Genitive Case Research Articles

GENITIVE-NEGATIVE AS THE UNIVERSAL FORM IMPLEMENTING THE ‘ABSENCE’ CONCEPT

Background. The article deals with the problem of a case category, case typology, and partial case meanings definition which is still topical. Its solution has been proposed by L. Tenier, W. Chafe, Ch. Fillmore and other scientists. The history of linguistics testifies to the fact that even Panini in his Aṣṭādhyāyī paid attention to verb-noun ratios. The case category (case – from the Latin casus < from the Greek word πτόσισ ‘fall’) is the representation of cognitive role of a name in the syntactic construction. 
 The purpose of the study is to demonstrate universality of the specific case segment – Genetive of Negation – in the context of model structures implementing the ‘Absence’ concept. Objectives are as follows: 1) to analyze the current case concepts; 2) to define reasons why case forms are used in their relation to the expressed meanings; and 3) to generate models with genitive of negation within their structure.
 Methods. A continuous sampling method has been applied to search and accumulate the required study units. A comparative method has been applied to define integral and differential characteristics of typical models in different languages. Certain elements of a comparative historical method have helped demonstrate universality of cognitive and model structures expressing the absence concept. A structural method has become the basic one while developing the models representing actual mental constructs.
 Discussion. In the study, we focused on the Genitive Case forms, i.e. on the formal Genitive Case as well as its involvement in the structures able to express absence meaning of somebody or something. Fundamentally, the Genitive Case forms in the Ukrainian and English languages are universal not only to express relation of a person/subject, called either noun or pronoun, to some another object of reality but also to express negation. In grammars, such a form is assumed to be termed as genitive-negative. 
 Conclusions. We believe that any case meaning inclusive of Genitive of Negation semantics is a result of mental activity of the specific native speakers. In the process of historical development, a meaning adapts a number of implementation forms to itself. A language remains those ones being the most reasonable from the viewpoint of articulation as well as cognitive acceptance of the image-concept-meaning-form phenomenon by a community. The capacity to agree words in a speech flow, i.e. capacity to adjust word forms to each other according to the laws of one or another language depending upon specific semantic situations is the genetic feature of human mind able to transform into verbal / lingual experience. The situation is also typical for the studied segment of the forms and meanings. All components of the listed models, supplementing a form of Genitive Case of a noun or pronoun, make together Genitive of Negation forms. Such structures are universal for the two studied languages (i.e. Ukrainian and English) while expressing the ‘Absence’ concept. At the same time, we observe universal and original Genetive of Negation models.

Case Marking in Tharu: A Comparative Perspective

This paper compares the case marking system in Kathariya and Dangaura Tharu spoken by an ethnic group called Tharu. Both of these varieties typologically follow the nominative-accusative marking system. These varieties have different markers to code different cases. Only the Genitive marker -kə or -k are shared by both of these varieties. The dative-accusative markers -kehən, or -ke, instrumental marker -ləike, and ablative marker- ti are used in Kathariya Tharu. Dangaura Tharu is unique in its use of compound case marking in Genitive case. The locative marker in Kathariya Tharu is -me but it is -mə in Dangaura Tharu. The experiencer subjects in both of these varieties are dative case marked.

Case and agreement puzzle in the Moksha debitive

Abstract This paper is dedicated to the debitive construction in Moksha Mordvin, which exhibits patterns unusual for a dative-infinitive construction (DIC). The non-finite verb can agree with its internal argument but not with the external one. The internal argument can bear both the definite nominative case, which is otherwise restricted to subjects of finite clauses, and the definite genitive case, which can mark both direct objects and definite possessors. Personal agreement is mandatory in the former case but prohibited in the latter. I propose that the Moksha debitive construction includes a null modal verb that assigns dative to the external argument of the infinitive. The case marking on the internal argument is determined by its structural position, in accordance with Dependent Case Theory. The case of Moksha demonstrates that the dative case in DICs can be inherent (contra what has been argued on the basis of Russian DICs) and that an argument for biclausality can be constructed based on case and agreement patterns.

