Genital Tract Infections In Women Research Articles

A CLINICAL STUDY OF LODHRA KALKA PAAN WITH NYAGRODH TWAK KASHAYA AND PANCHAVALKALADI VARTI IN SHWETA PRADARA (W.S.R TO LEUCORRHOEA)

Shwetapradara or Leucorrhoea is a common symptom of genital tract infection in women. The World Health Organization estimated that there are 333 million new cases of curable Vulvo-vaginal infections (VVIs) per year. Physiological excess of vaginal discharge does not require any treatment. But the pathological conditions which necessitate treatment are those involving many infections due to Candida, Trichomonas, Gram negative, Gram positive etc. organisms. For the treatment of Shwetapradara many Kashaya drugs are available in classics. From such recipes, Lodhra Kalka Paan with Nyagrodh Twak Kashaya and Panchvalkaladi Varti has been selected in one group and in other group Panchvalkaladi Varti is selected. Lodhra Kalka Paan with Nyagrodh Twak Kashaya and Panchavalkaldi Varti had shown statistically highly significant result on Yonigata symptoms i.e. Yoni Kandu, Yoni Daurgandhya, Yoni Vedana, Yoni Pichchhilata and Yoni Daha, associated symptoms like Katishoola, Udarashoola, Mutradaha & gynaecological complains i.e. Vaginitis, Cervicitis, Vulvitis & in relieving pus cells, fungal hyphae and Gram-ve organism but on basis of percentage relief and inter group comparison better response was observed in trial group A receiving Lodhra Kalka Paan with Nyagrodh Twak Kashaya and Panchavalkaldi Varti. The overall effect of the therapy on 106 patients of Shwetapradara in both groups was evaluated. 86.20%of patients in the Group A and 68.75% of patients in Group B were improved completely. 10.34% of patients in Group A and, 16.66% of patients in Group B were markedly improved. While only14.58% patients were improved in Group B.

Features of the epidemiological situation with acute urogenital gonococcal infection in the Perm Region for the period from 2010 to 2021

BACKGROUND: According to WHO, more than 60 million people get sick with gonococcal infection every year. Recently, there has been a decrease in the incidence of gonorrhea in Russia. However, in addition to Neisseria gonorrhoeae, other microorganisms may also cause acute urethritis. However, there is no record of morbidity for them.
 AIM: This study analyzes the epidemiological situation of the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection and urethral nonspecific inflammatory diseases in the Perm Region for the period 20102021.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comparative retrospective analysis of the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection and urogenital tract nonspecific inflammatory diseases among patients of the Perm Region was performed using the annually published data of official statistics. The data on the incidence of genital tract nonspecific inflammatory diseases were obtained from outpatient patient records of three clinics in the city of Perm. Epidemiological and statistical information processing methods were used in the work, and the Pearson coefficient was used for correlation analysis.
 RESULTS: The long-term dynamics of the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection among the population of the Perm Region was characterized by a pronounced downward trend. However, in recent years, the number of genital tract infections in women and men has increased. The decrease in the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection is most likely due to changes in the properties of N. gonorrhoeae, causing significantly more difficult laboratory diagnoses and often leading to false negative results. In addition, the high polymorphism of cultural, morphological, and biochemical properties of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms further complicates the identification stage of the isolated strains.
 CONCLUSION: As a result, against the background of a decrease in the incidence of аcute genital gonococcal infection, an increase in the incidence of genital tract nonspecific inflammatory diseases was revealed. The peculiarities of the epidemic process of аcute genital gonococcal infection and urogenital tract and the complexity of laboratory diagnostics of these conditions cause their untimely detection.

Retrospective Analysis of the Ureaplasma spp. Prevalence with Reference to Other Genital Tract Infections in Women of Reproductive Age.

Ureaplasma spp. are frequently isolated from the genital tract of women of reproductive age. To date, it remains unclear whether they are commensal or pathogenic. In our study, we assessed the prevalence of Ureaplasma spp. in a group of 1,155 women of childbearing age. In addition, we assessed how often women with positive Ureaplasma spp. develop genital tract co-infections and how the vaginal pH changes. This study showed a relationship between colonization by Ureaplasma spp. and presenting symptoms. In fact, we showed that colonization of the genital tract by Ureaplasma spp. can affect the occurrence of co-infections such as Gardnerella vaginalis. We also observed a relationship between increased pH values and the presence of Ureaplasma spp.

