Arabica Coffee Genotypes Research Articles

Evaluation of physical and chemical characteristics of bean and cup quality of arabica coffee genotypes grown in Southern Ethiopia

The study aimed to investigate physical characteristics, cup quality, and biochemical content variability among thirty South Ethiopian Arabica coffee genotypes over three locations. The results revealed the existence of statistically significant variation among genotype, location, and GEI effects for all studied traits. The overall coffee quality score for most of the tested genotypes in three locations was above 80 %. Therefore, in terms of quality, most of the tested genotypes can be used to produce specialty coffee in the study areas. A wider range of caffeine (0.52 % dwb to 1.53 % dwb) was recorded among the studied genotypes. Accordingly, the low caffeine contenting genotypes could be a promising candidate for the development of low caffeine varieties through selection and hybridization. Cluster analysis grouped genotypes into different clusters based on quality trait variation and similarity among genotypes. According to the PCA, caffeine content (0.35), chlorogenic acid (0.34), aromatic quality (0.31), trigonelline (0.29), acidity (0.28), astringency (0.28), color (0.27) in the first PCA, flavor (−0.48), and screen size (0.46) in the second PCA were the important variables contributing more to the variation, and these traits could be considered for effective parent selection in quality improvement programs. Genotype AW9648 achieved the highest score in overall quality attributes at all three locations and could be promoted as a promising candidate and best parent for hybridization in terms of quality. Hence, genotype by environment interaction was significant, the coffee quality improvement program should give due attention to incorporating genetic and environmental influences by using a multi-locational selection strategy.

Drought Stress Responses in Arabica Coffee Genotypes: Physiological and Metabolic Insights

Understanding the impact of drought stress on Arabica coffee physiology and metabolism is essential in the pursuit of developing drought-resistant varieties. In this study, we explored the physiological and metabolite changes in coffee genotypes exhibiting varying degrees of tolerance to drought—namely, the relatively tolerant Ca74110 and Ca74112, and the sensitive Ca754 and CaJ-19 genotypes—under well-watered conditions and during terminal drought stress periods at two time points (0 and 60 days following the onset of stress). The metabolite profiling uncovered significant associations between the growth and the physiological characteristics of coffee genotypes with distinct drought tolerance behaviors. Initially, no marked differences were observed among the genotypes or treatments. However, at the 60-day post-drought onset time point, notably higher shoot growth, biomass, CO2 assimilation, pigments, and various physiological parameters were evident, particularly in the relatively tolerant genotypes. The metabolite profiling revealed elevations in glucose, maltose, amino acids, and organic acids, and decreases in other metabolites. These alterations were more pronounced in the drought-tolerant genotypes, indicating a correlation between enhanced compatible solutes and energy-associated metabolites crucial for drought tolerance mechanisms. This research introduces GC-MS-based metabolome profiling to the study of Ethiopian coffee, shedding light on its intricate responses to drought stress and paving the way for the potential development of drought-resistant coffee seedlings in intensified agro-ecological zones.

Evaluation of Coffee Genotype for Drought Tolerance and Water Use Efficiency in Western Ethiopia at West Wollega

The growth and output of coffee are significantly hampered by drought. To lessen the effects of climate change on coffee production, it is crucial to choose genotypes of Arabica coffee that are resistant to drought. The goal of the study was to select genotypes of Wellega coffee that are drought-tolerant at the Haru Agricultural Research Sub-Center in the Oromia National Regional State, Western Ethiopia. The experiment was carried out in a controlled environment from 2017 to 2019 G. C., with three replications laid out in RCBD. For 28 days, two watering regimes—well-watered and water-stressed—were applied to fourteen genotypes of Wellega coffee. The mother trees of genotype were tested at field condition. The experiment's findings showed that the genotypes not differed significantly in terms of total dry matter, relative leaf water content, and leaf retention capacity as well as in terms of the degree of wilting and in all destructive parameters. So, to select the drought tolerance coffee genotypes the stress period should be minimized in to 15-21 days.

