Genitourinary Diseases Research Articles

Analysis of the Genitourinary System Disorders in Adult and Child Population in Osh Region from 2010 to 2019 years

This article is investigating study of genitourinary system morbidity indicators in the adult population of Osh region for the period 2010-2019. Materials and methods: selection and summary information on the main indicators characterizing the morbidity among adult population in the Osh region with genitourinary system diseases for the period from 2010 to 2019 was based on statistical data. When comparing two data rows based on their mean values, the Student's t-test was used to compare values. Differences were considered as reliable at significance level p<0.05. Research results: When analysing the obtained data, it can be noted that the highest value of genitourinary system total morbidity was recordedin 2017 (46546 people per 100000 population), the lowest in 2019 (31722 people per 100000 population) (p<0.05). A similar trend was observed among women: the maximum value of the general morbidity indicator was revealed in 2017 (33496 per 100 thousand population), the minimum in 2019 (23140 per 100 thousand population). The lowest indicator of this parameter in men is in 2019 (8582 per 100 thousand population). The highest value of the indicator of primary morbidity is in 2011 was 22501 per 100 thousand. The population in 2015 was 22899 per 100000 population, the smallest as 11591 per 100 thousand population in 2019. Kidney and urinary system diseases (N00-N39)-21.05% lead among nosological primary morbidity in the general structure, among them chronic pyelonephritis (N11) has the largest specific weight during the entire observation period.

Structure and features of the dynamics of primary disability in the adult population of Ukraine as a result of non-oncological urological diseases

Background. The purpose of the work: to study the structure and features of the dynamics of primary disability among the adult population of Ukraine as a result of non-oncological urological diseases. Materials and methods. The reporting form No. 14 of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the statistical sources of the Ukrainian State Research Institute of Medical and Social Problems of Disability, documentation of regional centers for medical and social expertise are used. Results. There is a tendency to reduce the number of people recognized as disabled for the first time due to genitourinary diseases. It has been confirmed that prolonging temporary disability contributes to this. The official reporting of the causes of disability by the class of genitourinary diseases is presented only for chronic glomerulonephritis and chronic pyelonephritis; for 5 years, the incidence of the first nosology increased by 13.0 % (to 43.8 % among 1,549 registered), the second — decreased by 37.4 % (to 20.0 % in all regions except Kyiv). At the same time, there was a tendency to reduce the incidence of disability retirement for reasons classified as “others” (36.2 ± 2.0 % vs. 39.0 ± 1.8 % in 2016, and in the Central and Northeastern regions it reached 49.2 ± 2.8 % and 49.6 ± 4.7 %, respectively). Apart from the two above-mentioned pathologies, the structure of disability causes is as follows: the first three places belonged to urolithiasis, polycystic kidney disease, single kidney, the next three — hydronephrosis, congenital malformations and urethral stricture. With age, the incidence of urolithiasis, polycystic kidney disease, hydronephrosis, urethral stricture increases and the incidence of congenital malformations and a single kidney decreases. Over the years, the assignment of the second group of disability decreases (18.1 ± 3.1 % in 2020 vs. 20.4 ± 2.6 % in 2016), with an increase of the third group (67.8 ± 3.8 % vs. 65.3 ± 3.1 %), and stabilization of the first group (14.1 vs. 14.3 %). Conclusions. During the 5-year observation period, 12.9 % more patients avoided disability and 4.7 % less received groups I and II. A decrease by 37.4 % (to 20.0 %) in the share of chronic pyelonephritis as a cause of disability was observed in all regions except Kyiv. Structure of other causes of disability: urolithiasis — 45.0 %, polycystic kidney disease — 22.1 %, single kidney — 18.8 %, hydronephrosis — 15.4 %, congenital defects — 12.1 %, urethral stricture — 4.7 %. Against the background of the general increase in disability assignments with age, group III disability among others was more common (7.7 % — at the age of up to 39 years, 63.1 % — at pre-retirement age, 67.8 % — at retirement age).

