Helicobacter Pylori Genotypes Research Articles

Association between the presence and genotype of Helicobacterpylori and periodontitis.

Whether Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is associated with periodontitis has been contested for decades. The relationship between H. pylori genotypes and periodontitis has not been clarified either. The present study provides a novel perspective to better understand the role of H. pylori in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. A total of 53 volunteers were recruited and divided into 3 groups in this cross-sectional study, namely the periodontally healthy group (15 participants), the stage I/II periodontitis group (20 participants) and the stage III/IV periodontitis group (18 participants). DNA from the subgingival plaque of all participants was extracted and PCR was performed using specific primers for the urease C gene and cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA)/vacuolating cytotoxin gene A (vacA) to detect the presence and genotype of H. pylori. A χ2 test and one-way ANOVA were performed on the data. There was no significant difference in sex, age or body mass index between the groups. The detection rate of H. pylori was 39.62% in the total population and increased with the deepening of probing depth and clinical attachment loss. There were significant differences in the detection rate of H. pylori among the three groups, with 13.33, 40.00 and 61.11% in the periodontally healthy, stage I/II periodontitis and stage III/IV periodontitis groups, respectively (χ2=8.760, P<0.001). The cagA-/vacAs2m2 genotype was most commonly detected in the periodontally healthy group (100%). In the periodontitis group, cagA+/vacAs1m2 was the most commonly detected genotype in the stage I/II periodontitis group (37.5%) and cagA+/vacAs1m1 in the stage III/IV periodontitis group (36.3%). The results of the present study suggest that the detection rates and genotypes of H. pylori in the subgingival plaque are associated with the status of periodontitis. cagA+/vacAs1m1 and cagA+/vacAs1m2 may be considered virulence markers of periodontitis. However, given the small sample size and lack of correlation analysis of the study, further larger scale and high-quality clinical trials are required to confirm these findings.

Genotyping of Helicobacter pylori CagA/CagE strains in gastric mucosa and its association with gastric illness

The aim of this work was associate the presence of the virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori, cagA/cagE, with gastric illness. We found evidence that indicate the contribution of these genotypes with the severity of gastric lesions in patients infected, principally in histological subtypes as atrophic gastritis, and metaplasia.

Pattern and trends of Helicobacter pylori genotypes in gastric cancer: A Kenyan 8-year study.

Notable geographic and temporal variations in the prevalence and genotypes of Helicobacter pylori, in relation to gastric pathologies, have been observed; however, their significance and trends in African populations is scarcely described. The aim of this study, was to investigate the association of H. pylori and its respective CagA and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) genotypes with gastric adenocarcinoma, and to describe the trends of H. pylori genotypes over an 8-year period (2012-2019). A total of 286 samples of gastric cancer cases and benign controls (one-to-one matching), from three main cities in Kenya, between 2012 and 2019 were included. Histologic evaluation, and CagA and VacA genotyping using PCR, was performed. Distribution of H. pylori genotypes was presented in proportions. To determine association, a univariate analysis was conducted using a Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables, and a Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test for categorical data. The VacA s1m1 genotype was associated with gastric adenocarcinoma, {odds ratio (OR) = 2.68 [confidence interval (CI) of 95%: 0.83-8.65]; p = 0.108}, whilst VacA s2m2 was associated with a reduced probability of gastric adenocarcinoma [OR = 0.23 (CI 95%: 0.07-0.78); p = 0.031]. No association between cytotoxin associated gene A (CagA) and gastric adenocarcinoma was observed. Over the study period, an increase in all genotypes of H. pylori was seen, and although no predominant genotype was noted, there was significant year-to-year variation, with VacA s1 and VacA s2 showing the greatest variation. VacA s1m1 and VacA s2m2 were associated with increased, and reduced risk of gastric cancer, respectively. Intestinal metaplasia and atrophic gastritis did not appear to be significant in this population.