Genital Graft-versus-Host Disease in Children: An Underdiagnosed and Undertreated Entity

Genital graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is an underdiagnosed and poorly recognized complication, especially in the pediatric population. We report our data on children with genital manifestations of GVHD and their unique clinical features. The study included children up to age 18 years who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) over a 20-year period from February 2002 to February 2022. A total of 1035 children underwent HSCT during the study period. Genital GVHD was documented in 164 children (15.8%). Among these 164 children, 23 (14%) were age <2 years, 98 (59.8%) were age 2 to 10 years, and 43 (26.2%) were age ≥10 years. The conditioning regimen was myeloablative in 122 children (74.4%) and reduced intensity in 42 children (25.6%). Donor type was matched related donor in 62 (37.8%), matched unrelated donor in 44 (26.8%), and haploidentical in 34 (20.7%). Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) were used in 78.7% of the children (n = 129), and sex mismatch was noted in 31.1% of genital GVHD cases (51 of 164). The overall incidence of chronic oral GVHD was 33% (342 of 1035), and of these, 47.9% (164 of 342) also had genital GVHD. Patients with genital GVHD ultimately may require surgical management; 21.5% (22 of 103) of boys with genital GVHD ultimately required circumcision for phimosis, and 1 female patient developed hematocolpos necessitating surgical management. Our case series highlights the significant association between chronic oral GVHD and genital GVHD. Given the strong association between oral GVHD and genital GVHD in children, it is imperative to examine the genital area in all children on follow-up for chronic GVHD. Donor-recipient sex mismatch and use of PBSC grafts predispose to chronic genital GVHD. Early identification and treatment of genital GVHD may help prevent complications, including scarring and phimosis. © 2023 American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc.

NOUN PHRASEOLOGISMS IN MEDIA HEADLINES: SEMANTIC AND GRAMMATICAL ASPECT

The article is devoted to clarifying the peculiarities of the implementation and functioning of phraseological units in the headlines of Ukrainian electronic media, where they show their power while simultaneously accumulating a broad generalized experience of generations, fill the emotional dominant, and also comprehensively reflect the actual content of the message. The purpose of the research was to identify and describe the lexical-grammatical features of phraseological units (FU), namely noun (substantive) phrases, which required the following tasks: to identify an array of media headlines with a phraseological component; to define noun FUs and find out their semantic content and structure. The object of the study was headlines with phraseological units in Ukrainian electronic editions of national and regional media, the subject was the lexical-grammatical specificity of noun phraseological units in the structure of the title. To achieve the goal, the work used a descriptive method, elements of component analysis (using which the semantic structure of the meaning of phraseological units was established); quantitative method, which made it possible to compare and generalize the obtained results. As a result of the research, it was found that the most frequent in newspaper headlines are nominal phraseological units of abstract semantics to denote the phenomena of the surrounding world; idioms that name a person are also actively used, namely, character traits, character traits of a person, since the main object of the message is a person, occasionally - FU to denote objects or things of the material world. Substantive FUs are most often represented by the combination of a stem noun with the following parts of speech: a possessive adjective, qualitative and relative adjectives and adverbs, numerals, a noun in the genitive case, a noun in the form of other indirect cases with prepositions. According to the structure, the studied noun phraseological units were mostly represented by two-component models, sometimes three-component, which meets the main requirements of mass media - to inform and influence the audience as succinctly and accurately as possible.

The polysemic meaning chain of the genitive case in Polish

Summary The Polish genitive case is explored from the point of view of its proposed polysemy. We adopt the view that the genitive represents an instance of structured polysemy (Nikiforidou 1991). Like Nikiforidou, we reject the opinion that the genitive instantiates accidental homonymy or shows general single meaning. Our analysis demonstrates that several meanings we identified are intricately tied to each other. There are two prototypical meanings with their several semantic extensions, the latter departing from the former. Contrary to Nikiforidou’s proposal of the genitive as a “radial category” (Lakoff 1987), we support an alternative model. In our view, structured polysemy found in the genitive is better handled by a model referred to as the “meaning chain” (Taylor 1988). Some of the meanings identified are motivated by other meanings in the chain, without directly relying on some semantic centre. Our description of the Polish genitive sheds new light on the holistic semantics of this category with allegedly only grammatical meaning.