Resistance of genotypes of arabica coffee against rust on leaf of coffee plant in different locations in Province of North Sumatra, Indonesia

The most important disease in many coffee production countries is rust on the leaf of coffee plant (RLCP). RLCP epidemics indicated by severity and incidence depend on the host, location and the fungi. The purpose of this research was to study the resistance of genotypes of Arabica coffee against RLCP in different locations. A field experiment with seven genotypes of Arabica coffee in four locations in Province of North Sumatra of Indonesia was carried out using a randomized complete block design with three replications. This research revealed a significant interaction between the genotype and the location on incidence of rust on branch (IRB), incidence of rust on leaf (IRL) and severity of leaf due to rust (SLR). For IRB and IRL, the role of the location was more important than the role of the genotype. For SRL, the role of the interaction was more important than the role of the genotype and the location. Genotype GN-5 had the lowest SRL. Location-3 was not conducive to the growth and development of the fungus H. vastatrix. Pathogen races were very likely to differ between locations. Based on SRL, these pathogens were not aggressive in all locations.

Genetic diversity of Arabica coffee genotypes in south Ethiopia using quantitative agro-morphological traits

Genetic diversity of Arabica coffee genotypes in south Ethiopia using quantitative agro-morphological traits

Water stress alters growth and fruit uniformity of arabica coffee genotypes in the Brazilian Cerrado

Water stress alters growth and fruit uniformity of arabica coffee genotypes in the Brazilian Cerrado

Phenotypic and genotypic variability among exotic arabica coffee genotypes using morphological and molecular markers (SRAP)

Coffea arabica is said to have low genetic variability, however more information is still needed about the extent of diversity present in the arabica coffee gene pool by evaluating existing genetic resources present in India. The study therefore was conducted to assess the phenotypic and genotypic variability in arabica coffee germplasm accessions. Significant variation was observed among coffee accessions for the traits studied indicating the presence of diversity. Out of 20 traits, per cent ‘A’ grade bean contributed maximum to the diversity (63.29 %). The 41 arabica coffee accessions were grouped into six clusters. The maximum intra-cluster and inter cluster distance (D2 = 737.34) was revealed by cluster V (7 genotypes) and cluster II and VI (D2 = 8544.21), respectively. Principle Component Analysis displayed 79.50% of variability. Observations on Coffee Leaf Rust disease incidence showed that mean disease severity infection was ranged from 1.34 to 32.67%. On the other hand, molecular analysis of 10 SRAP primers established high rate of polymorphism with an average PIC value of 0.74. The UPGMA clustering grouped arabica coffee genotypes into two major clusters. The similarity matrix coefficient was ranged from 0 to 94%. SRAP marker demonstrated high polymorphism rate can be utilized for future crop improvement program in coffee. Study established high phenotypic but low genetic diversity among the arabica coffee accessions based on morphological and molecular markers, respectively and identified high yielding, coffee leaf rust disease resistant accessions which showed possibility of developing improved varieties through breeding.

Components of genetic of coffee leaf rust symptoms in genotypes of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.)

Coffee is a source of income for 100 thousand coffee farmers (households) in the province of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Rust on leaf of coffee (RLC) caused huge loss in income and jobs in coffee producing countries recently. This study was aimed to study genetic components of RLC in genotypes of coffee of Arabica. This research was carried out on the garden of the Agriculture Faculty of Universitas HKBP Nommensen, Medan, Indonesia. Seven genotypes were tested for its resistance. Randomized complete blocks design was used. The result revealed that Genotype P5 from Dairi district and P7 from Toba Samosir district had moderate and high resistance against RLC, respectively. Genotypic variation, advance of genetic and coefficient of heritability in severity of rust on leaf (SRL) were high. RLC parameter were not correlated one another. Based on the high resistance of P7, genotypes performing high resistance could be found among Arabica coffee populations in North Sumatra province.