Geographic distribution of the cagA, vacA, iceA, oipA and dupA genes of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in China

BackgroundThere are geographic variations in the genotypes of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) cagA, vacA, iceA, oipA and dupA. The aim of the study was to investigate the distribution of these genotypes among H. pylori strains from five regions of China and their association with clinical outcomes.Materials and methodsGastric biopsy specimens were obtained from 348 patients with different gastrointestinal diseases in the five regions of China. The regional distribution was 89 patients from Shandong, 91 from Guangxi, 57 from Hunan, 58 from Qinghai and 53 from Heilongjiang. The presence of cagA, vacA, iceA, oipA and dupA genotypes was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from H. pylori DNA.ResultsA total of 269 H. pylori isolates were obtained, of which 74 isolates were from Shandong, 78 from Guangxi, 46 from Hunan, 33 from Qinghai and 38 from Heilongjiang. The cagA-positive status was predominant in the five regions. The predominant vacA genotypes were s1c (73.4%), m2 (70.6%) and i1 (92.9%). In strains from Shandong, s1a and m1 were dominant. By contrast, s1c was dominant in Guangxi and i1 was dominant in Hunan and Heilongjiang. The prevalence of m2 subtype in Qinghai (78.8%) was significantly higher than that in other regions (P < 0.05). The predominant iceA genotype was iceA1 and the frequency of iceA1 was significantly more prevalent in Hunan than in other regions (P < 0.05). The oipA status “on” gene was more frequent in Shandong (91.9%) and Guangxi (91%) than in Heilongjiang (71.7%) (P < 0.05). Conversely, the dupA-positive status was less than half in Shandong (31.1%) and Guangxi (15.4%), whereas it was 73.9% in Hunan and 81.8% in Qinghai (P < 0.001). There were no significant associations between the cagA, vacA, iceA, oipA genotypes and clinical outcomes. The dupA-positive strains were more common in peptic ulcer disease (PUD) patients than in non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) patients in Shandong and Guangxi (P < 0.05), but the association was not observed in other geographic regions.ConclusionsThere was significant geographic diversity of H. pylori genotypes in different regions of China and the presence of dupA gene can be considered as a marker for the development of gastroduodenal diseases. However, the cagA, iceA, vacA and oipA genes cannot be regarded for prediction of the clinical presentation of H. pylori infection in China.

Helicobacter pylori genotypes in patients with stable angina combined with chronic gastritis

Research objective. То study the genotypes of Helicobacter pylori and their antibiotic sensitivity in patients with stable angina in combination with chronic gastritis. Material and methods. 46 patients with stable angina with a combination of chronic H. pylori-associated gastritis were included in the open prospective clinical study. To diagnose H. pylori, serological method of detection of antibodies in blood serum was used, PCR - diagnosis of H. pylori genes. Antibiotic sensitivity of H. pylori strains was studied by serial dilution method. Results. In the patients (n = 46) stable angina in combination with chronic gastritis in the endoscopic study by the EGDS method, gastrobioptates were obtained and further investigated. Chronic neatrophic gastritis was diagnosed in 54.3% of patients, atrophic gastritis - in 45.7%. It was found that the genotypes of H. pylori VacA had 8.7% of patients, CagA - 34.7%, HopQ - 13.1%, Oip - 30.4% of patients. Only 13.1% of patients had non-toxic genotypes. The absence of antibiotic resistance of the first line of erication therapy - clarithromycin and amoxicillin - was revealed. 45.7% of patients showed resistance, 39.1% showed weak sensitivity of H. pylori isolates to metronidazole. Conclusions. In patients with stable angina with a combination of chronic gastritis, H. pylori strains with toxigenic genotypes: CagA, Oip, Vac A, HopQ predominate. Resistance of H. pylori isolates to metronidazole was determined in 45.7% of patients.

ZAKGene Expression in Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection.