TWO-COMPONENT TERMS-PHRASES IN THE UKRAINIAN TERMINOLOGY OF SUGAR PRODUCTION

The article is devoted to the linguistic description of the modern Ukrainian terminology of sugar production in the aspect of term formation. Terms and phrases of sugar production are analyzed according to such a criterion as the number of components. Models of two-component terms-phrases are considered. Based on the results of a sample of two-component terms-phrases, it was found that in the texts on sugar production, these terms constitute the most numerous group and are the most productive. This structural type is represented by the following models: "adjective + noun in the nominative case" (Adj + N n. c.); " participle + noun in the nominative case" (Part + N n. c.); "noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case" (N n. c. + N g. c.); "numeral + noun in the nominative case" (Num + N n. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition in + noun in the local case" (N n. c. + in + N l.c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition with + noun in the genitive case" (N n. c. + with + N g. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition with + noun in the instrumental case" (N n. c. + with + N i. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition from + noun in the genitive case" (N n. c. + from + N g. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition in + noun in the accusative case" (N n. c. + in + N a.c.); "noun in the nominative case + adjective" (N n. c. + Adj); "noun in the nominative case + numeral" (N n. c. + Num); "noun in the nominative case + preposition on + noun in the local case" (N n. c. + on + N l. c.); "noun in the nominative case + noun in the dative case" (N n. c. + N d. c.); "a noun in the nominative case + a noun in the instrumental case" (N n. c. + N i. c.). The most productively used is attributive model «adjective + noun in the nominative case" (Adj + N n. c.), which is formed on the basis of the genus-species relationship, i.e., a definition is added to the term, which is a generic concept, representing types of the concept and specifies the generic. The terms of this model serve as expressions of lexical paradigmatic relations in the term system, in particular antonyms. Substantive two-component models "noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case" (N + N g. c.), "participle + noun in the nominative case" are also productive. A small number of terms are presented by models of prepositional and prepositional structures. Two-component syntactic constructions can be replaced by single words, most often composites, as a result of linguistic economy. So, among the analyzed two-component structural models, the models "adjective + noun in the nominative case" and "noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case" and "participle + noun in the nominative case" dominate. Other structural models are less productive.

Case Morphemes in Korean: Their Morphosyntactic Implications

I will show that nominal expressions with a structural case morpheme in Korean have syntactic and morphological properties distinct from those with a semantic case morpheme as adduced in constructions involving floated quantifier, case drop on the clefts, binding condition C and Weak crossover. I claim that structural case morphemes are affixes, whereas semantic case morphemes are clitics, namely, syntactically independent words that belong to the syntactic category of postposition. It follows that nominal expressions with a semantic case morpheme are PPs whereas those with a structural case morpheme are NPs. The present thesis crucially diverges from Cho and Sells (1995), according to which case morphemes are affixes in Korean across the board, there being no independently identifiable category of postposition. I will discuss potential argument against the present proposal involving so-called genitive case marking construction in Korean, which, however, turns out to support the present thesis.

Nominal Linkers in Balochi

This chapter provides a description of the nominal linkers along with their distinctive properties in the Karachi dialect of Balochi. The linking elements in this language signal modification (and complementation) in a head final NP and PP structure. Thus, they are referred to as Reverse Ezafe (REZ). There are two types of REZ in Balochi; the first one appears between attributive adjectives (REZ1) and their head noun, also known as attributive marker, while the second one links possessors and the complements of postpositions to their heads (REZ2), widely known as the Genitive case marker. The data show that REZ1 and REZ2 have further differences such that REZ1 phonologically has an invariant form whereas REZ2 has two different forms depending on the number property of the element it attaches to (i.e., singular versus plural). It is also demonstrated that they display distinctive properties when the head noun is elided in the context of ellipsis.&#x0D;

The Ezafe in Hawrami

This chapter provides a basic description of the Ezafe in Hawrami, a dialect of the Gorani languages spoken in the Hawraman region of Northwestern Iran and Iraq. This study is based on the variety spoken in Paveh, Kermanshah province, Iran. A basic overview of the nominal domain in Hawrami is given, followed by discussions of varying morphology of the Ezafe vowel in the language. Important to note is the interaction between the system of definiteness and the Ezafe. Moreover, the expression of the genitive case in the Ezafe paradigm is of particular interest to discussions of case interactions in languages with Ezafe linkers.