Genetic diversity analysis of Wamena Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) based on SSR markers

Wamena is notable for producing and exporting high-quality coffee. However, a molecular method based on its polymorphism and not affected by external factors is required since morphological observations alone are frequently insufficient for identifying the coffee. The objective of this study is to identify Wamena Arabica coffee in the Jayawijaya District using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) molecular markers. This research involved several stages, including DNA isolation and purification, PCR SSR amplification with 5 primers, polymorphism, and heterozygosity level analysis. The results analysis proved that 30 alleles of 32 coffee genotypes were successfully amplified, with fragment sizes ranging from 176 to 553bp. The Car M052 locus (0.29%) had the least polymorphism with only two alleles, while the CarM101 locus (0.82%) had the most with 12 alleles, that high and low polymorphism indicated a measure of PIC scores. Heterozygosity analysis showed that the coffee samples were highly heterozygous. And based on the results of the bootstrap analysis, the phenogram shows that the coffee samples are divided into six clusters, with a cophenetic correlation coefficient (r) of 0.948 (excellent fit). This study proved that all SSR loci succeeded in amplifying 30 alleles and could be identified molecularly based on the genetic variation of the Wamena Arabica coffee genotypes in Papua. It seems highly possible that there is a mix of traits through gene flow and exchange between coffee genotypes, and the heterozygosity in the Arabica population on plantations. As a result, it is very important further analysis to confirm the findings.

Phenotypic and genetic performance of Arabica coffee seedling due to effect of genotype and urea

Growth and production of arabica coffee are affected by seedling quality which is depends on genotype and seedling maintenance such as fertilizer Urea. Th objective of this research was to examine the effect of arabica coffee genotype and fertilizer Urea on the phenotypic and genetic performance of seedlings. The experiment was done at the greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty of Nommensen HKBP University in Medan. Seven Arabica coffee genotypes of from seven coffee garden in Subdistrict Dolok Sanggul and four level of fertilizer Urea were used. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, and its ratio were observed. The result revealed that significant interaction of ratio of leaf number and stem diameter proves that the certain dosage of Urea and certain genotype and will give the higest performance. Heritabilites coefficient, advance of genetic, and genotypic coefficient of variations were low. Phenotypic coefficient of variations of were low, moderate and high. Phenotypes and phenotypic ratios correlated highly significant.

Response of F1 arabica coffee genotypes descending from disease resistant Ethiopian accessions to coffee berry disease

Coffee is one of Tanzania’s primary agricultural export commodities but is seriously constrained by Colletotrichum kahawae which causes significant yield losses in Arabica coffee during high infection seasons. Using resistant varieties rather than chemical fungicides, which are costly and cause environmental pollution, is a more sustainable approach to controlling the disease. Several F1 hybrid genotypes developed from Ethiopian accessions of Arabica coffee of known Coffee berry disease (CBD) resistance were evaluated under CBD pressure to observe acquired resistance. Eight Arabica coffee genotypes were inoculated with three types of CBD pathogen isolates. Results revealed high resistance on two F1 genotypes (F90/64/4660 x KP423 and F89/64/4660 x KP423) with no infection to all C. kahawae isolates. Two Genotypes (F45/64/2049 x KP423 and F24/64/902 x KP423) revealed resistance moderately by scoring less than 50% infected berries, while F45/64/2061 x KP423 and F24/64/886 x KP423 demonstrated moderate susceptibility. The F1 genotypes with less infection are to be included in the breeding program to develop resistant varieties. Pathogenicity of three C. kahawae isolates obtained from different coffee growing areas in Tanzania was also observed for their effects on the tested genotypes. Isolate 2006/14 from Kibosho – Kombo was more aggressive in terms of infected berries, followed by isolate 2019/16 from Ugano-Mbinga. Isolates found to be more aggressive are potential for screening resistance to develop coffee berry disease varieties in Tanzania.