Acceptability and efficacy of vaginal self-sampling for genital infection and bacterial vaginosis: A cross-sectional study.

Background & aimScreening for genital infection (GI) such as bacterial vaginosis (BV) and yeast infection, for sexually transmitted infection (STI), and for asymptomatic carriage of group B streptococcus (GBS) in pregnant women are common reason for medical appointments. The diagnosis and control of GIs, STIs, and GBS are major issues, for fertility and overall well-being of affected women. Conventional testing is performed using vaginal/cervical classical sampling (VCS); this procedure requires pelvic examination performed by health care professionals which raises concerns among women. Vaginal-self-sampling (VSS), as an alternative to VCS, might capture more women.The aim was first to show non-inferiority of VSS compared with VCS to screen for GIs, STIs, and GBS; second to determine the feasibility of VSS.MethodsVSS and VCS from 1027 women were collected by health care professionals and simultaneously carried out on each patient. GIs, STIs, and GBS were systematically screened in both paired VSS and VCS samples. Non-inferiority of VSS compared with VCS was assessed using z statistic for binomial proportions.ResultsPrevalence of GIs were 39.7% using VSS and 38.1% using VCS (p = 0.0016). Prevalence of STIs was 8.5% (VSS) vs 8.1% (VCS) (p = 0.0087). Prevalence of GBS was 13.4% (VSS) and 11.5% (VCS) (p = 0.0001). Most participants (84%) recommended the use of VSS.ConclusionsThis study shows that VSS was not inferior to VCS for the detection of GIs, STIs, and GBS. This study provides evidence that VSS can be used as a universal specimen for detection of lower genital tract infections in women.Study identification numberID-RCB 2014-A01250-4.

Authors’ response to: Re: ‘Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing genital tract infection in women undergoing surgical procedures for incomplete abortion: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials’

Sir, We thank Thiel and Rattray1 for their interest in our publication.2 We agree that there is a paucity of evidence on the effect of prophylactic antibiotics in women undergoing surgical procedures for incomplete abortion.

Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing genital tract infection in women undergoing surgical procedures for incomplete abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Findings about the effect of prophylactic antibiotics in preventing genital tract infection (GTI) associated with surgical procedures used for incomplete abortions are conflicting. Some reported a decrease in infection associated with the use of antibiotic prophylaxis, whereas others found no significant reduction in GTI. To synthesise systematically the evidence on the effect of prophylactic antibiotics compared with placebo in women undergoing surgical procedures for incomplete abortion. In February2020, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central for Register of Controlled Trials weresearched for relevant published randomised controlled trials. Randomised controlled trials reporting GTI following surgical procedures for incomplete abortion and comparing antibiotic prophylaxis with placebo. Meta-analysis using inverse variance heterogeneity model included subgroup and sensitivity analyses determined a priori were conducted. The quality of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). A total of 16178 women who participated in 24 eligible randomised controlled trials published between 1975 and 2019 were included. Pooled estimates showed the risk of GTI following surgical procedures after incomplete abortion was significantly lower among those who had prophylactic antibiotics (relative risk [RR]=0.72; 95% CI 0.58-0.90; I2 =49%). There was no significant effect of antibiotics in women in low- and middle-income countries (three studies, 3579 participants, RR=0.90; 95% CI 0.50-1.62; I2 =63%), but it was clinically and statistically significant among women high-income countries (21 studies, 12599 participants, RR=0.67; 95% CI 0.53-0.84; I2 =44%), with a strong level of evidence as assessed by GRADE. This study provides evidence that antibiotic prophylaxis is beneficial in reducing post-abortion GTI among women undergoing surgical procedures for incomplete abortion. More studies are needed from low- and middle-income countries. Prophylactic antibiotics after incomplete abortion are effective in reducing GTI. More studies are needed from low- and middle-income countries.

Controversies in the prevention of spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic women: an evidence summary and expert opinion.

Preterm birth prevention is multifaceted and produces many nuanced questions. This review addresses six important clinical questions about preterm birth prevention as voted for by members of the UK Preterm Clinical Network. The questions cover the following areas: preterm birth prevention in 'low-risk' populations; screening for asymptomatic genital tract infection in women at high risk of preterm birth; cervical length screening with cerclage or vaginal pessary insitu; cervical shortening whilst using progesterone; use of vaginal progesterone in combination with cervical cerclage; and optimal advice about intercourse for women at high risk of preterm birth.

