Conflict In Sudan Research Articles

State of Medical Research, Education, and the Impact of the Conflict in Sudan

State of Medical Research, Education, and the Impact of the Conflict in Sudan

The Role of Cloud Storage in Rebuilding Governmental Data After Conflict: A Case Study of Sudan 2023

The aim of this research is to assess the Role of Cloud Storage in Rebuilding Governmental Data After Conflict, with a deeper insight into Sudanese case. To investigate the role of cloud storage in rebuilding governmental data after conflict in Sudan, this study employs a quantitative research methodology. The primary data collection instrument is a structured questionnaire designed to gather insights and perspectives from 80 participants of key stakeholders involved in the cloud storage adoption and data reconstruction efforts in Sudan, including (IT professionals and data management experts, Senior-level government officials and policymakers, Representatives from cloud service providers, End-users and data consumers from various government agencies). The collected data underwent accurate statistical analysis, including descriptive and inferential techniques, to identify patterns, trends, and relationships among the variables under investigation. Quantitative data was analyzed using "SPSS" statistical software. The findings of the research revealed that, a total of 18 participants representing (22.5%) agree that there is a high level of awareness and understanding of cloud storage technologies among government agencies in Sudan, while 28 participants representing (35%) disagree. Which indicates the need of spreading the awareness and understanding of cloud storage technologies among government agencies in Sudan. Furthermore, Pearson Chi-Square test was used to measure the role of cloud storage in rebuilding governmental data after conflict in Sudan, a significance value of (0.021) which is less than (p-value=.05) suggests that there is a significant role of cloud storage in rebuilding governmental data after conflict in Sudan.

Генезис и динамика развития этнополитического конфликта в Республике Судан

The aim of this article is to investigate the genesis and dynamics of ethno-political conflict in the Republic of Sudan focusing on three main regions: the South, the West, and the East. The study uses various scientific methods such as historical, descriptive, and cognitive approach to analyse the dynamics of ethno-political con-flict in Sudan through identifying the key elements of identity in different societies. Understanding the specificity of local conditions, motives of the conflicting parties’ actions and decision-making on conflict resolution in Su-dan, identifying common causes of ethno-political conflict in South, West and East Sudan, and developing rec-ommendations for conflict resolution in Sudan. The findings of the study highlight the politicisation of religious and ethnic factors as well as fomentation of divisions as one of the major causes of worsening conflicts in the said regions. In addition, the study revealed that conflicts in Sudan have deep historical roots and are driven by complex socio-economic and political factors.

Girls on the Move

As we write these words to introduce this Special Issue, scores of girls and young women around the world are facing a myriad of challenges as they are forced to flee their homes, leaving behind friends, family, communities, and being propelled into uncertain and very often precarious migratory journeys. Without a doubt, we live in deeply troubling times. While numbers provide a mere glimpse into the devastating humanitarian crisis of forced displacement, they are shocking. Forced displacement, migration, and (re)settlement following conflict, violence, human rights violations, persecution, disasters, and the impacts of climate change, both in nations and across borders, is an ever-escalating crisis affecting tens of millions of people worldwide. Acknowledging that these numbers are unprecedented, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2023a) reported that by the end of June 2023, over 110 million people were forcibly displaced worldwide and projected that this number would increase to 130 million by the end of 2024. This projected increase takes into account the mass displacement caused by the war between Israel and Hamas as well as ongoing and escalating conflicts in Sudan, Ukraine, and Afghanistan. While current headlines focus principally on the continuing crises in the Middle East and Ukraine, we cannot lose sight of the millions of forcibly displaced persons elsewhere in the world, including those in Eritrea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia, Syria, Türkiye, Myanmar, India, Venezuela, and Haiti. Recognizing regional diversity in the staggering numbers serves to underscore forced displacement as a transnational issue that requires urgent global attention.

Sudan's healthcare crisis: The struggle of kidney patients amidst conflict.