Strategy for Selection of Drought-Tolerant Arabica Coffee Genotypes in Brazil

This study aimed to establish a strategy for drought-tolerant selection in Arabica coffee genotypes in Brazil, combining field trials under natural conditions with controlled growth condition experiments. A group of genotypes was evaluated in the greenhouse using 28 morphological, anatomical, and physiological traits. In addition, the productivity of genotypes was evaluated in the field. Under water deficit in the greenhouse, 13 studied traits showed significant genetic variance. For these traits, the heritability coefficients estimated based on the progeny mean ranged from 65 to 92%. A selection index combined with predicted means was applied at these traits to select four progenies for drought tolerance under greenhouse conditions. Under field conditions, the selection applied to genetic values that favored positive genetic gains in four progenies, indicating the potential use of these cultivars for breeding advanced generations. The selection results of coffee plants under greenhouse conditions matched the selection results in the field in a water-deficit region by 50% based on productivity; thus, two genotypes (H419-3-3-7-16-11 and H516-2-1-1-7-2) were identified that have both the productivity and morpho-anatomical traits that confer greater drought tolerance. Finally, we discussed possible strategies for the development of drought-tolerant cultivars.

Physiological Changes of Arabica Coffee under Different Intensities and Durations of Water Stress in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Coffee farmers have faced problems due to drought periods, with irrigation being necessary. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate the responses to different levels and durations of water deficit in arabica coffee genotypes in the Cerrado region. The experiment consisted of three Coffea arabica genotypes and five water regimes: full irrigation (FI 100 and FI 50—full irrigation with 100% and 50% replacement of evapotranspiration, respectively), water deficit (WD 100 and WD 50—water deficit from June to September, with 100% and 50% replacement of evapotranspiration, respectively) and rainfed (without irrigation). The variables evaluated were gas exchange, relative water content (RWC) and productivity. The results showed that during stress, plants under the FI water regime showed higher gas exchange and RWC, differently from what occurred in the WD and rainfed treatments; however, after irrigation, coffee plants under WDs regained their photosynthetic potential. Rainfed and WD 50 plants had more than 50% reduction in RWC compared to FIs. The Iapar 59 cultivar was the most productive genotype and the E237 the lowest. Most importantly, under rainfed conditions, the plants showed lower physiological and productive potential, indicating the importance of irrigation in Coffea arabica in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Field Screening of Arabica Coffee Genotypes against Coffee White Stem Borer (Xylotrechus quadripes) and Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) Infestation in Kaski, Nepal

Twenty-three coffee (Coffea arabica) genotypes were evaluated for relative resistance against coffee white stem borer (Xylotrechus quadripes) and coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) at Horticulture Research Station, Malepatan, Pokhara during three consecutive years from 2016 to 2019. The monthly observation on the emergence of this borer showed that coffee genotypes "Yellow caturra" and “Tekisic” were highly infested with coffee white stem borer as compared to the other genotypes. However, no infestation was observed in genotypes Catimor, San Ramon, Indo Tim-Tim, Ketisic, Pacas, Syangja special and both Vermelo and Amarillo groups in Catui and Caturra acessions. Similarly, genotypes Catimor, Indo Tim-Tim and San Ramon were determined to be resistant to coffee leaf rust. While coffee germplasm- Ketisic was also recorded as relatively resistant against coffee leaf rust. These results have important implications for the development of coffee white stem borer and leaf rust resistant high yielding coffee variety in the future.