Determinants of Cause-Specific Mortality and Loss of Independence in Older Patients following Hospitalization for COVID-19: The GeroCovid Outcomes Study.

Hospitalization for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection confers an almost five-fold higher risk of post-discharge, all-cause mortality compared to controls from the general population. A negative impact on the functional autonomy of older patients, especially in cases of severe disease and prolonged hospitalization, has been recently described. However, little is known about the determinants of cause-specific mortality and loss of independence (LOI) in the activities of daily living (ADL) following COVID-19 hospitalization. Thus, the current prospective, multicenter study is aimed at identifying the determinants of post-discharge cause-specific mortality and the loss of autonomy in at least one ADL function. Older patients hospitalized for a SARS-CoV-2 infection were consecutively enrolled in an e-Registry from 1 March 2020, until 31 December 2020. After at least six months from discharge, patients were extensively re-evaluated according to a common protocol at the outpatient clinic of eight tertiary care Italian hospitals. Of 193 patients [109 (56.4%) men, mean age 79.9 ± 9.1 years], 43 (22.3%) died during follow-up. The most common causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (46.0%), respiratory failure (26.5%), and gastrointestinal and genitourinary diseases (8.8% each). Pre-morbid ADLs qualified as an independent mortality risk factor [adjusted HR 0.77 (95%CI: 0.63–0.95)]. Of 132 patients, 28 (21.2%) lost their independence in at least one ADL. The adjusted risk of LOI declined with a lower frailty degree [aOR 0.03 (95%CI: 0.01–0.32)]. In conclusion, at long-term follow-up after hospitalization for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, more than 40% of older patients died or experienced a loss of functional independence compared to their pre-morbid condition. Given its high prevalence, the loss of functional independence after hospitalization for COVID-19 could be reasonably included among the features of the “Long COVID-19 syndrome” of older patients.

Establishing a prediction model for recurrence of condyloma acuminatum

We collected the clinical data of 156 patients diagnosed with condyloma acuminatum (CA), including age, gender, marriage, education level, stay up late, smoking, drinking, number of sexual partners, HPV infection status of sexual partners, genitourinary and anal diseases, condom use, other diseases of HPV infection, location and number of warts, HPV typing, etc. Analyze the risk factors affecting the recurrence of CA, explore the influencing factors and independent influencing factors of CA recurrence, establish the prediction model of CA recurrence, and evaluate its prediction value. Univariate analysis showed that stay up late, HPV infection status of sexual partners, urogenital diseases, condom use, other diseases of HPV infection and the number of CA were the influencing factors of CA recurrence. Multivariate analysis showed that condom use (OR = 0.166), HPV infection status of sexual partners (OR = 4.848), number of warts (OR = 1.212) and urogenital diseases (OR = 3.179) were independent factors affecting the recurrence of CA (P < 0.05). Therefore, the prediction model of CA recurrence can be established, and the area under the curve AUC of the prediction model was calculated to be 0.867 (95% CI 0.812–0.923). The model established in this study has certain prediction value for the recurrence of CA and can be used to preliminarily predict the recurrence of CA.

Disease burden in older Ukrainian refugees of war: a synthetic reanalysis of public records data

Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine on Feb 24, 2022, more than 6 million Ukrainians, including hundreds of thousands of older people, have sought safety abroad. Older people generally have a higher burden of disease than younger people and the aim of our study was to estimate this burden in older Ukrainian refugees, given the potential financial and logistical impacts on the health-care systems of receiving countries. On May 20, 2022, we searched the official websites of the Polish Ministry of Digitisation for data on Ukrainian refugees who had applied between Feb 24, 2022, and May 19, 2022 for a Polish personal identification number (PESEL). We extracted the number of older people (ie, of pension age, which in Ukraine is 60 years or older for men, and 55 years or older for women). We calculated the percentage of older people among these PESEL applicants then extrapolated this percentage to two groups, for which population data had been extracted from UN, WHO, and Polish Border Guards websites: refugees who had crossed into Poland but had not applied for a PESEL and refugees who had fled to neighbouring countries other than Poland. Between April 4 and May 19, 2022, we searched the Ukrainian Ministry of Health official website for data on the prevalence and incidence of various diseases in the Ukrainian population of older people. We asked the Ukrainian Ministry of Health to confirm and expand on the website data, and thereby obtained annual data for 2010-17. The ministry did not supply tuberculosis statistics, so on May 21, 2022, we searched the Ukrainian Ministry of Health website and extracted the most recent tuberculosis data, which were for 2020. We then calculated the absolute prevalence and incidence of diseases in older refugees. As of May 19, 2022, 6·3 million Ukrainians had fled their country, including 3·5 million (56%) who had entered Poland. 1 114 418 people applied for a PESEL, including 109 985 older people (91 349 Ukrainian women aged 55 years or older and 18 636 Ukrainian men aged 60 or older). We estimated that the overall number of older Ukrainian refugees was 624 690. We estimated that these older refugees have a mean of 2·5 diseases each, the most frequent of which are cardiovascular diseases, followed by gastrointestinal, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and genitourinary diseases. We estimated that the expected absolute incidence is greatest for pulmonary disorders (71 689 diagnoses), followed by cardiovascular (49 327), ocular (24 100), musculoskeletal (20 367), and genitourinary (16 836) disorders. The estimated number of new diagnoses per year was 4578 for tuberculosis and 7827 for cancer. Our data indicate that the disease burden of older Ukrainian refugees is considerable. Although our estimates are only approximations, they provide a basis for predicting which areas of health care will most need to be reinforced to meet the challenge of the potential financial and logistical impacts on receiving countries. There was no funding source for this study.

Seasonal variation in association between temperature change and emergency department visits: A multi-site study in China

BackgroundThere is limited evidence of effects and seasonal variation of temperature change on emergency department visits (EDVs). ObjectiveTo investigate the association between diurnal temperature range (DTR), temperature change between neighboring days (TCN) and a comprehensive collection of cause-specific EDVs in China. MethodsWe collected EDVs, weather, and air pollution data in 20 sites in China from 2014 to 2018. We applied a quasi–Poisson regression with distributed lag nonlinear model to evaluate DTR- and TCN-EDVs association. We used meta-analysis to pool site-specific estimates. We also conducted seasonal analysis and assess effects of modifiers. ResultsA 1 °C increase of DTR and TCN was associated with 0.29% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.07%, 0.51%)] and 1.44% (95% CI: 0.93%, 1.96%) increase of total EDVs, respectively. People aged 18–44 were sensitive to DTR and TCN, while the elderly population was sensitive to TCN only in spring and autumn. In seasonal analysis, effects of temperature change on total EDVs were lower in summer. TCN increased risks of genitourinary diseases in summer, respiratory diseases in winter, injury in autumn, and mental diseases in spring. DTR increased the risk of respiratory diseases in autumn. ConclusionExposure to DTR and TCN was associated with elevated risk of EDVs but with great seasonal variations. Our results provided potential time and target populations for adaptive strategies and preventive measures.

Ultrastructural changes in renal tissue in rats with renal failure under the influence of herbal composition BNO 2103

