This research delves into the intricate relationship between environmental pollution and human genetics, elucidating the multifaceted mechanisms through which pollutants exert genotoxic effects and impact health outcomes. Through a synthesis of biochemical, genomic, and epidemiological evidence, we elucidate how pollutants induce DNA damage, disrupt epigenetic regulation, and compromise cellular repair mechanisms, leading to a spectrum of adverse health effects including cancer, developmental abnormalities, and reproductive disorders. Leveraging multidisciplinary approaches, including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, we uncover the molecular underpinnings of pollution-induced genetic mutations, unveiling complex gene-environment interactions and signaling pathways implicated in disease pathogenesis. Population-level genomic surveillance emerges as a pivotal tool for monitoring genotoxic burden, informing evidence-based interventions, and advancing environmental justice. Looking forward, interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative research strategies hold promise for mitigating genotoxic risk and safeguarding human genetic integrity amidst the challenges posed by environmental pollution.