ZAK protein is a member of the MLK family proteins defined as mediators in the cell cycle. A survey of ZAKgene expression in gastric antral epithelial cells (GAECs) of gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma patients with Helicobacter pylori genotypes infection can elucidate carcinogenesis of H. pylori genotypes. In a case-control study, ZAKgene expression was evaluated in GAECs biopsy samples of gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma patients with (n 23, 21) and without H. pylori infection (n 27, 32), respectively. Total RNA was extracted from each gastric antral biopsy samples and cDNA synthesized by using Takara kits. H. pylori virulence genes֝ cDNA were detected by traditional PCR and specific primers. The ZAKgene expression was measured using the relative Real-Time RT PCR. The prevalence of gastric adenocarcinoma was the highest in man and 61-85 aged groups (p < .05). There was no significant correlation between the prevalence of H. pylori infection and patients' demographic groups. This study showed that ZAKgene overexpression gradually increases with increasing age and tumor grade among gastric adenocarcinoma patients. The gastric antral biopsy samples with H. pylori vacA s1m2 genotype infection showed a weak correlation with ZAK gene overexpression (p < .1). ZAK gene expression was higher in GAECs of gastritis cancer than in gastric adenocarcinoma, indicating the protective effect of ZAK against gastric cancer (p < .005). Reducing ZAKgene expression shows the negative correlations with H. pylori infection and gastric adenocarcinoma.

Association of the Helicobacter pylori cagA, vacA, and iceA genotypes with chronic follicular gastritis in a Colombian population at high risk for gastric cancer.

Follicular gastritis is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, but little is known of its relation to bacterial genotypes. Our aim was to establish the relation between follicular gastritis and different H. pylori strains. An analytic case-control study was conducted that included 36 patients with follicular gastritis (cases) and 83 with nonatrophic gastritis (controls). The sociodemographic information was obtained through a questionnaire. Biopsies were evaluated according to the Sydney System and the Wotherspoon scoring system. Helicobacter pylori genotyping was performed using the polymerase chain reaction technique. The quantitative variables were presented as mean and standard deviation and the qualitative variables as proportions and absolute frequency. The effect of each variable on outcome (follicular gastritis) was evaluated through the odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval. Statistical significance was set at a P<0.05. Follicular gastritis was associated with Helicobacter pylori infection (OR: 13.41, CI: 1.7-103, P=0.01). The CagA+ genotype was present in 56.5% of the cases and 58% of the controls. The cytotoxic VacAs1m1strain was present in 82% of the isolates in both groups. IceA1 frequency was 34.8% in the cases and 26% in the controls and the difference was not statistically significant. The population studied had elevated frequencies of cytotoxic Helicobacter pylori strains and the iceA1 genotype was more frequent in follicular gastritis.

Prevalence and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori in endoscopic biopsy samples from a Chinese population

AbstractBackground:Helicobacter pyloriinhabit the gastric mucosa of humans and are associated with several gastrointestinal diseases which include gastric cancer, peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.Helicobacter pyloriexhibit a high degree of genetic variability and are associated with its epidemiological, pathological characteristics and dynamics of transmission. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and genetic heterogeneity ofH. pyloriisolated from endoscopic biopsy samples from a Chinese population.Methods:Gastric biopsy samples from 86 patients (males, 55; females, 35) who presented to the endoscopic section for various gastrointestinal abnormalities were collected. The samples were subjected to a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microbial culture for the isolation ofH. pylori. Further, the isolates were subjected to randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis.Results:Of the 86 gastric biopsy samples, 61 (70.9%) samples were positive for rapid urease test and 37 (43%) samples (28 from male and nine from female) grewH. pylori. Among the biopsy samples subjected to real-time PCR, 39 (45.3%) samples were found to be positive forH. pylori.The RAPD analysis yielded 15 different patterns (four to 17 different sized fragments per strain). The phylogenetic analysis of RAPD yielded 22 clusters at a similarity level ranging from 63% to 100%. RFLP analysis yielded nine different patterns (two to six different sized fragments per strain). Two major restriction patterns were identified, of which 14 (37.8%) strains forms the most common pattern (genotype I) followed by five (13.5%, genotype II) strains with an intra-strain similarity of 100%.Conclusions:The overall prevalence ofH. pyloriwas 45.3%. Despite reports on the declining trend in the prevalence ofH. pyloriinfections, our prevalence rate was still higher than those reported from other developed countries. However, further studies involving a large sample size and covering more regions of China is highly warranted.