Management of chronic kidney disease is an urgent task of the global health care system, as untreated, it leads to partial or permanent loss of kidney function. Standardized herbal remedies are highly effective and relatively safe. That is why it is suggested to pay attention to herbal remedies already known for the treatment of genitourinary diseases to expand the indications for their use. The aim of the research is to study the nephroprotective properties of the standardized herbal composition BNO 2103, which is the active ingredient of Canephron N ®, in a model of renal failure in rats. Materials and methods. An experimental study was performed on 42 male white outbred rats weighing 150–200 g, which were divided into 4 groups. Nephropathy was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of 0.7 ml/kg of 2.5 % potassium chromate solution. Animals in 3 and 4 groups received BNO 2103 at a dose of 33.0 mg/kg and prednisolone at a dose of 1.9 mg/kg intragastrically daily for 20 days. After animals were sacrificed, their kidneys were obtained and studied with standard electronic microscopy methods. Results. BNO 2103 normalized the ultrastructural picture of the kidneys, however, with the presence of minor pathological signs. BNO 2103 reduced the destruction of basement membranes, improved organelle structure and increased metabolic processes in podocytes, and endotheliocytes, reducing the manifestations of degenerative-dystrophic changes in them. BNO 2103 was superior to the reference drug prednisolone. Conclusions. BNO 2103 showed a significant nephroprotective effect, normalizing the ultrastructural picture of the kidneys in rats with renal failure. This effect is most likely related to the presence of biologically active substances with a powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, nephroprotective activity. The obtained results allow us to consider BNO 2103 as a promising nephroprotective agent for the treatment of chronic kidney disease.

Carbapenem resistance associated with coliuria among outpatient and hospitalised urology patients

The World Health Organization in 2017 listed carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) with critical priority for research. A research to assess carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli (CREc) in coliuria among the outpatients and inpatients of a tertiary health institution was carried out using conventional methods, polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, and bioinformatics. There were 39 positive coliuria cases from the urine samples collected from a total of 126 patients with various genitourinary diseases. The E. coli enumeration (log10 CFU/mL) revealed that 82.1% (n = 32) of the samples showed significant coliuria, 12.8% (n = 5) showed non-significant coliuria while 5.1% (n = 2) showed indeterminate coliuria even when repeated. Significantly higher numbers (p > 0.05) of the sampled inpatients yielded positive coliuria (57.9%) than the outpatients. Though there were significantly more (P > 0.05) urology female patients (n = 77) than male (n = 49), coliuria was more prevalent in sampled male patients (34.9%) than female (28.6%). Highest prevalence of coliuria was observed among the age range (18–30) years. Selected CREc that was sequenced and the sequences submitted to GenBank of National Center for Biotechnological Information (NCBI) were Escherichia coli AYO-WINI111 and Escherichia coli AYO-WINI112 with accession number MT735391 and MT735392, respectively. High resistance was observed against ertapenem (53%), imipenem (62%), meropenem (48%), and doripenem (47%), while 7%–22% of the isolates showed phenotypic intermediate carbapenem resistance. Critically dangerous CREc are harboured by large number urology patients in the study area, depicting the need for more attention in the management of the condition, as CREc are close to achieving totally antibiotic resistance.

Risk factors and incidence rates of COVID-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people with vaccine booster in general medicine, Toledo (Spain), for the period December 2021 to February 2022

Background: The effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 has been demonstrated, but because new variants appear and immunity fades over time, continuous monitoring is necessary. Objectives: To determine incidence rates (IR) and risk factors of COVID-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people with vaccine booster (VB). Methodology: An observational, longitudinal, and prospective study of patients with COVID-19 breakthrough infections in vaccinated people with VB in a general practice setting in Toledo, Spain, for the period December 2021 to February 2022, during the wave of infections by omicron variant. Results: Forty-six cases of COVID-19 breakthrough infections with booster shot were included. The IR was 3.1 cases per 100 people with booster. The IR was higher in &lt; 45 years (4.7%) vs. &gt; 65 years (4.2%), and in women (3.6%) vs. man (2.6%). The only statistically significant risk/prevention factors were the presence of diseases of the skin [RR = 2.74 (95% CI: 1.3, 5.79)], Genitourinary chronic diseases [RR = 1.87 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.95)], complex family [RR = 0.22 (CI 95%: 0.58, 0.08)] and chronic diseases of the mental group [RR = 0.4 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.2)]. Conclusion: The IR of COVID-19 breakthrough infections with a booster shot, at the peak of omicron infections (December 2021-February 2022), in the general medicine clinic, Toledo, Spain, was high, suggesting modest VB protection effectiveness against symptomatic infection. Statistically significant risk and protective factors show mixed results; so, it is hypothesized that they are related to other main variables such as gender and age, and/or with risk/preventive behaviors. However, the small numbers of COVID-19 breakthrough infections with booster shots prevent definitive conclusions.

