Genital Parts Research Articles

GENITAL LOCK-AND-KEY AS A SELECTIVE AGENT AGAINST HYBRIDIZATION.

We demonstrate experimentally that differences in genital characters impose a direct cost of interspecific copulation on two closely related carabid species, Carabus (Ohomopterus) maiyasanus and C. (O.) iwawakianus, that share a narrow hybrid zone. Males of both species attempted copulation indiscriminately between conspecific and heterospecific females. Females experiencing heterospecific mating often suffered mortality due to rupture of their vaginal membranes. Those without fatal injury laid eggs which developed into F1 adults, but the fertilization rate was much lower than for intraspecific pairs. Males of C. maiyasanus, but not C. iwawakianus, often had broken genital parts (copulatory pieces) following interspecific copulations, which may prevent normal copulation in subsequent matings. Because of female mortality and low fertilization rate, the estimated fitness cost of interspecific mating was very large in terms of the reduction in the number of offspring (hatching larvae) for both sexes and both species. Thus, genital lock-and-key appears to exert significant selection against hybridization in the hybrid zone of these carabid beetles.

Incubation of zigzag-shaped oothecae in some ovoviviparous cockroaches gyna capucina and G. henrardi (Blattaria: Blaberidae)

INTRODUCTION Reproductive modes are diverse in cockroaches especially with respect to the di}erent kinds of ootheca incubation 0869#[ All species belonging to the family Blaberidae*mostly considered as ovoviviparous or false ovoviviparous*protrude their oothecae and then retract them into an abdominal brood sac 0878#[ Prior to this the ootheca is protruded and rotated so that the keel is reoriented laterally[ In the family several di}erent modalities have derived from this basic mode of retraction and internal incubation[ Either the oothecal membrane disappeared in the Geoscapheinae and separate eggs are retracted into the brood sac true ovoviviparity Rugg andRose 0873# or nutrients are supplied by thematernal brood sac to the embryos in Diploptera punctata vivi! parity Stay and Roth 0847#[ While dissecting the genital parts of the cockroach Gyna capucina Gerstaecker and Gyna henrardi Hanitsch subfamily Gyninae# a third and undescribedmodality* the {{zigzag retraction|| of the ootheca into the brood sac*was discovered[ This paper describes this new modality of ootheca retraction and explores its relation! ships with brood size[ Gyna capucina and G[ henrardi are large and wide! spread species in central Africa Princis 0853#^ they belong to the Gyninae in the ovoviviparous family Blaberidae Grandcolas 0882a 0885#[ The genus Gyna comprises many species distributed mainly in for! ested regions of tropical Africa[ They burrow in dust at the bottom of cavities either in treeholes or in termite nest holes or in the mounds of Driver ant nests Grandcolas 0882b 0883 0886#[ Their reproductive biology has never been studied[ Oothecae ofG[ capucina andG[ henrardiwere observed

Urologic sequelae of childhood genitourinary trauma and abuse in men: principles of recognition with fifteen case illustrations

Providing urologic care to men who have been traumatized during childhood may be especially challenging because of the extent, severity, and unusual character of their urogenital problems. Recognition of past trauma entails attentiveness to patients' background and behaviors. As illustrated through these 15 cases, patients who present with too many past surgeries, too many unremitting urologic complaints, too little sexual function and too few genital parts, sexual impulses that are too strong, sexualized conduct in clinical settings, and self-destructive behaviors surrounding sexuality may have experienced trauma in the past. While empirical studies are necessary to demonstrate the ultimate utility of these categories, appreciation of these clinical indications improves the urologic care provided to traumatized men in four ways: by elucidating unusual and unusually recalcitrant urologic complaints, thereby clarifying clinical decisions; by allowing for appropriate use of psychiatric consultation; by promoting a better understanding of the sequelae of trauma in men; and by alleviating the discomfort naturally felt by urologists and their staff when caring for these difficult, multiproblem patients.

Analytical Support for the Detection and Treatment of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

On 27th June 1670, there was born at Delft an infant, whom, because of malformation of its genital parts, its parents did not want distinguished with either male or female name until they consulted experts in the matter. The experts judged it to be a male because of an apparently perfect male member and swellings hanging like testicles underneath. The infant was, therefore, called Cornelius. Struck by a serious illness, Cornelius departed this life on 19th July. At autopsy it was decided that Cornelius was 'merely a girl with a huge clitoris'. Although no comment was made as to the size of the adrenal glands there is a high probability that this was a case of salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Today laboratory medicine plays a major role in diagnosis and treatment helping to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with this condition. CAH is a family of inherited disorders caused by defective adrenal steroid biosynthetic enzymes. There are five such defects affecting P-450c21 (21-hydroxylase), P-450cll~ (l1{3-hydroxylase), 3{3hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, P-450c17 (17ahydroxylase) and p-450scc(cholesterol side chain cleavage, previously termed 20,22 desmolase; Fig. I). All result in some impairment of cortisol production with a secondary increase in pituitary