Discontinuation rate and reason for discontinuation after sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor prescription in real clinical practice.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are novel antidiabetic agents that have advantages of weight loss and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, SGLT2i have various side effects. To understand their effectiveness, we analysed patients who had discontinued the use of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2i, 3months after the initial prescription. We evaluated the discontinuation rate of dapagliflozin and the incidence rate of its side effects. Patients who were initially prescribed dapagliflozin for blood sugar control from December 2014 to December 2016 were analysed. Data of patients in whom dapagliflozin administration was discontinued 90days after initial prescription were collected separately, and the reasons were evaluated by a direct chart review. A total of 8.96% (149/1663) patients discontinued dapagliflozin or switched medications within 3months. Dapagliflozin was discontinued in 24.8% (37/149) of cases due to unexpected causes such as increased blood sugar and weight gain. The patients who discontinued dapagliflozin use due to side effects comprised 49.7% (74/149). Two major side effects were genital tract infection in women (P<.001 compared with men) and urinary tract infection, which increased with age (P=.030). Malpractice of medical personnel, insurance problems or causes of termination not related to dapagliflozin use comprised 14.1% (21/149). The incidence of side effects with dapagliflozin was not as high as expected. Physicians should consider instructions prior to prescribing dapagliflozin so that its discontinuation would decrease considerably.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis among symptomatic women of childbearing age attended at a Medical Analysis Laboratory in Franceville, Gabon

BackgroundVulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is one of the most common lower genital tract infections in women; this unpleasant and extremely embarrassing pathology is one of the main reasons for gynaecological consultation. In Gabon, the prevalence of VVC remains poorly described even though VVC is known to be the leading gynaecological condition in several countries. This retrospective cross-sectional study sought to assess the prevalence of VVC among symptomatic women in southeastern Gabon. MethodsClinical samples were collected from patients suspected to have VVC during a 2-year period (from January 2016 to December 2017). Gram staining of vaginal smears provided indications of vaginal flora and confirmed the presence of yeast. Sabouraud-chloramphenicol and chromID Candida media were used to isolate yeast, and species identification was performed using morphological tests and the Vitek 2 Compact automated system. ResultsFor the 873 patients included in this study, the prevalence of VVC was 28.52%. Eleven Candida species were identified, with greater representation of Candidaalbicans (82.73%) than of Non C. albicanscandida (NCAC) (17.27%), which were distributed as follows: Candidafamata (4.02%), Candida spp. (3.61%), Candidarugosa (3.21%), Candidalipolytica (1.61%), Candidaparapsilosis (1.61%), Candidaglabrata (1.21%), Candidatropicalis (0.80%), Candidakrusei (0.40%), Candidadubliniensis (0.40%), and Candidasphaerica (0.40%). ConclusionThis study offers the first estimation of VVC among Gabonese women in childbearing age with the symptoms. It showed that VVC is very common in Gabon. C. albicans as the most commonly represented species.

A PRISMA systematic review and meta-analysis on Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Iranian women (1986-2015).

Background:Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the cause of genital tract infections in women. Some evidence has shown the role of this infection with CT in spontaneous abortions. The purpose of this study is to study the frequency of CT infection in Iranian women.Methods:This study was performed based on PRISMA guidelines. A total of 75 articles published in Google Scholar, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Biological abs, Iranmedex, SID, and Scopus databases were found (1986–2015) using the following keywords: CT in women, CT and Iranian women, CT and infection in Iran, CT and pregnancy in Iran, CT and preterm delivery in Iran, CT and preterm labor in Iran, CT and fertility in Iran, CT and infertility in Iran, and CT and abortion in Iran. Finally, 40 studies from different regions of Iran were included. Statistical analyses were performed using R3 and STATA 12.Results:From 1986 to 2015, the lowest rate of prevalence was from 2010 to 2011 (3.9%) and the highest prevalence rate was in 2009 (69.39%) in northern Iran. Fixed effects for different parts of Iran (North, South, East, and West) were Pooled proportion: 0.13 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.12–0.14) and for samples (cervical, vaginal, urine, and blood) the pooled proportion was = 0.14 (95% CI = 0.12–0.14).Conclusion:CT infection in this study was prevalent in urine samples and the rate of CT was observed from culture methods in comparison to other methods. Because women with CT play an important role because of sexual activity for transmission and untreated women are at risk of developing sequels. Also, most studies in Iran use sensitive polymerase chain reaction tests for the detection of genital CT infections.