Use of permethrin and other pyrethroids and mortality in the Agricultural Health Study

ObjectivesPyrethroid insecticides have been linked with multiple health outcomes. One study reported an association with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Given the widespread use of pyrethroids, these findings warrant confirmation....

HLA as risk and protection antigens against urinary tract diseases

Abstract. Currently, there is no doubt about the feasibility of determining the frequency of HLA and analysis of genetic associations, including those that determine the state of immunity, in patients with the genitourinary disease.&#x0D; The study aimed to evaluate HLA phenotypes in patients with the most common diseases of the genitourinary system and identify risk antigens or protectors.&#x0D; Methods. HLA distribution was studied in 384 patients with pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis and 464 patients with urological diseases (chronic cystitis, chronic proliferative cystitis, chronic prostatitis, prostate sclerosis, prostatic hyperplasia, and prostate cancer). HLAs were defined using a standard microlymphocytotoxic test (Terasaki’s test) on the Terasakiґs planchette with panels of anti-HLA serums (20 antigens of locus A, 31 – B and 9 – DR). The control group consisted of 350 healthy donors from Ukraine.&#x0D; The HLA frequencies in healthy and diseased subjects were compared taking each antigen separately, using the χ2 test. The value of the relative risk of disease (RR) was determined by the coefficient: RR = ab/cd, where a is the number of patients positive for this antigen, b is the number of persons in control, negative for this antigen; c is the number of patients negative for this antigen, d is the number of persons in control positive for this antigen. Indicators RR≥ 2.0 were considered significant.&#x0D; Absolute (attributive) risk of the disease as an etiological fraction, which was determined by the formula: s = x - y/1 - y, where x is the frequency of antigen in patients, y is the frequency in healthy people. The indicator s&gt; 0,1 was considered reliable.&#x0D; Results. The association of the most common genitourinary diseases with certain histocompatibility antigens (RR≥2) is shown. The causal role of HLA with a significant absolute risk of pyelonephritis (А10, А11; В14, В16) and glomerulonephritis (A24, А28; B8; DR4, DR52), chronic cystitis, (including proliferative) (A10, B14, B16), chronic prostatitis (including with an autoimmune component or impaired fertility) (А24, В8, В52), sclerosis of the prostate (А24, А28), hyperplasia (А29, В38) and prostate cancer (А25, А29, В40, В44, В49) has been established. HLA-antigens associated with protection against these pathologies have also been identified - А2, А24, В21, В35 for pyelonephritis and А9, В12, В16, В18 for glomerulonephritis; А25, А26, В5, В14, В16, В17 for chronic prostatitis with its complications, А10, B15, B17 for prostate sclerosis, А9, А10, В17 for prostate hyperplasia, A1, B5, B13, B15 for prostate cancer.&#x0D; Conclusion. The study proves the feasibility of identifying antigens of the HLA system and analysis of their associations with different genitourinary diseases, which allows for predicting the risks of the disease and treatment optimization.

Comprehensive Characterization of Necroptosis-Related lncRNAs in Bladder Cancer Identifies a Novel Signature for Prognosis Prediction.