Dirāsah Tahlīliyah ‘an al-Asmā’ al-Khamsah fī Sūrah Yūsuf

This research aims to know the five names in Surat Yusuf, classify them, and explain their parsing. This research is a desk research that relies on books, publications and scientific journals related to the subject. The type of this research is analytical descriptive research based on the analysis and characterization of the content. There are three ways to analyze data: it begins with identifying the data, then classifying it, and finally presenting the data. After collecting and analyzing the data, the following results emerged: The five names are the names limited to (Akhu - Abu - Fu - Hamu - Dhu). Its ruling is of two types. The first is the five nouns that meet the conditions, so they are nominative with the waw on behalf of the ḍamma, the accusative is with the alif on the behalf of the fatḥa, and it is genitive with the yā’ on the behalf of the kasra, and the second is the five nouns that do not meet the conditions, so they are pronounced with the vowel. The five names that are found in Surat Yusuf are (Abu - Akhu - Dhu), but (Fu - Hamu) are not found in this Surah. The number of verses in Surat Yusuf, which includes the five names, is thirty-two (32) verses, and the number of its words is forty-seven (47) words, and they are as follows: The word (father) is mentioned twenty-seven (27) times, and the word (brother) is mentioned eighteen (18) times. Times, and the word (dhaw) twice. In terms of syntax, there are three sections: The first section is in the nominative case, and its nominative sign is the waw and the damma. The waw is found in four (4) words, and the damma is found in five (5) words. The second part is in the accusative case with three signs The alif, the fatha, and the yā’, so the alif is in fourteen (14) words, the fatha is in one (1) word, and the ya’ is in two (2) words. The third section is in the genitive case with two signs: The yā’ and the kasra, the yā’ is in twenty-one (21) words, and the kasra is in six (6) words.

Analysis of Accusative and Genitive Cases in Juz 30 and Its Implementation in Nahwu Learning

This study delves into the pivotal role of human resources in advancing culture through effective language utilization and appreciation. Focusing on the concise verses of Juz 30 in the Quran, particularly the occurrence of Jar letters, the research investigates its implications for learning Nahwu. Employing a literature search and Quranic documentation, the study employs content analysis to identify 80 Jar letters from An-Naba to Al-Mutaffifin. The findings underline the significance of language proficiency in cultural development, revealing insights that can be harnessed in Nahwu education, thus fostering linguistic competence and cultural enrichment. Highlights: Significance of Language Appreciation: Emphasizes the pivotal role of language as a tool for cultural advancement and communication. Analyzing Jar Majrur in Juz 30: Investigates the occurrence of Jar letters in the concise verses of Juz 30 and its implications. Pedagogical Insights for Nahwu Learning: Identifies 80 Jar letters and their potential application in enhancing Nahwu education, contributing to linguistic competence and cultural enrichment. Keywords: Language Proficiency, Cultural Progress, Juz 30, Jar Majrur Analysis, Nahwu Learning

Clinical retrospective study of vaginal hyperplasia in the bitch (2012-2022).

A retrospective study was used to analyse canine vaginal hyperplasia ambulatory cases in Small animal clinic of the University Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria between 2012 and 2022. The study was done to investigate the morbidity of vaginal hyperplasia in the bitch and its relationship with the breed, body weight, age, stage of the oestrous cycle, parity of dogs and grade of the condition. Grade II and grade III vaginal hyperplasia were observed in 3.11% of all female dog genital pathological cases. Twenty-eight canine breeds were affected and the largest number were Central Asian Shepherds (30.47%). Most frequently the dogs were between 2 and 3 years old (29.68%), above 40 kg body weight (58.59%) and during follicular phase (proestrus and oestrus) of the oestrous cycle (82.02%). All the affected bitches were non-spayed (100%) and nulliparous were 70.31% of them. Grade III vaginal hyperplasia was more frequently observed (53.13%) than grade II of the condition. High correlation was found between age of the bitches and grade of the vaginal hyperplasia (R2 = .551; SEE = 0.053), body weight and grade of the condition (R2 = .820; SEE = 0.054), and age of the animals and their body weight (R2 = .820; SEE = 1.27).