INFLUENCE OF FERMENTATION TIME ON THE SENSORY QUALITY OF ARABICA COFFEE GENOTYPES IN GUATEMALA

In recent years, the Guatemalan coffee plantations have suffered a decline in its yield as a result of coffee rust. The use of cultivars resistant to this disease and with the potential to produce coffee with good drinking quality is essential for the sustainability of coffee cultivation in the country. The aim of this study was to analyze bean quality potential and the sensory profile of rust-resistant Arabica coffee genotypes as a function of different times of biological fermentation. The experiment was carried out in July 2014, at El Panorama farm, located in the municipality of San Rafael Pie de La Cuesta, Department of San Marcos, Guatemala. Eight rust resistant F5 progenies were tested and cultivars Marsellesa and Bourbon Amarelo were used as controls. Each genotype was subjected to two times of biological fermentation in water, after peeling (24 and 72 h). The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with three replications, in a 10 (genotypes) × 2 (times) factorial scheme, totaling 60 experimental units. The quality, sensory profile and granulometry of the treatments were evaluated. All the rust-resistant genotypes studied showed potential to produce specialty coffees in Guatemala and a superior granulometry in relation to Bourbon Amarelo. Marsellesa and Bourbon Amarelo obtained higher final scores and the attributes flavor, aftertaste, acidity, body, balance and overall were more accentuated. The time of biological fermentation did not influence the final score of the coffee (total score in the SCA protocol); however, there was a change in the sensory profile, with emphasis on cultivar Marsellesa, which increased the frequency of fruity notes and reduced caramel notes with longer fermentation time.

Effect of genotype and NPK fertilizer on seedlings of Arabica coffee and its genetic variability

Genetic make-up and maintenance of seedlings are influencing factors for cultivation of arabica coffee. The goal of this experiment was to study the effect of genotypes of arabica coffee and NPK fertilizer on seedlings performance and genetic variability of seedlings. A factorial experiment with randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at experimental garden of Agriculture Faculty of Universitas HKBP Nommensen in Medan. Thirtytwo genotypes of arabica coffee and four levels of NPK fertilizer was tested. The result revealed that genotype differences were highly significant in plant height, the age at which the cotyledons open, and phenotype ratios. Genotype G3 from District Dairi performed the earliest age at the cotyledon opening (13.67 days). NPK fertilizer differences were significant to highly significant. Variance component of genotypes (VG) contributed 17.76% to total variance (VT) in ratio of plant height to age at the opening of cotyledon. Genotype showed greater variance than NPK fertilizer. Genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) varied from 1.13% to 8.17% and from 10.75% to 18.37%, respectively. It can be concluded that the role of genotype is more decisive than the role of NPK fertilizer, and genotypes showed genotypic and phenotypic variability.

Screening of Exotic Collections of Arabica Coffee Genotypes for Coffee Berry Borer and Coffee Leaf Rust Disease Incidence

In India, commercial cultivation of coffee relies upon two important species like Coffea arabica (Arabica coffee) and Coffea canephora (Robusta coffee). In the consumer market, arabica coffee is preferred for its fine beverage quality, aromatic characteristics and low caffeine content compared to robusta coffee. In India coffee is grown under natural agroecosystem offers arabica coffee to fetch premium price in the international market. In spite of the commercial importance and the appropriate environmental conditions, the drastic reduction of arabica coffee area in India is likely associated with lack of adaptability for each ecological zone of the region, susceptibility to coffee berry borer and leaf rust and increased cost of production coupled with low productivity (470 kg clean coffee/ha). Therefore to address the issues identification of resistance source is the important criteria in crop improvement programme. With this background the study was aimed at screening of exotic collections of Arabica coffee genotypes maintained at Central Coffee Research Institute (CCRI), Balehonnur, Karnataka, India against Coffee Berry Borer (CBB) and Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR). The experiment was laid out randomized block design with three replications. Results revealed that, the CLR disease severity infection was ranged from 1.34 to 32.67 per cent and the genotypes S.1495, S.1561, S.2504, S.2509, S.2510, S.2529, S.2602 and S.2724 exhibited moderately resistant to leaf rust disease infection based on mean per cent disease severity level (1-5%). Hence, these genotypes will be valuable as new sources of resistance to these pathogens in the future and can be utilized in coffee breeding programmes in India. Similarly, all the genotypes utilized in the study were established low to least infestation of coffee berry borer (1.03 to 5.03 %).