Conflicts, akin to other crises, disrupt lives and healthcare infrastructure, disproportionately affecting vulnerable individuals. The ongoing Sudanese conflict, initiated on April 15, 2023, between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Force (RSF), triggers significant population displacement, healthcare facility closures, and a scarcity of medical resources. Amid the intense conflict in Khartoum, reports of deceased individuals in the streets heighten concerns about public health, emphasizing the gravity of the situation. This crisis compounds the challenges faced by Sudan's already fragile healthcare system, impacting over 5 million displaced individuals, including those reliant on life-saving hemodialysis sessions. This commentary aims to illuminate the challenges confronting kidney dialysis patients in war-torn Sudan, emphasizing the impact on the Al-Goled hemodialysis center. This commentary relies on reports from the American Society of Nephrology (ASN), European Renal Association (ERA), and The International Society of Nephrology (ISN), along with recent journal articles discussing the consequences of ongoing conflicts. Personal observations in Al-Goled contribute to the insights, and data from the Al-Goled hemodialysis center in Sudan illuminate the struggles faced by kidney dialysis patients during the conflict, presented as a case study. Kidney dialysis patients, crucial for regular hemodialysis sessions, confront severe challenges due to the overwhelming conflict. With an estimated 8000 kidney failure patients in Sudan, disruptions in healthcare services, targeted attacks on medical staff, and a shortage of resources exacerbate their plight. The Al-Goled hemodialysis center, initially designed for 30 daily sessions, experiences a surge in demand, accommodating 85 patients daily-an alarming 183% increase. Limited resources, machine malfunctions, and a shortage of medications contribute to the loss of 13 patients' lives. The conflict in Sudan disproportionately impacts kidney dialysis patients, causing disruptions in essential healthcare services. The surge in demand at the Al-Goled center underscores the broader impact on healthcare institutions nationwide. Local efforts to source medical supplies face bureaucratic hurdles and complex exportation procedures, impeding support for kidney patients. Patients, once receiving 3 weekly sessions, now struggle to secure even one, jeopardizing their well-being. Urgent international intervention is needed to cease the conflict and ensure the safety of healthcare facilities, especially for vulnerable populations like kidney dialysis patients.

Child malnutrition is a devastating consequence of the conflict in Sudan

Child malnutrition is a devastating consequence of the conflict in Sudan

Public health consequences of armed conflict in Sudan in the face of global donor fatigue

AbstractSudan, a country located in northeastern Africa, is grappling with a profound health crisis resulting from the recent war that erupted on April 15, 2023. This conflict has inflicted significant damage on the country's health system, particularly through the destruction of healthcare infrastructure. Approximately 61% of health facilities have been destroyed, leaving only 16% operating optimally in Khartoum. Hospitals and clinics, vital for public health, have become targets of violence, exacerbating the challenges faced by the nation. The World Health Organization has noted the closure of roughly 16 hospitals since the start of the conflicts due to staff safety concerns as well as a shortage of hospital supplies, consumables, and medication. There has also been a gradual waning of donor support and resources allocated to address protracted crises and emergencies worldwide Sudan receives very little funding from donor organizations to maintain its healthcare system, which worsens the nation's general public health architecture. This makes the country vulnerable to serious challenges like disease outbreaks, starvation, infectious diseases, deteriorating health infrastructure, and mental health issues. To successfully reduce the severity of negative impacts on public health, the crisis must be ceased and facilities reopened. An emergency disease surveillance system for infectious diseases should be established, women and child health should be prioritized, and mental health awareness programs and services should be implemented. The global community must support the efforts to mitigate the devastating effects of this crisis. This article aims to highlight the critical impact of the recent war on Sudan's healthcare, advocating for urgent measures, including facility reopening, disease surveillance, and global support to mitigate devastating consequences.

Climate Change, Migration and Conflicts in Sudan

Climate Change, Migration and Conflicts in Sudan

Опыт применения ГИС для анализа конфликтного потенциала территории: на примере вооруженного конфликта в Южном Судане после провозглашения им независимости (2011–2022 гг.)

The purpose of the study is to highlight the key factors that explain the nature and causes of permanent interreligious and interethnic conflicts in South Sudan in 2011–2022 and using them to classify the territories of South Sudan according to conflict potential. The article describes the experience of using geographic information systems to analyze key factors (ethnic composition of the population, number of refugees, food security index and oil infrastructure) that make up the territory’s conflict potential (in connection with the armed conflict in South Sudan after its declaration of independence). A comprehensive study of historical, demographic, ethnic, religious, economic and social factors that became the causes of the conflict, allows understanding the dynamics of economic processes in Sudan, and applying the experience gained when taking into account other conflicts in the region, including new possible options in Sudan and South Sudan. The author identifies the most conflict-prone areas of South Sudan — Manyo, Maiwut, Melut and Bayley in the Upper Nile states, in which there are interethnic conflicts between the Nuer and Shilluk tribes, low levels of food security, as well as developing oil reserves and oil pipelines. The results of the study can be used in the process of rapid response and proactive actions aimed at preventing crisis situations in those regions of South Sudan where the risk of emerging more complex problems is high.