PREVALENCE AND DIAGNOSIS OF GENITAL HERPES BY IMMUNOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDY

Genital herpes simplex infection is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or 2. This disease transmitted during close skin or mucus membranes contact with an infected person who is shedding the virus. Infections that are commonly spread by sex, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex. Objective: For detection of HSV by immunological and molecular methods. Methods: Two hundred (200) samples were collected from females attending the Gynecology Outpatient Department in the Al-Imamein Al-Kadhimein Medical City and Baghdad Teaching Hospital during the period from May 2014 to April 2015. Based on availability of full clinical information about each patient, high vaginal swabs were taken from females at different ages (15-54 years) representing patients group complaining of abnormal vaginal discharge with or without other symptoms. The Statistical Analysis System- SAS program was used to study the effect of difference factors in study parameters. Chi-square test was used to significant comparison between percentages in this study. Results: Each of the vaginal swabs collected were examined, was preserved at -20 °C for DNA extracts were analyzed. In RT-PCR, the rate of infection was in women with HSV, those with age group (25-34) years and (35-44) years were 50%. Conclusion: HSV infections were detected in genital tract infection in women; molecular methods are considered the gold standard for diagnosis, given the excellent sensitivities, specificities, rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of HSV.

First Steps towards the Pharmaceutical Development of Ovules Containing Lactobacillus Strains: Viability and Antimicrobial Activity as Basic First Parameters in Vaginal Formulations.

In the majority of Latin-American countries, including Argentina, there is a limited availability of vaginal bioproducts containing probiotics in the market. In addition, the conventional treatments of genital tract infections in women represent a high cost to the public health systems. The future development of this type of bioproducts that employ specific lactobacilli strains would not only have a meaningful impact on women's health but would also represent a significant challenge to the pharmaceutical industry. The aims of the work described in this paper were (i) to study different pharmaceutical formulations of vaginal ovules containing Lactobacillus fermentum L23 and L. rhamnosus L60, to determine in which formulation lactobacilli viability was sustained for longer time and (ii) to evaluate if probiotic strains maintained both the antimicrobial activity and biofilm-producing ability after being recovered from the ovules. In this study, we developed and characterized three pharmaceutical formulations containing different glycerol amounts and specific lactobacilli strains. Three relevant parameters, cell viability, antimicrobial activity, and biofilm production, by lactobacilli recovered from the ovules were tested. Although the viability of L23 and L60 strains was mainly influenced by high ovule's glycerol proportion, they survived at 4°C during the 180days. Both lactobacilli's antimicrobial activity and biofilm-producing ability were maintained for all treatments. In conclusion, employing a much reduced number of components, we were able to select the most suitable pharmaceutical formulation which maintained not only lactobacilli viability for a long period of time but also their antimicrobial activity and biofilm-producing ability.

Antibacterial susceptibility patterns of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from vaginitis cases of pregnant women in Baghdad city

There are large numbers of microorganisms, the vast majority of which are bacterial species, are known to colonize and form complex communities, or microbiota, at various sites within and on the human body. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most prevalent lower genital tract infection in women of reproductive age throughout the world. The purpose of this study was to detect Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterium as a causative agent of bacterial vaginosis of pregnant women and its antibacterial pattern in Baghdad city. A cross sectional study to assess the incidence and the antibacterial susceptibility patterns of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in pregnant women who were presented at many hospitals of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Baghdad city during 2012. A total of 450 vaginal swabs from pregnant women (in first three months of pregnancy) with history of fever, vaginal discharge and other clinical symptoms were investigated , by using different bacterial cultures to identified and diagnose the bacterial isolates. The frequency of 128 bacterial isolates were diagnosed Staphylococcus epidermidis 50 (39.06%), Escherichia coli 29 (22.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae19 (14.8%), Streptococcus spp.14 (10.9%), Lactobacillus spp.8 (6.2%), Citrobacter freundii 6 (4.6%), and Serratia spp.2 (1.5%). The antibacterial susceptibility patterns of Klebsiella pneumoniae only Ciprofloxacin showed 100% sensitivity in-vitro. While Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin, Pipracin, Streptomycin, Trimethoprim, Cefotaxime, Azitreonam, Augmentin and Gentamicin showed varied sensitivity / resistance responses. These findings suggest an increasing of resistance to the antibacterial agents that commonly used for vaginitis and the rate at which bacteria become resistant to antibacterial agents are of public health concern. This calls for routine bacteriological culture and sensitivity test in the management of bacterial vaginitis. Further, the provisions of adequate health care that keeping the women vagina healthy and maintain human public health.&#x0D;