Phantom perception and phantom pain

"Phantom limb" is a well-known phenomenon following loss or amputation of a limb. The limb still seems to be present, although it is no longer there, but the sensation is not associated with pain. Less well-known are the phenomena of autosomatognosis and pain after the loss of other parts of the body such as the genital parts or after partial or complete deafferentiations as in a traumatic transverse syndrome, lesion of the brachial plexus, or lesions of the CNS. Although many hypotheses have been advanced to explain the pathophysiological mechanisms resulting in these phenomena, the pathogenetic fundamentals have not been properly clarified to date. That is also why manifold approaches have evolved to treat phantom limb pain. The authors survey the literature published so far on this subject and report on their own studies. This gives an overall view of the many aspects of autosomatognosis, phantom limb pain, hypotheses on pathophysiology, and the currently employed treatment strategies.

Development of Internal Body Image from Childhood to Early Adolescence

The study aimed at providing a psychogenetic characterization of the developmental patterns through which the graphic representations of the inside of the body progress, and at testing the developmental hypothesis of a progressive integration of genital parts into the internal body image. The drawings of the inside of the body by 360 children of both sexes and of age 5 to 10 yr., and by 213 early adolescents, boys and girls of ages 11 to 14 yr., were analyzed on the basis of a series of qualitative and quantitative criteria. The relationship between age and type of drawing corresponds to expectations in children and appears less linear for early adolescents. Further, data support the developmental process of integration of genitals into the body image and show differential aspects in boys and girls.

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL BODY IMAGE FROM CHILDHOOD TO EARLY ADOLESCENCE

The study aimed at providing a psychogenetic characterization of the developmental patterns through which the graphic representations of the inside of the body progress, and at testing the developmental hypothesis of a progressive integration of genital parts into the internal body image. The drawings of the inside of the body by 360 children of both sexes and of age 5 to 10 yr., and by 213 early adolescents, boys and girls of ages 11 to 14 yr., were analyzed on the basis of a series of qualitative and quantitative criteria. The relationship between age and type of drawing corresponds to expectations in children and appears less linear for early adolescents. Further, data support the developmental process of integration of genitals into the body image and show differential aspects in boys and girls.

TWO BILATERAL GYNANDROMORPHS IN THE CALYPTRATAE (DIPTERA): HYDROTAEA METEORICA (MUSCIDAE) AND SIPHONA HOKKAIDENSIS (TACHINIDAE)

AbstractTwo bilateral gynandromorphs, specimens of Hydrotaea meteorica (Linn.) (Muscidae) and Siphona hokkaidensis Mesnil (Tachinidae), are described and illustrated. Circumversion of male genital parts is thought to have been prevented by adjacent female genital elements. Study of essentially unrotated male genital halves of these specimens suggests that asymmetry of male sternite 6 in schizophorans results from asymmetrical development (as advocated by Emmert (1972) and Griffiths (1972)) and not as a consequence of slight rotation during circumversion (as advocated by Crampton (1942) and McAlpine (1981)). From study of genital fusion of male and female sclerites across midline, it is further suggested that sternite 6 + 7 in the above species is derived primarily from sternite 6, not from sternites 6 plus 7 as described in Calliphora vicina R.D. by Emmert (1972).

Homologies Entre les Pièces Génitales Mâles de Quelques Diptères Nématocères

SummaryAlthough the Thaumaleidae, the Ceratopogonidae, the Psychodidae and the Chironomidae are closely related families, different terms are often used to name a same kind of male genital parts. The author attempts to find a nomenclature, which will be suitable both for species with a direct hypopygium and for those which have an hypopygium inversum. Some genital parts can have very different sizes and shapes according to the species, and nevertheless have about the same position; therefore an attempt is made to name the parts according to their respective places.