Current Sudan conflict: Physicians perspective

Current Sudan conflict: Physicians perspective

Trauma of Conflict Victims and Criminal Prosecutions in Nigeria: Discourse on Post-Conflict Transformation

The aim of this paper is to examine the pursuance of criminal prosecutions after a conflict in healing the trauma of conflict victims to rebuild societies. In most conflict situations, there are different types of victims, thousands of people lose their lives, displace, rape, torture and detain or forcibly disappear. While other people will continue suffer from Trauma of Conflict Victimization. Therefore, the lack of accountability, criminal justice, rule of law can lead to widespread violation of human rights and crime against the law. This paper is qualitative in context, nature, and structure; hence Library Research method and content analysis were adopted and carried out to review the data acquired and evaluate the studies originality. The paper adopted theory of peace making criminology to understand and explain the process of healing conflict victims’ trauma in post-conflict transformation situations. The study revealed that, in some cases such as Kenya, Nigeria and South Sudan conflict, the crimes under international law and other serious human rights violations and abuses were committed. The findings also revealed that prosecutions of war criminals and human rights abusers will promote peace and prevent conflict victimization. Furthermore, Post-conflict transformation contain peace building and requires the development of rules, norms that transform potentially violent actors in to non-violent actors and support political, economic, social and military measures and structures aiming to redress the root causes of conflict. The study recommended that, post-conflict policy efforts should focus on peace building, because that is how the warring parties could be settled, negotiation can be facilitated with the armed groups, and the victims could be empowered and compensated. The paper also recommended that the rule of law should not only serve the rights of dominant social groups while leaving other minority groups behind in the post-conflict settings and international institutions should take into cognizance such issues as the entitlements of groups that are vulnerable to marginalization and discrimination- minority groups, women and children, internally or internationally displaced persons and refugees- in a conflict setting or a country.

Sudan conflicts (2012-2023): how does it prolong and intensify hunger?

Sudan conflicts (2012-2023): how does it prolong and intensify hunger?

Physician experiences with teleconsultations amidst conflict in Sudan

The current conflict in Sudan severely hinders the accessibility of health services across the country. To address this, several initiatives were proposed including offering services using teleconsultations. This study aimed to assess Sudanese doctors' teleconsultation experience, perception, and concerns during the recent conflict. This cross-sectional survey focused on Sudanese medical officers, residents, specialists, and consultants living inside or outside the country having a practice license from the Sudan Medical Council and conducting teleconsultations with Sudanese patients during the conflict period. The questionnaire was distributed to personal and professional contacts and via social media platforms in the English language among doctors who provided teleconsultation during the conflict. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 26. The study enrolled 2463 clinicians from 17 different specialties, and females represented more than half the sample (56.8%). Internal medicine was the most frequent specialty (36.1%) and the majority (68.7%) of clinicians had less than 5 years of work experience. Voice call was the most frequent platform (50.1%) used for teleconsultation during the conflict and had the highest convenience score (p < 0.01), whereas messaging platforms had the lowest score. Most clinicians (73.3%) agreed that teleconsultations created a trusted patient-physician relationship and provided good-quality care (61.8%). However, 85.1% highlighted the importance of physical touch in medical practice. Clinicians were concerned that incomplete information (81.4%), missed diagnosis (76.8%), medicolegal problems (71.0%), and prescription errors (68.4%) could arise with teleconsultations. Most respondents (70.7%) emphasized the importance of continuing to offer teleconsultation even after the war abated. In conclusion, physicians who participated in the current study agreed that teleconsultation provided quality care even in this dire crisis in Sudan. Based on our study findings, we recommend upscaling telemedicine interventions including teleconsultations at the national level. This would require unified coordination efforts of a wide mix of stakeholders to address concerns identified in the current study.