Screening of Antenatal Lower Genital Tract Infection in Women of Saudi Arabia for Preventing Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight using PCR Techniques

Screening of Antenatal Lower Genital Tract Infection in Women of Saudi Arabia for Preventing Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight using PCR Techniques

Aberrant expression of interleukin-6 and its receptor in Fallopian tubes bearing an ectopic pregnancy with and without tubal cytomegalovirus infection.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has recently been suggested as a potential risk factor for the development of ectopic pregnancy (EP) following upper genital tract infection in women. However, little is known about its associated underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This was a prospective case-control study that measured the prevalence of CMV infection in Fallopian tubes (FT) bearing an EP and its effects on the tubal expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and its signaling molecules, which are known to play significant roles in the immune response against CMV infection as well as embryo implantation. Fresh FTs from 96 EPs during salpingectomy and another 61 women at the midluteal phase during total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) were collected to measure the rate of CMV by an IVD CE PCR kit. The participants were then classified to measure the expression of IL-6, its receptor (IL6R) and intracellular mediators (gp-130, STAT3) by immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed significantly higher (P=0.01) rates of CMV in FTs obtained from EP (22.9%) compared with controls (8.2%). IL-6 (P=0.003), IL6Rα (P=0.02), gp 130 (P=0.008) and STAT3 (P=0.03) were significantly higher in TAH-positive (n=5) compared with TAH-negative FTs by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the expression in the non-infected EP samples was significantly higher for IL-6 (P=0.004), IL6R (P=0.007), gp130 (P=0.006) and STAT3 (P=0.007) compared with negative TAH. Similar results were observed by quantitative PCR. CMV-positive EP samples showed the highest significant increase of the studied molecules by all techniques. In conclusion, Fallopian tubal infection with CMV is higher in EP and could predispose to embryo implantation by up-regulating the expression of IL-6 and its related molecules as part of tubal innate immune response. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are compulsory to illustrate the roles of IL-6 and CMV in the pathogenesis of EP.

Recombinant expression of Chlamydia trachomatis major outer membrane protein in E. Coli outer membrane as a substrate for vaccine research.

BackgroundChlamydia trachomatis is a human pathogen which causes a number of pathologies, including genital tract infections in women that can result in tubal infertility. Prevention of infection and disease control might be achieved through vaccination; however, a safe, efficacious and cost-effective vaccine against C. trachomatis infection remains an unmet medical need. C. trachomatis major outer membrane protein (MOMP), a β-barrel integral outer membrane protein, is the most abundant antigen in the outer membrane of the bacterium and has been evaluated as a subunit vaccine candidate. Recombinant MOMP (rMOMP) expressed in E. coli cytoplasm forms inclusion bodies and rMOMP extracted from inclusion bodies results in a reduced level of protection compared to the native MOMP in a mouse challenge model.ResultsWe sought to target the recombinant expression of MOMP to the E. coli outer membrane (OM). Successful surface expression was achieved with codon harmonization, utilization of low copy number vectors and promoters with moderate strength, suitable leader sequences and optimization of cell culture conditions. rMOMP was extracted from E. coli outer membrane, purified, and characterized biophysically. The OM expressed and purified rMOMP is immunogenic in mice and elicits antibodies that react to the native antigen, Chlamydia elementary body (EB).ConclusionsC. trachomatis MOMP was functionally expressed on the surface of E. coli outer membrane. The OM expressed and purified rMOMP elicits antibodies that react to the native antigen, Chlamydia EB, in a mouse immunogenicity model. Surface expression of MOMP could provide useful reagents for vaccine research, and the methodology could serve as a platform to produce other outer membrane proteins recombinantly.