Background Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most serious genitourinary malignant diseases with a poor prognosis. Necroptosis is a regulated form of cell death, and targeting necroptosis is emerging as a potential tumor therapy strategy. Nevertheless, the roles of necroptosis-related long noncoding RNAs (nrlncRNAs) in BC remains to be illustrated. This work is aimed at studying the clinical implications of nrlncRNAs in BC. Methods The RNA-seq data and corresponding clinical data, downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, were utilized to obtain prognostic nrlncRNAs and construct a prediction nomogram for BC. The comprehensive profiling of the functional pathways, immune status, mutational landscape, and drug sensitivity related to the necroptosis-related lncRNA signature (NerRLsig) was performed. Results Herein, a signature consisting of 12 necroptosis-related lncRNAs (AC015802.4, AL391807.1, AL078644.1, AC023825.2, AL132655.2, AP003352.1, STAG3L5P-PVRIG2P-PILRB, AC024451.4, MAP3K14-AS1, AL731567.1, AC010542.5, and AC009299.2) was constructed. The established signature can independently predict the poor overall survival of BC patients. Additionally, the NerRLsig had higher diagnostic validity compared to other clinicopathological variables, with a greater area under the receptor operating characteristic and concordance index curves. Finally, we found the differences in the functional signaling pathway, immune status, mutational profile, and drug sensitivity between the two subgroups. Conclusion This research revealed that the prognostic NerRLsig and nomogram could accurately predict the prognosis of BC.

Shared genomic architectures of COVID-19 and antisocial behavior

Little is known about the genetics of norm violation and aggression in relation to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To investigate this, we used summary statistics from genome-wide association studies and linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate a matrix of genetic correlations (rgs) for antisocial behavior (ASB), COVID-19, and various health and behavioral traits. After false-discovery rate correction, ASB was genetically correlated with COVID-19 (rg = 0.51; P = 1.54E-02) and 19 other traits. ASB and COVID-19 were both positively genetically correlated with having a noisy workplace, doing heavy manual labor, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and genitourinary diseases. ASB and COVID-19 were both inversely genetically correlated with average income, education years, healthspan, verbal reasoning, lifespan, cheese intake, and being breastfed as a baby. But keep in mind that rgs are not necessarily causal. And, if causal, their prevailing directions of effect (which causes which) are indiscernible from rgs alone. Moreover, the SNP-heritability (h_g^2) estimates for two measures of COVID-19 were very small, restricting the overlap of genetic variance in absolute terms between ASB and COVID-19. Nonetheless, our findings suggest that those with antisocial tendencies possibly have a higher risk of exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) than those without antisocial tendencies. This may have been especially true early in the pandemic before vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were available and before the emergence of the highly transmissible Omicron variant.

Healthcare Use in the Five Years Before a First Infertility Diagnosis: A Danish Register-Based Case-Control Study in the CROSS-TRACKS Cohort.

PurposeInfertility may affect somatic and mental health later in life. Nevertheless, health status before diagnosed infertility is sparsely studied in women. We aimed to describe healthcare use in primary and secondary care before a first infertility diagnosis and compare use between cases and controls.Materials and MethodsThe case–control study was based on register data and used incidence density sampling. From the CROSS-TRACKS Cohort, we included women residing in the Horsens area in Denmark in 2012–2018 (n = 54,175). Eligible women were aged 18–40 years, nulliparous, and living in heterosexual relationships. Cases were women with a first infertility diagnosis in the Danish National Patient Registry (index date). Five controls were matched on age, birth year, and calendar time. Through linkage to Danish national health registries, we identified general practitioner (GP) attendance, paraclinical examinations, hospital contacts, diagnoses, and redeemed prescriptions. Healthcare use from one year to five years before index date was compared with conditional logistic regression.ResultsWe identified 711 cases and 3555 controls. At one year before index date, cases consulted their GP (odds ratio (OR) = 5.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.2, 8.3) and visited hospital (OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.4) and redeemed prescriptions (OR = 2.3 95% CI: 1.9, 2.7) more often compared to controls. Cases more often had blood and hemoglobin tests performed, redeemed more drugs related to genitourinary and hormonal diseases, and were more often diagnosed with endocrine and genitourinary diseases in the year before a first infertility diagnosis compared to controls. Cases and controls had comparable healthcare use from five years to one year before a first infertility diagnosis.ConclusionCases and controls had similar healthcare use from five years to one year before a first infertility diagnosis. However, cases had a higher healthcare use in the year preceding a first infertility diagnosis compared to controls.