Conflict Resolution In Sudan And Its Impacts On The International Scale

Sudan has always been known for the hostilities that took place there, long before Sudan was divided into Sudan and South Sudan. Both internal and international conflicts involve several countries. After the separation of South Sudan, Sudan began to experience internal conflicts related to the struggle for state power in overthrowing President Omar al-Bashir. However, after the overthrow of the president, a new conflict emerged to seize power between the two camps that had previously collaborated in overthrowing the previous president. This study aims to explore how the current conflict resolution in Sudan and how it impacts on an international scale. Through exploratory qualitative research methods, this study presents primary and secondary data resulting from interviews and literature studies. This study provides information on the current Sudan conflict with its potential resolution as well as some impacts on a global scale.Keywords: Conflict Resolution, Current Sudan Conflict, Impact, International Scale.

How the Special Needs Education Intervention Can Address the Learning Disabilities and Associated Psychosocial Problems in South Sudan, A Case of Jamjang Camps

The study on the Learning disabilities and associated psychosocial problems among children started in October 2022 in South Sudan. The deepening loneliness and vulnerability of the children with the learning disabilities and the associated psychosocial problems among children resulting from the conflict in Sudan, which tore the family union, social fabric in the community structures, and pushed the families into the refugee camps where they have limited access to livelihood that everything to nurture the children is at the appalling stage. The study aimed at ascertaining the presence of learning disabilities and associated psychosocial problems among children in Jamjang Refugee camps. The study used qualitative, quantitative, and ethnographical/anthropological methods to have in-depth comprehension of the facts surrounding the phenomenon. The tools used in the design include questionnaire, interview, and observation. The pilot study conducted in April 2023 ascertained the presence of learning disabilities among refugee children. This consist of dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia elucidated as deficiency to write, spell, comprehend, articulate point in written, grammatical errors, poor paragraph organization, spelling errors, and poor arithmetic calculation. The study also confirmed the presence of the associated psychosocial problems which include low self-esteem, discrimination, bullying, stigmatization, neglect, sexual abuse, and rejection. Finally, the finding confirmed the learning disabilities cause the associated psychosocial problems among the children. Whereas the special needs education with the application of multisensory approaches, different recreational games, and Skinner’s Operant conditioning theory, Cognitive Behavioral theory of Bandura are indispensably crucial in reducing the adverse effects of the phenomenon. Keywords: Auditory, Anxiety, Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, dysgraphia, Depressive disorder, PTSD, visual.

The effect of armed conflict on public health and strengthening of healthcare system during and post -armed conflict in Sudan

Background: Armed conflict has catastrophic effect on public health and overall wellbeing including causalities during war, long lasting physical and psychological effects, the reduction in human and financial resources which available to meet social needs and creation of setting in which violence is primary domain this issues clearly appeared in Sudan since conflict between Sudan army force and Rapid response force in 15th of April 2023. Methodology: This review aimed to reflect the effect of armed conflict on public health especially vulnerable groups and create plan for reform of collapsed health system during and after war in Sudan. Comprehensive review for previous related article using Pub –med, Google scholar Lancet and records from Federal and Local Ministry of Health in Sudan was done. Also SWOT analysis for current complexes was done to detect problems and achieve solutions. Results: The study reflects the effect of armed conflict on public health in countries suffered from war. The vulnerable populations those sufferings during war are elderly, children, neonates and women. SWOT analysis for current situation in Sudan reflects devastating effect of war in healthcare system. The study also offering a plan for strengthening of healthcare system which build on decentralization policy, Innovation related to community healthcare workers (CHWs) adoption and health-financing system strengthens. Conclusion: Strengthening of healthcare systems after disasters is an urgent concern, especially in countries that have experienced armed conflict due to great impact on public health. However, since few studies have been conducted concerning this topic in Sudan, further research is recommended.