Officina di IG XIV2 – A Lead Stamped Medicine Jar from Taranto

The contribution offers the first edition of a small lead olla preserved in the storerooms of the National Archaeological Museum of Taranto, made from a bivalve matrix and intended for the trade of medicinal ointments or eye drops. The discreetly preserved object bears a matrix inscription consisting of an idionym in genitive case: Παμφίλου, from Pamphilos, identifying the φαρμακοπώλης according to whose recipe the medicamentum was made. The name is massively attested in Attica and the object therefore seems referable, in terms of form and material of manufacture, to the ‘Athenian or Central-Mediterranean’ area.

The Syntax of Secondary Predicates in Standard Arabic: A Minimalist Approach

This paper examines the structure of the secondary predicates in Standard Arabic using the Minimalist Program. The main aim of the paper is to make generalizations about the structure as well as to find a uniform analysis of this structure. Among the most important results reached are as follows: The secondary predicates have a unified structure that is derived from small clauses that form a phase. In addition, despite having one unified structure, these predicates have distinct positions. Moreover, secondary predicates also possess shared arguments (with main predicates) and secondary predicates differ depending on the types of shared argument it modifies. We also find that the apparent ‘accusative’ Case shown on the secondary predicates has nothing to do with verbs. In fact, the Case hosted on secondary predicates is an abstract Case, which is derived through the genitive Case parameter. Finally, the control structure provided by some predicates is derived by copying and merging the shared argument from the specifier of the small clause to a higher position in the sentence structure, noting that the empty element PRO does not exist within the proposed analysis.

SEMANTIC AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF PREPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN DIARY DISCOURSE OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY

The article is dedicated to the semantic and grammatical features of full-vowel / not full-vowel forms of prepositions "cherez / czrez", "pered / pred", "sered / sredy" in the records of diary discourse. The authors emphasize the fact that the choice of different forms was dictated by extralingual factors, including the participation of M. Khanenko in the service in St. Petersburg, which affected the active use of not full-vowel form "chrez" used in the Russian Empire at that time by the tradition of imitating the Polish language, while the language of the diary of Ya. Markovych who was in the Ukrainian environment, confirmed the dominance of full-vowel forms. Constructions with the preposition "chrez" – they were locative, temporal, cause-and-effect, instrumental meanings, the latter of which developed under the influence of the Polish language among the studied prepositional-and-case forms, realized a wide semantic range. Constructions with the preposition "cherez" were semantically identical. This fact confirmed active processes of distribution of full-vowel and not full-vowel variants and fixing them in respective languages. Constructions with the preposition " pered / pred" realized a narrower semantic range – mainly locative and temporal, which was also realized by another full-vowel formation – the preposition "peredom". In general, the preposition "sered / sredy" was characterized by limited functioning in the Ukrainian language of the first half of the 18th century. Distributional grammatical features of prepositional-and-case forms were the expression of the nominal component by instrumental case. The studied period confirmed the completion in consolidation of this or that preposition to this or that case, which was proved by the analyzed written records, in which there were constructions with the genitive or accusative case, displaced in the modern Ukrainian language to realize some meanings by the form of the instrumental case. The new Ukrainian language inherited only full-vowel forms of the prepositions.

Морфологический портрет имени прилагательного аварского языка

&lt;p&gt;The article examines the topical issues of distinguishing possessive adjectives as an independent category of words in the Dagestan languages, which are relevant not only for Dagestan studies, but also for general language studies and are ambiguously interpreted in the linguistic literature. The study investigates the implementation of grammatical categories in the structure of the Avar adjectives, which have not found adequate coverage in the Avar studies. This paper considers the issues of the grammatical status of genitive forms of the name, functioning in the attributive form, which are being actively discussed in Caucasian studies. In this research we also determine the grammatical status of comparative constructions formed on the basis of traditional persistent comparisons, qualified in the scientific literature as either compound adjectives or phraseological expressions. It is noted the possibility of realization of possessive relations not only by a noun in the genitive case, but also by a noun in the nominative form. Along with the descriptive method, the article applies the comparative-typological method. For the purpose of comparison and typological analysis the material of related Dagestan languages is used. A number of illustrative materials are introduced into scientific usage for the first time. The obtained results suggest that in the Avar language, in contrast to most related Dagestan languages, along with genitive forms of name in the attributive function morphologically formed possessive adjectives are presented.&lt;/p&gt;

