placed on the media containing TDZ of concentration 25 µM and IAA (2 µM &3 µM). The maximum number of shoot regeneration was in variety DS-I with 83.3% & 75% response achieved on MS media containing TDZ 25 µM and IAA 3 µM, 2 µM respectively, followed by 58% shoot response in variety E8 and TL respectively on MS media containing TDZ 25 µM and IAA 3 µM, 2 µM respectively and the mean shoot regeneration percent was 52.35 and number of shoots pre callus were 1.59. The shoot regeneration will increase the chances of genetic improvement of sesame through biotechnological ways such as genetic transformation and in vitro cell line selections.