Impact of the 2023 armed conflict on Sudan's healthcare system

AbstractThe armed conflict in Sudan erupted in mid‐April 2023, resulting in many casualties, internal displacement, and refugees. Sudan's health system was severely affected by multiple attacks on healthcare facilities and workers, closure of hospitals, and occupation of medical facilities by armed groups. Critical services such as immunization, nutrition, and emergency care have been suspended, disrupting health services in conflict states and increasing strain on neighboring states' healthcare facilities. The conflict also caused shortages of essential medical supplies, looting of healthcare facilities and humanitarian supplies, and destruction of infrastructure, affecting the supply chain and availability of healthcare resources. The deployment and distribution of the health workforce have become challenging and may lead to a further brain drain of healthcare professionals. The financial challenges in healthcare financing are expected to worsen due to the conflict's economic impact on fiscal space and fiscal capacity. The health system's governance has been affected by a leadership vacuum, and decision‐making may shift to the state level. The conflict has also exacerbated the burden of diseases, including communicable diseases, malnutrition, and mental health issues, with potential outbreaks of dengue fever, measles, and spikes of gender‐based violence reported. In response to the conflict, the restoration and maintenance the health system is pivotal via coordinating efforts between the Sudanese Ministry of Health and international partners. The safety of healthcare workers and the delivery of essential supplies need to be restored via strengthening compliance with international humanitarian law, pooling of funds, and services at primary care level. This commentary discusses the impact of the 2023 conflict on Sudan's health and health system, particularly on different building blocks of Sudan's health system as well as the burden of disease and humanitarian response priorities.

Forms of sexual violence perpetrated in conflict and post-conflict settings against South Sudanese men resettled in two communities in Uganda: an exploratory qualitative study

BackgroundConsideration for men as survivors of sexual violence in conflict and post-conflict settings has gained some prominence in the last decade. There remains a paucity of empirical data on forms of sexual violence from the survivors’ perspective, and no study has considered the context of the 2013 South Sudan conflict specifically.MethodsThis paper reports the findings of an exploratory qualitative study on the forms of sexual violence perpetrated against men in conflict and post-conflict settings, with the survivors as the main participants. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit 26 South Sudanese male sexual violence survivors who have resettled in two refugee resettlement communities in Uganda since the onset of the 2013 South Sudan conflict. In-depth semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data from the male survivors. Six humanitarian aid workers who support sexual violence survivors also participated as key informants. Thematic data analysis was performed on the qualitative data.ResultsThe 26 survivors reported experiencing eight direct and two indirect forms of sexual violence in conflict and post-conflict settings. The direct forms include (1) striping men naked; (2) male rape; (3) exchange of sex for favours; (4) forcing men to rape other people; (5) genital mutilation; (6) genital beating; (7) insertion of objects into men’s anus, and (8) taking men as wives. The indirect forms were forcing men to witness the rape of a female relative and forcing men to cheer or assist during the rape of other people.ConclusionTo maximize positive health outcomes for survivors, stakeholders must consider both direct and indirect forms of male-directed conflict-related sexual violence in policy and practice.

Western Sudanese marginalization, coups in Khartoum and the structural legacies of colonial military divide and rule, 1924-present

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the long-term history underpinning the tension between the “national” army and provincial “militias” that led to the outbreak of conflict in Sudan in April 2023. Sudan’s British colonizers created the distinction between what would later become a professional military in the northern region of the country, and what were deemed as “tribal”, irregular and ethnically defined forces elsewhere. The aspiring revolutionaries of the post-independence era hoped they could use the military as a short-cut to social change and modernization that would sweep away the neo-tribal system of “Native Administration” imposed by the British, but by aligning themselves to an unreformed colonial army and economic system, found that they forced violent reactions in marginalized regions. The reactions included Western Sudanese involvement in attempts to change the regime in Khartoum by force in 1971, 1975, 1976, and 2008, which this paper documents. These crises exposed the broader tensions within Sudanese nationalism, based as it was on the ideal of synergy between military and people. The paper draws on a wide range of Arabic and English sources, including newspapers and archival content.

Health Diplomacy as a Tool to Build Resilient Health Systems in Conflict Settings—A Case of Sudan

Attacks on health have become a significant concern for non-belligerents of war, including healthcare personnel and facilities, as witnessed in the ongoing Sudan conflict. About 1.5 billion people in fragile and conflict-affected settings (FCAS) have a heightened need for essential health services. Conflicts often lead to the disruption of the building blocks of health systems, a lack of access to health facilities, the failure of essential medical supply chains, the collapse of political, social and economic systems, the migration of health care workers, and upsurges in illness. While health indicators often decline in conflict, health can also bring peace and harmony among communities. An investment in building resilient health systems and health diplomacy is a neutral starting point for mitigating the repercussions of conflicts. The international commitment towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provides the impetus to emphasise the relationship between health and peace with the amalgamation of SDG 3, SDG 16, and SDG 17. The inspection of how health diplomacy should be used as a ‘tool for peace’ and not as leverage in conflict settings must be reiterated by the international community.