Prognostic aspects of immunohistochemical assessment of cellular renewal and transcription factor SOX2 with precancerous changes in the gastric mucosa depending on the genotype of Helicobacter pylori in patients with various types of chronic gastritis

The precancerous potential of chronic gastritis (CG) associated with H. pylori is discussed in numerous writings, and today, CG is central to precancerous conditions of the stomach. A convincing theoretical basis for such an assessment of chronic gastritis is its characteristic feature — an interruption of cell renewal with the proliferation phase predominating over the differentiation phase. However, the determination of the degree of proliferative activity and impaired differentiation of the epithelium of the gastric mucosa (GM) remains not fully understood. The goal of our study was the immunohistochemical evaluation of the expression of Ki-67, Cyclin D1, p53, CPP32, HER2 and the Sox2 transcription factor in GM epithelial cells in patients with H. pylori-associated chronic gastritis.. To accomplish this goal, histological, cytological, immunohistochemical, molecular genetic, morphometric and statistical research methods were used. We found that in chronic H. pylori-associated non-atrophic gastritis (CNG) compared with H. pylori (-), the GM epithelium renewal rate increased, characterized by a significant increase in the expression of caspase-3 and Ki-67 proliferation markers, cyclin D1 (p &lt;0.001) with expansion of the proliferative compartment and apoptosis zones. Ki-67, Cyclin D1, and p53 expression in severe dysplasia (SD) of GM was significantly (p &lt;0.05) higher than the mild in patients with chronic non-atrophic and atrophic H. pylori-associated gastritis, despite a decrease in the expression of the transcription factor Sox2 and caspase-3 in cases of SD. The most specific marker for determining SD in patients with H. pylori-associated chronic gastritis was marker p53 (sensitivity 98.73%; specificity 83.38%, confidence interval 95%, p &lt;0.05). Considering the immunohistochemical markers of H. pylori, a screening system has been developed for the early diagnosis of precancerous changes in the GM that will help optimize the treatment tactics of patients with chronic gastritis and increase the efficiency of detecting dysplastic and atrophic changes in the GM at their early stages of development.

Association of the Helicobacter pylori cagA, vacA, and iceA genotypes with chronic follicular gastritis in a Colombian population at high risk for gastric cancer

Introduction and objectiveFollicular gastritis is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, but little is known of its relation to bacterial genotypes. Our aim was to establish the relation between follicular gastritis and different H. pylori strains. Materials and methodsAn analytic case-control study was conducted that included 36 patients with follicular gastritis (cases) and 83 with nonatrophic gastritis (controls). The sociodemographic information was obtained through a questionnaire. Biopsies were evaluated according to the Sydney System and the Wotherspoon scoring system. Helicobacter pylori genotyping was performed using the polymerase chain reaction technique. The quantitative variables were presented as mean and standard deviation and the qualitative variables as proportions and absolute frequency. The effect of each variable on outcome (follicular gastritis) was evaluated through the odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval. Statistical significance was set at a p<0.05. ResultsFollicular gastritis was associated with Helicobacter pylori infection (OR: 13.41, CI: 1.7-103, p=0.01). The CagA+ genotype was present in 56.5% of the cases and 58% of the controls. The cytotoxic VacAs1m1strain was present in 82% of the isolates in both groups. IceA1 frequency was 34.8% in the cases and 26% in the controls and the difference was not statistically significant. ConclusionsThe population studied had elevated frequencies of cytotoxic Helicobacter pylori strains and the iceA1 genotype was more frequent in follicular gastritis.