The contribution of the immune system to genitourinary fibrosis.

Fibrotic diseases of the genitourinary tract are devastating and incompletely understood pathologies. These diseases include urethral and ureteral strictures, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and Peyronie's disease. They can contribute to obstructive uropathy and sexual dysfunction. Poor understanding of the pathophysiology of these diseases severely limits our ability to prevent and treat them. Genitourinary fibrotic diseases likely represent related pathologies that share common underlying mechanisms involving wound healing in response to injury. These diseases share the common feature of extracellular matrix abnormalities-such as collagen deposition, transforming growth factor-β accumulation, and dysregulation of collagen maturation-leading to abnormal tissue stiffness. Given the association of many of these diseases with autoimmunity, a systemic pro-inflammatory state likely contributes to their associated fibrogenesis. Herein, we explore the immunologic contribution to fibrogenesis in several fibrotic diseases of the genitourinary system. Better understanding how the immune system contributes to fibrosis in these diseases may improve prevention and therapeutic strategies and elucidate the functions of immunologic contributors to fibrosis in general.

Research on the composition development of suppositories with echinacea and study of their stability

The purpose of the work was to experimentally substantiate the composition and study the stability of extemporal suppositories with Echinacea, intended for use in complex therapy and prevention of genitourinary diseases.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The object of the study was samples of suppositories made by pouring using liquid Echinacea extract as an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Cocoa butter, Witepsol H15 and Witepsol W35 were used as suppository bases. The study was carried out using modern physicochemical, pharmaco-technological and microbiological methods.&#x0D; Results. On the basis of the carried out physicochemical and pharmaco-technological studies, it was found that in the manufacture of suppositories using liquid Echinacea extract, Cocoa butter or Witepsol can be used as a suppository bases. The main indicators of the quality of suppository samples were also studied: organoleptic characteristics, average weight, melting point, time of complete deformation, microbiological purity, meeting the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia.&#x0D; Conclusions. As a result of the carried out physicochemical, pharmaco-technological and microbiological studies, a suppository base was selected for the creation of extemporal suppositories for the treatment and prevention of genitourinary diseases, the main quality indicators were established that meet the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine, and the shelf life of the suppositories is 10 days.

Prostate diseases and microbiome in the prostate, gut, and urine.

The microbiome in various organs involves a vast network that plays a key role in the health and wellness of the human body. With recent advances in biological technologies such as high-throughput sequencing, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, it appears that the microbial signature varies dynamically among individuals, creating various roles in metabolism, local and systemic inflammation, and host immunity. Urinary and genital organs, including the prostate, seminal vesicles, and urinary bladder, are reservoirs of several bacterial, viral, and fungal communities. Accumulating evidence has suggested profound roles for the gut, urinary, and intraprostate microbiomes in genitourinary benign and malignant diseases. This review article addresses microbiome-related evidence for three major diseases involved in prostate cancer: chronic prostatitis (CP), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa). Symptomatic CP is known as CP/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. CP is one of the most common prostate diseases in young men, accounting for 8% of all men visiting a urologic clinic. Although oral medication is the gold standard therapy for patients with BPH, approximately 13% of men present with clinical progression within 4 years after the initiation of treatment, with 5% requiring surgical intervention. The identification of proinflammatory cytokines and pathogens responsible for the clinical progression of BPH is still underway. Several topics regarding the association between PCa and the microbiome are discussed in this review as follows: i) intraprostatic microbiome and the risk of PCa, ii) gut microbiome and PCa, iii) gut microbiome and the risk of radiation-induced side effects, iv) isoflavone intake and equol-producing intestinal flora on PCa, and v) the inhibitory effect of daidzein and equol on tumor growth and progression of PCa. Further studies are required for a comprehensive understanding between the urogenital microbiome and prostate pathogenesis to facilitate the development of preventive and therapeutic approaches for prostate diseases.