Yield Performance Evaluation of Arabica Coffee Progenies Resulted from Three Way Cross Method

Breeding for high yielding, pest and disease resistance, and good quality Arabica coffee is the direction of the coffee breeding program in Indonesia. Threeway cross-breeding method becomes the alternative method to improve plant genetics to achieve those goals. This research was aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance and grouping of Arabica coffee genotypes from three-way cross progeny. This study was conducted in Andungsari Experimental Station, Bondowoso, East Java from July until September 2021. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used as an experimental design. It consisted of eight Arabica genotypes resulting from three-way cross method and one check variety (Andungsari 1) as treatments. The tested genotypes were resulted from crossing parents i.e. S 1934, AB 3, RC, YC, S 795, and Catimor that was planted in 1997. The results of the agronomic performance evaluation showed that TWC (Tree Way Cross) 2 ((S 1934/AB 3 x AB 3) x AB 3) and TWC 3 (RC/S 795 x Catimor) had good agronomic characteristics i.e. weight of 100 cherries and cherry weight per tree. While grouping using heatmap clustering method showed that there were three groups of genotypes. One of the groups which consisted of TWC 1 ((S 1934/AB 3 x AB 3) x S 1934), TWC 2 ((S 1934/AB 3 x AB 3) x AB 3), and TWC 5 (S 1934/YC x S 1934) were categorized as moderate yield group.

Genotypic and phenotypic correlations among coffee leaf rust symptoms of Arabica coffee genotypes in North Sumatra. Indonesia

Coffee leaf rust (CLR) is a pandemic and a serious threat for coffee sustainability in many coffee producing countries. To overcome this CLR, the world’s consensus is to use of resistant cultivars which can be created through coffee breeding program. This research aimed to study genotypic and phenotypic correlations between CLR symptoms of seven arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) genotypes that were selected from different districts of North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This experimental research using a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas HKBP Nommensen in Medan. The result of this study indicate that leaf rust severity (LRS) had a genotypic component variance of 86.8% which indicated that LRS was controlled more dominantly by plant genetics than other unknown factors. Severity indicated by LRS showed no genotypic and phenotypic correlation with dispersal indicated by branch rust incidence (BRI) and leaf rust incidence (LRI). BRI genotypically correlated with LRI. The results of this study could contribute to resistance coffee breeding for CLR.

Review Article: Genetics and Breeding Overview for Coffee Wilt Disease Resistance

The presence of intra- and inter specific variability in the coffee species provide a potential source of resistance to Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD). Additionally, the existence of Robusta and Arabica wilt pathogenic forms enables to design effective breeding strategies to develop resistant cultivars towards each population. The inheritance of resistance to Fussarium xylarioides in Coffea canephora suggested that resistance is controlled by polygenic. Heritability is low to moderate with low genetic gains of choosing a progeny of resistant parents as source of planting materials; so that resistant clones should be propagated vegetatively. Alternatively, in Arabica CWD resistance has been suggested that presence of certain quantitative with qualitative resistance. Moreover, Arabica coffee was lacking or low heterosis for resistance, predominance of additive over non additive genetic effects and estimated of high heritability coupled with genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) for resistance and incubation period; indicated that selection and hybridization are important to improve population and to obtain segregating generation, respectively. The resistant Arabica coffee genotypes were also significantly associated with extended incubation period, leaf area, stem diameter and minimum number of defoliated leaves than the susceptible genotypes. For further screening, promising resistant Arabica coffee genotypes were planted and also under evaluation for other major diseases, yield and quality traits at sick plot of Gera agricultural Research Sub Center, Ethiopia. Generally, CWD symptoms, source of resistance, host-pathogen interaction, resistance screening techniques, genotypes evaluation, inheritance of resistance, hybridization and resistant variety development approaches were comprehensively discussed. Keywords: Coffee Wilt Disease, Coffea Arabica , Coffea canephora , Resistance DOI: 10.7176/JEES/11-9-01 Publication date: September 30 th 2021