Diagnosis and microecological characteristics of aerobic vaginitis in outpatients based on preformed enzymes

ObjectiveAerobic vaginitis (AV) is a recently proposed term for genital tract infection in women. The diagnosis of AV is mainly based on descriptive diagnostic criteria proposed by Donders and co-workers. The objective of this study is to report AV prevalence in southwest China using an objective assay kit based on preformed enzymes and also to determine its characteristics. Materials and methodsA total of 1948 outpatients were enrolled and tested by a commercial diagnostic kit to investigate the AV prevalence and characteristics in southwestern China. The study mainly examined the vaginal ecosystem, age distribution, Lactobacillus amount, and changes in pH. Differences within groups were analyzed by Wilcoxon two-sample test. ResultsThe AV detection rate is 15.40%. The AV patients were usually seen in the sexually active age group of 20–30 years, followed by those in the age group of 30–40 years. The vaginal ecosystems of all the patients studied were absolutely abnormal, and diagnosed to have a combined infection [aerobic vaginitis (AV) + bacterial vaginitis (BV) 61.33%; 184/300]. Aerobic bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, were predominantly found in the vaginal samples of these women. ConclusionAV is a common type of genital infection in southwestern China and is characterized by sexually active age and combined infection predominated by the AV and BV type.

Bacterial Vaginosis Biofilms: Challenges to Current Therapies and Emerging Solutions.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common genital tract infection in women during their reproductive years and it has been associated with serious health complications, such as preterm delivery and acquisition or transmission of several sexually transmitted agents. BV is characterized by a reduction of beneficial lactobacilli and a significant increase in number of anaerobic bacteria, including Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus spp., Bacteroides spp. and Prevotella spp.. Being polymicrobial in nature, BV etiology remains unclear. However, it is certain that BV involves the presence of a thick vaginal multi-species biofilm, where G. vaginalis is the predominant species. Similar to what happens in many other biofilm-related infections, standard antibiotics, like metronidazole, are unable to fully eradicate the vaginal biofilm, which can explain the high recurrence rates of BV. Furthermore, antibiotic therapy can also cause a negative impact on the healthy vaginal microflora. These issues sparked the interest in developing alternative therapeutic strategies. This review provides a quick synopsis of the currently approved and available antibiotics for BV treatment while presenting an overview of novel strategies that are being explored for the treatment of this disorder, with special focus on natural compounds that are able to overcome biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance.

The vaginal microbiome is stable in prepubertal and sexually mature Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs throughout an estrous cycle.

Although the pig has been introduced as an advanced animal model of genital tract infections in women, almost no knowledge exists on the porcine vaginal microbiota, especially in barrier-raised Göttingen Minipigs. In women, the vaginal microbiota plays a crucial role for a healthy vaginal environment and the fate of sexually transmitted infections such as Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Therefore, knowledge on the vaginal microbiota is urgently needed for the minipig model. The aim of this study was to characterize the microbiota of the anterior vagina by 16 s rRNA gene sequencing in prepubertal and sexually mature Göttingen Minipigs during an estrous cycle. The dominating phyla in the vaginal microbiota consisted of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes and Tenericutes. The most abundant bacterial families were Enterobacteriaceae, unclassified families from Gammaproteobacteria, Clostridiales Family XI Incertae Sedis, Paenibacillaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Syntrophaceae. We found a higher abundance of Lactobacillaceae in the prepubertal Göttingen Minipigs compared to sexually mature non-pregnant Göttingen Minipigs. However, correlation tests and diversity parameters revealed a very stable vaginal microbiota in the Göttingen Minipigs, both before and after sexual maturity and on different days throughout an estrous cycle. The vaginal microbiota in Göttingen Minipigs was not dominated by lactobacilli, as it is in women and according to our results the minipig vaginal microbiota is very stable, in opposite to women. These differences should be considered when using the minipig as a model of the genital tract in women.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-015-0274-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Bilateral adrenal abscesses in a neonate caused by Prevotella bivia

We report a case of bilateral adrenal abscess in a term neonate probably a consequence of perinatal adrenal hemor- rhage caused by Prevotella bivia, an organism known to cause genital tract infections in women. Adrenal abscess is rare in the neonatal period and bilateral abscesses are even more uncommon. However its possibility should be listed in the differential diagnosis in the clinically well neonates with raised inflammatory markers.