The dual face of structural object case: on Lithuanian genitive of negation

We analyze genitive of negation (GN) in Lithuanian. When the verb is negated, GN is realized on an object that would otherwise be realized as accusative. We demonstrate that Lithuanian GN is a syntactic (in line with Arkadiev 2016) and morphological phenomenon in contrast to Russian GN, whose realization is influenced by semantic factors (e.g. Kagan 2013). It differs from Russian (Pesetsky 1982) in that (i) it is always assigned to a DP which would otherwise bear structural accusative regardless of its semantic properties, and (ii) it cannot affect a structural nominative DP regardless of whether it is an external or internal argument. Lithuanian GN, in this respect, is similar to Polish GN (e.g. Przepiórkowski 2000, Witkoś 2008). We offer a three-layered approach to case, arguing that GN is a reflection of structural object case, assigned in syntax, then translated to morphological genitive case at PF and, finally, realized at Vocabulary Insertion (Halle &amp; Marantz 1993). Thus, structural object case has two morphological realizations: as genitive under negation or as accusative in the absence of negation. Lithuanian also exhibits long-distance GN (Arkadiev 2016), showing that case boundaries can cross non-finite clauses without an overt CP element, suggesting these are not phases.

Pistis Christou als open plek. Is er een hermeneutische uitweg uit de exegetische impasse over de betekenis van pistis Christou?

The debate about the meaning of the Pauline phrase pistis Christou focuses on the syntax. If the genitive case is subjective then it is rendered “faith(fulness) of Christ”, if objective, then “faith in Christ”. This article examines the occurrence of pistis Christou in Philippians 3:9 from a reader-response perspective to determine if the difference between the subjective and the objective genitive reading could have led to a different understanding by the Philippians. The phrase and meaning of pistis Christou will be treated as an open space in the text, which the first readers could fill by following the letter’s authorial instructions and textual indications. The article concludes that a reader-response approach does not provide a way out of the exegetical debate on the meaning of pistis Christou, but that it does shift the reader’s focus from the grammar to the person of Christ.

Comparative study on complications and difficulties in laparoscopy in female genital tuberculosis cases versus non-tuberculosis cases.

Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is an important type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) associated with morbidity especially infertility in developing countries. Laparoscopy may be difficult and hazardous in FGTB. The aim of the study was to observe the difficulties and complications of laparoscopy in FGTB cases. It was a prospective study over 12 years' period on 412 cases of diagnostic laparoscopy performed on FGTB cases with infertility. All patients underwent history taking and clinical examination and endometrial sampling for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) microscopy, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene Xpert (last 212 cases) and histopathological evidence of epithelioid granuloma. Another 412 cases of diagnostic laparoscopy in the absence of FGTB performed during same time were taken as controls from the pool of non-TB cases. Various difficulties and complications were noted in both groups and statistical analysis was done. Mean age, parity, body mass index and duration of infertility were 26.8 versus 25.4 years, 0.32 versus 0.28, 23.15 versus 25.28 Kg/m 2 and 4.15 versus 5.12 years, respectively. Primary and secondary infertility was seen in 78.6% and 20.38% of cases in the study group and 74.75% and 25.24% in the control group, respectively. Endometrial biopsy showed AFB microscopy in 5.3%, culture in 6.3%, epithelioid granuloma in 15.77% and on peritoneal biopsy granuloma in 6.55%, positive PCR in 368 (89.32%) and positive gene Xpert in 38 out of 212 (17.92%, out of last 212 cases). Definite findings of FGTB were seen in 171 (41.50%) cases. Probable findings of FGTB were seen in 241 (58.49%) cases. Various complications were difficulty in the creation of pneumoperitoneum or insertion of trocar and cannula in 16.74% and 13.10% of cases as compared to 1.94% and 1.69% in the control group. Excessive bleeding was seen in 5.09% versus 0.97% cases, respectively. Various injuries observed were bowel injury in 1.69% versus 0.24% cases (small bowel in 1.21% vs. 0.24%, large bowel in 0.48% vs. 0.1%), while bladder injury was seen in 0.97% versus 0.24% cases, subacute intestinal obstruction was seen in 5.8% versus 0.72% cases respectively while flare up of TB was seen in 5.09% versus 0% in cases and controls, respectively. Wound infection was seen in 8.48% versus 1.25% cases, respectively. FGTB is associated with increased complications and difficulties as compared to laparoscopy in other cases.