Detection and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori in saliva versus stool samples from asymptomatic individuals in Northeastern Thailand reveals intra-host tissue-specific H. pylori subtypes

BackgroundTwo-thirds of the world’s population is thought to be infected by Helicobacter pylori. Although most people infected with H. pylori are asymptomatic, this pathogen is associated with several gastric pathologies including cancer. The risk factors for colonization are still unclear and the genetic diversity within individual hosts has never been clearly investigated.ResultThis study determined the prevalence of, and explored risk factors for, H. pylori infection directly from paired saliva (n = 110) and stool (n = 110) samples from asymptomatic persons in Northeast Thailand. Samples were subjected to indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), 16S rRNA-based real-time PCR and vacA-based semi-nested PCR. Partial vacA gene sequences of H. pylori were compared between saliva and stool samples.The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection in our asymptomatic study population was 64%. Age, gender, occupation and frequency of brushing teeth were not found to be associated with H. pylori colonization. The vacA gene was successfully sequenced from both saliva and stool samples of 12 individuals. For seven of these individuals, saliva and stool sequences fell into different clusters on a phylogenetic tree, indicating intra-host genetic variation of H. pylori.ConclusionThis study reports a high prevalence of H. pylori infection in asymptomatic persons in this region of Thailand and demonstrates that genotypes (vacA gene sequences) of H. pylori may differ between the oral cavity and intestinal tract.

Research progress on genotyping of Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is widely disseminated in human, and Hp infection causes various gastrointestinal diseases, including gastric cancer. Different genotypes of Hp may cause different diseases, so the genotyping is important for clinical and basic research of Hp. This article introduces the methods for Hp genotyping, including multilocus sequence typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, random amplified polymorphic DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and whole-genome sequencing. By reviewing the application of these techniques in Hp genotyping and comparing their advantages and disadvantages, the article provides a theoretical basis for research into the pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance, and epidemiology of Hp infection.

Genotype of Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Studying strains of Helicobacter pylori in a mucous membrane of a stomach in adult patients taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was carried out. Helicobacter pylori genotyping was performed by technique of polymerase chain reaction. Results of the conducted research, despite some heterogeneity, show existence of statistically significant differences depending on existence of erosive and ulcer changes and a factor of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs intake.

Detection and Genotyping of Helicobacter pylori among Gastric ulcer and Cancer Patients from Saudi Arabia.

Background and Objectives:Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is cause of several gastrointestinal diseases in humans. Virulence genes of H. pylori are associated with severity of disease and vary geographically. The aim of present study was to detect H. pylori in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues and further investigate prevalence of babA2, cagA, iceA1, iceA2, vacA s1/s2 and vacA m1/m2 genotypes in H. pylori from gastric cancer (GC) and gastric ulcer (GU) patients’ biopsy samples.Methods:We used FFPE tissues of 35 GC and 10 GU patients’ biopsy samples. Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), detection of H. pylori strain was performed by using specific primers targeting 16S rRNA and ureC encodes for phosphoglucosamine mutase genes. We have identified different virulence genes of H. pylori by PCR.Results:Of all the 45 samples tested, 20 GC and all 10 GU samples were positive for identification of H. pylori using specific genes (16S rRNA and ureC). The prevalence of babA2(100%) was significantly higher in GC as compared to GU (40%) samples. The rate of virulence genes vacAs1 was higher in both GU 8 (80%) and GC (100%).Conclusions:Our study finds that vacAs1am1 and babA2 are most prominent genotypes and may play role in development of Gastric cancer.

Immune Homeostasis of Human Gastric Mucosa in Helicobacter pylori Infection.