Risk of somatic hospitalization in parents after cancer in a child, a nationwide cohort study.

The diagnosis of cancer in a child is a profoundly stressful experience. The impact on parents' somatic health, including lifestyle-related diseases, however, is unresolved. This paper assesses parents' risk of hospitalization with somatic disease after a child's cancer diagnosis. We conducted a nationwide population- and register-based study with parents of all children under age 20 diagnosed with cancer in Denmark between 1998 and 2013 and parents of cancer-free children, matched (1:10) on child's age and family type. We estimated HR with 95% CI in Cox proportional hazard models for 13 major International Classification of Diseases-10 disease groups, selected stress- and lifestyle-related disease-groups, and investigated moderation by time since diagnosis, parental sex, and cancer type. Among n=7797 parents of children with cancer compared with n=74,388 parents of cancer-free children (51% mothers, mean age 42), we found no overall pattern of increased risk for 13 broad disease groups. We found increases in digestive system diseases (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.12), genitourinary system diseases (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02-1.14), and neoplasms (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.13-1.27), the latter attributable mostly to increased rates of tobacco-related cancers and mothers' diet-related cancers. This is the first attempt to document the impact of childhood cancer on parents' somatic health. With the exception of increased risk for neoplasms, likely due to shared genetic or lifestyle factors, our findings offer the reassuring message, that the burden of caring for a child with cancer does not in general increase parents' risk for somatic diseases.

Optimization of urolithiasis treatment and diagnosis in the Turkestan region

The article aims to identify the main problems in treating urological pathologies by analyzing scientific literature from this field and developing recommendations. The quantitative excretion of uric acid, urine volume, and pH are essential in the formation of uric acid stones. The most important risk factor for uric acid nephrolithiasis is the acidic reaction of urine, which is a prerequisite for the formation of urinary stones. When urine is alkalized, the pH should be 6–6.5. Drugs alkalize urine, and one should titrate using urine pH indicator paper until the level is stable. This study found that the spread of genitourinary diseases is increasing. This situation can be improved by monitoring and assessing epidemiological processes, preventing urological pathology, and optimizing medical care organization in the context of health care reform.

Causes of Death in End-Stage Kidney Disease: Comparison between the United States Renal Data System and a Large Integrated Health Care System

Introduction: Using a large diverse population of incident end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients from an integrated health system, we sought to evaluate the concordance of causes of death (CODs) between the underlying COD from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) registry and CODs obtained from Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed among incident ESKD patients who had mortality records and CODs reported in both KPSC and USRDS databases between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2016. Underlying CODs reported by the KPSC were compared to the CODs reported by USRDS. Overall and subcategory-specific COD agreements were assessed using Cohen’s weighted kappa statistic (95% CI). Proportions of positive and negative agreement were also determined. Results: Among 4,188 ESKD patient deaths, 4,118 patients had CODs recorded in both KPSC and USRDS. The most common KPSC CODs were circulatory system diseases (35.7%), endocrine/nutritional/metabolic diseases (24.2%), genitourinary diseases (12.9%), and neoplasms (9.6%). Most common USRDS CODs were cardiac disease (46.9%), withdrawal from dialysis (12.6%), and infection (10.1%). Of 2,593 records with causes listed NOT as “Other,” 453 (17.4%) had no agreement in CODs between the USRDS and the underlying, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary causes recorded by KPSC. In comparing CODs recorded within KPSC to the USRDS, Cohen’s weighted kappa (95% CI) was 0.20 (0.18–0.22) with overall agreement of 36.4%. Conclusion: Among an incident ESKD population with mortality records, we found that there was only fair or slight agreement between CODs reported between the USRDS registry and KPSC, a large integrated health care system.