73 NAMING MALE AND FEMALE GENITALIA

To document the clinical impression that young girls in the U.S. are given little or confusing information about their external genitalia, families were interviewed and preschool books and toys evaluated. 30 highly educated mothers were asked by their pediatrician about the terms for genitalia they used with their 25 female and 31 male children between 1 and 18 years of age. Mothers used words for male external genitalia with 100% of their boys, and words for testicles in addition to penis were reported for 39%. Only 8% of the girls were given a specific label(s) for their external genitalia; vagina was the sole sex organ term for 88%. Women reported with regret that they had learned words for their own external genitalia only in adolescence or adulthood. Yet they had not provided their girls with a different experience.Of the recent books on sex and reproduction for children grade 1 or below available in local libraries and bookstores, the few which dealt explicitly with anatomical sex differences were similarly misleading. Of these 11 books, only 1 used a term for female external genitalia, but all labeled the male. “Anatomically correct” dolls showed male genitalia, penis and scrotum. So-called female dolls had no genitalia. Neither parents, books nor toys help the young girl identify and understand her major sex organs. This avoidance or omission may reflect a persisting intrapsychic and societal discomfort with the external female genitalia and may interfere with the little girl's pride and pleasure in those genital parts most interesting and important during toilet training and the preschool years.

Some diptera thaumaleidae from Europe

Abstract Homologies between the male genital parts of Androprosopa larvata and those of the Orphne‐philina are pointed out. Two new species of Thaumalea, Th. alpina sp. n. and Th. loscanicasp. n.,are described. The author shows the taxonomic importance of the female genital parts examined in ventral view. Those of nine different species are described and figured. A key is presented for the females of 22 species.

The Homologies of the Male Genitalia of Rhynchophora and Allied Coleoptera1

The purposes of this paper are to emphasize the homologies of the male genitalia of the Rhynchophora and allied Coleoptera, to correlate these findings with those of Wood (1952) concerning Coleoptera as a whole, and to establish a terminology for the structures in accord with the interordinal homologies of genital parts suggested by Michener (1944). Various representatives of the cucujid-Phytophaga-Rhynchophora series have been examined, and selected examples are illustrated in the accompanying figures. The illustrations presented by Sharp and Muir (1912) and Jeannel and Paulian (1944) make other figures unnecessary here.

A STUDY OF THE MALE GENITALIA OF CANADIAN SPECIES OF PENTATOMIDAE

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A STUDY OF THE MALE GENITALIA OF CANADIAN SPECIES OF PENTATOMIDAE

A description of the male genitalia of the Pentatomidae is given, followed by a comparative study of these structures as found in Canadian species of this family. The development of our knowledge of the subject is indicated and the more important papers reviewed in the light of the author's findings. Each of the genital structures is discussed and described in turn. The act of copulation and the workings of the genital parts are described. Descriptions of a number of Canadian species of Pentatomidae are given in detail. A section is devoted to an explanation of the general line of development of the genital structures within the family.

Sexual function in prostatectomized persons. Lissmann (Münch. med. Woch., 1928, No. 9)

Lissmann, after encountering in practice the question about preservation of sexual ability during prostatectomy and not finding an answer to it in the relevant literature, addressed a questionnaire on the subject to 220 urologists and surgeons in Europe and America. After processing the 100 responses, he came to the following conclusions: 1) Libido and functio erigendi are probably not affected by the so-called transmucosal prostatectomy and may even occasionally increase and, if they subside, reappear. 2) The preservation of the potentia generandi depends on the extent to which the genital parts of the posterior urethra are spared during the operation, which is undoubtedly possible. 3) Ejaculation may be destroyed by the operation.

Treatment of inflammatory diseases of the female genitalia with iontophoresis

The treatment of inflammatory diseases of the female genitalia has long been one of the most important tasks of the gynecologist. With the development of surgery, surgical methods of treatment began to be applied: exudates were removed, the uterus and inflamed appendages were extirpated, etc.; but the danger of surgical intervention on the one hand, and on the other - the severe consequences of removal of organs such as ovaries, especially in young women - forced gynecologists to spend much effort in discovering and improving non-operative methods of treatment of inflammatory diseases of the female genital parts. Among these methods, physical methods such as water, mud, light baths, massage, etc., as well as those related to electricity have long been prominent.

Toward the teaching of female hypospadias

The name "hypospadia" is used to describe a malformation, the essence of which consists in the split or absence of the anterior wall of the organs, which develop in embryonic life from the allantois, i.e. mainly the urethra and the bladder. Since Meyerhofer's time, the name of female hypospadia has been attributed to that malformation of the female genital parts in which the vaginal fornix in an adult woman retains the embryological features of the urogenital sinus, having the appearance of a deep funnel-shaped canal.

Clinical anatomy of the female pelvic organs

As all other branches of practical medicine, gynecology is based on a solid scientific basis, which is primarily the anatomy of the female genital parts and other pelvic organs of the woman. With the study of this base and should begin familiarity with the discipline, if only one who studies the latter wishes to more or less thoroughly and firmly master it. From this point of view, the custom of prefixing the description of the female genitalia to the description of gynecologic statistics in gynecology manuals must be regarded as fully rational. From the same point of view, one cannot but welcome the appearance of the work, the original title of which we have given above.