We present the results of electron microscopic, microbiological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic studies of gastric biopsy specimens taken for diagnostic purposes according by clinical indications during examination of patients with gastrointestinal pathology. Immune homeostasis of the gastric mucosa against the background of infection with various pathogen strains of Helicobacter pylori was studied in patients of different age groups with peptic ulcer, gastritis, metaplasia, and cancer. Some peculiarities of Helicobacter pylori contamination in the gastric mucosa were demonstrated. Immune homeostasis of the gastric mucosa in different pathologies was analyzed depending on the Helicobacter pylori genotype.

THE EFFECT OF TOXIGENIC STRAINS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI ON CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CHRONIC GASTRODUODENAL PATHOLOGY IN CHILDREN

Objective: to study the incidence rate of different genotypes of Helicobacter pylori in children with erosive and ulcerative changes in gastric and duodenum mucosa, as well as to evaluate the effect of toxigenic strains on the morphological changes of the mucosa. Material of study. 230 children aged from 8 to 17 with chronic gastroduodenal pathology associated with Helicobacter pylori were examined. Results. The examined patients revealed the heterogeneity of Helicobacter pylori genome. The persistence of toxigenic strains of Helicobacter pylori is associated with the expressed morphological changes in the mucous membrane. Conclusion. The development of the erosive and ulcerative processes in the stomach and duodenum mucosa in children is associated with the persistence of virulent strains of Helicobacter pylori infection with cagA+vacAs1/m1 or cagA+vacAs1s2/m1m2 genotypes.

Association between Helicobacter pylori genotypes and severity of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric mucosal interleukin-8 levels: Evidence from a study in the Middle East.

BackgroundThe varied clinical presentations of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection are most likely due to differences in the virulence of individual strains, which determines its ability to induce production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the gastric mucosa. The aim of this study was to examine association between cagA, vacA-s1 and vacA-s2 genotypes of H. pylori and severity of chronic gastritis and presence of peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and to correlate these with IL-8 levels in the gastric mucosa.MethodsGastric mucosal biopsies were obtained from patients during esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The severity of chronic gastritis was documented using the updated Sydney system. H. pylori cagA and vacA genotypes were detected by PCR. The IL-8 levels in the gastric mucosa were measured by ELISA.ResultsH. pylori cagA and/or vacA genotypes were detected in 99 patients (mean age 38.4±12.9; 72 males), of whom 52.5% were positive for cagA, 44.4% for vacA-s1 and 39.4% for vacA-s2; and 70.7% patients had PUD. The severity of inflammation in gastric mucosa was increased with vacA-s1 (p=0.017) and decreased with vacA-s2 (p=0.025), while cagA had no association. The degree of neutrophil activity was not associated with either cagA or vacA-s1, while vacA-s2 was significantly associated with decreased neutrophil activity (p=0.027). PUD was significantly increased in patients with cagA (p=0.002) and vacA-s1 (p=0.031), and decreased in those with vacA-s2 (p=0.011). The level of IL-8 was significantly increased in patients with cagA (p=0.011) and vacA-s1 (p=0.024), and lower with vacA-s2 (p=0.004). Higher levels of IL-8 were also found in patients with a more severe chronic inflammation (p=0.001), neutrophil activity (p=0.007) and those with PUD (p=0.001).ConclusionsPresence of vacA-s1 genotype of H. pylori is associated with more severe chronic inflammation and higher levels of IL-8 in the gastric mucosa, as well as higher frequency of PUD. Patients with vacA-s2 have less severe gastritis, lower levels of IL-8, and lower rates of PUD. The presence of cagA genotype is not associated with the severity of gastritis or IL-8 induction in the gastric mucosa. The association of cagA with PUD may be a reflection of its presence with vacA-s1 genotype.

The expression level of TRAF1 in human gastric mucosa is related to virulence genotypes of Helicobacter pylori

Objective. To investigate the expression level of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1) in gastric mucosa tissue in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and to analyze the relationship between TRAF1 expression and H. pylori virulence. Methods. Gastric tissue samples were collected from patients with gastritis, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia with atypical hyperplasia, and gastric cancer. The expression level of TRAF1 in each group was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analysis. Virulence genotypes of H. pylori were determined by PCR. Results. Significant differences in TRAF1 mRNA levels were observed between the gastritis and gastric cancer groups, and the atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, significant differences in TRAF1 protein levels were observed between the gastritis and intestinal metaplasia with atypical hyperplasia groups, between the gastritis and gastric cancer groups, and between the atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer groups (all p < 0.05). The virulence genotypes of cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA), vacAs1, and vacAm1 were more frequent in the TRAF1 high-level group than in the TRAF1 low-level group (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Higher TARF1 expression level is associated with infection by CagA+/vacAs1+/m1+ virulent H. pylori strains and may promote the proliferation of gastric mucosal cells and induce gastric cancer.

Helicobacter pylori genotypes among patients in a university hospital in Egypt: identifying the determinants of disease severity

Amac: Cesitli H. pylori genotiplerini saptamak, en yaygin olani belirlemek ve hastaligin ciddiyetini gosteren belirtecleri saptamakYontem: Doksan hastadan alinan biyopsiler toplandi ancak bunlardan sadece 69’u analiz edildi. H. pylori taninmasi hizli ureaz testi, histopatoloji ve polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu ile yapildi. Bu sonuncu ayni zamanda CagA, vacAs1 ve vacAs2 gibi virulans belirteclerini kodlayan genleri amplifiye etmek icin kullanildi.Bulgular: cagA 45 susta (% 65,2), vacAs1 54 susta (% 78,3, agirlikli olarak vacAs1a), vacAs2 15 susta (% 21,7), vacAm1 37 susta (% 53,6) olarak, vacAm2 32 susta (% 46,4), vacAi1 36 susta (% 52,2) ve vacAi2 32 (% 46,4) tespit edildi. vacAi1 geni patojenite ile ilgili tek markerdi. cagA/vacAs1 (a) i1m1 geni en yaygin genotip idi.Sonuc: m1 ve m2 alelleri ve i1 ve i2 alellerinin cok yakin esit dagilimlari ile vacAs tipleri icinde vacAs1(a) genine sahip olan izolatlar en baskin alelik varyant idi. Calisilan suslarin buyuk cogunlugu cagA/vacAs1(a)i1m1 genotipinde idi. Hastaligin ciddiyetini gosteren tek tek belirtec vacAi1 idi

Presence of different genotypes of Helicobacter pylori in patients with chronic tonsillitis and sleep apnoea syndrome

Helicobacter pylori, a well-known gastric pathogen, has been detected in the oral cavity and oropharynx in tonsillar tissue. In our study, the presence of H. pylori in the tonsillar tissue of patients with chronic tonsillitis and sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS) was investigated. The aim was to detect and genotype H. pylori for a collection of data supporting the possible role of H. pylori in the aetiology of chronic tonsillitis and SAS. Helicobacter pylori was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). 89 patients, 60 with a diagnosis of chronic tonsillitis and 29 with SAS, were tested. In the chronic tonsillitis group, Helicobacter was detected in 48 (80 %) specimens, cagA gene was detected in 12 samples (25 %) and 12 samples were negative. In SAS group, Helicobacter was found in 24 samples (82.76 %), cagA gene was detected in 5 (20.83 %) and 5 samples (17.24 %) were negative. Helicobacter pylori-specific immunoglobulins were tested by ELISA in the serum of 57 patients only with 41 (71.93 %) showing positive. Our results on H. pylori DNA detection and H. pylori seropositivity show 26.32 % discrepancy, slightly in favour of rt-PCR (15.79 % compared to 10.53 %). The H. pylori presence in tonsillar tissue does not depend on the type of oropharyngeal disease (p = 0.756). This study shows that oropharynx constitutes an extragastric reservoir of H. pylori infection which could serve as an aetiopathogenetic factor for chronic tonsillitis and tonsillar hyperplasia by SAS. No conclusion has yet been drawn about the mechanism of the process.