Genetic Soil Type Research Articles

EPIPACTIS SPECIES AND THEIR HABITAT PREFERENCES IN THE WESTERN PART OF HUNGARY

With 22 taxa reported from the country so far, Epipactis is the most species-rich orchid genus in Hungary. Many of them are rare, threatened species. To protect endangered species effectively, it is crucial to explore their ecology. Our work aimed to select and examine factors that are influencing the distribution of Epipactis species. Our data collection (2014–2018) was carried out in the Keszthely Hills, in the northeastern part of the Zala Hills and the Southern Bakony Mountains. We assigned ecologically relevant data from databases of local forestries, terrain models and geological maps to each occurrence. We examined the factors that result in the best differentiation between the studied species. At 1,261 localities, a total of 5,223 individuals of 15 taxa were found. We found three factors (tree species composition of the forest, genetic soil type, bedrock type) that significantly influenced the distribution of Epipactis species. Our results can help understand the distribution patterns of these species and allow for more effective, targeted protection of their potential habitats on a regional level.

Land use impacts on weathering, soil properties, and carbon storage in wet Andosols, Indonesia

We investigated changes in geochemical soil properties in response to deposition age and land use management over 30 – 50 years on tropical volcanic soils. Our purpose was to find out how weathering stage and land use interactively affect soil properties and organic carbon, and to check if phenoforms (management-related soil subtypes) exist within the genoforms (genetic soil types). Soil samples were taken at land uses that have been converted (pine forest and agricultural land) and a natural forest as the original land use. The results showed that pine forest soil displayed more intense weathering as indicated by higher values of three weathering indices. Intensive agricultural practices also improved soil chemical properties such as pH, exchangeable base cations, base saturation, and organic carbon stock leading to WRB-qualifier of “eutric” in cultivated soils, whereas the average of bulk density was relatively similar between forests and cultivated soils. Positive correlations were found between amorphous materials and Alo, specific surface area, and micropore volume. Correlations between the content of short-range order Al (hydr-) oxides (indicated by Alo) and organic carbon were found in pine forest and agricultural soils, particularly in subsoils. Our results clearly indicate the increase of base cations retention due to less acidification and an increase of organic carbon stock under agricultural land use, likely due to stabilization with non-crystalline materials.

Identification of genetic soil types based on remote sensing data

At the present stage of social development traditional contact methods of studying the territory features are inferior to other, less costly and more profitable technologies. Such technology is automation of space imagery information interpretation. It allows to minimize scope of field works and it is economically and managerially profitable method of territory analysis. So, in the work the methods of digital analysis and automatic Earth remote data sensing interpretation are used for identification of genetic soil types. During the research conditions of the land has been determined by calculation and index images analysis. The application of interpretational signs had allowed to identify genetic soil types. The methodology and the results of the analysis can serve as a basis for solving the problems of updating soil maps.

The Ways to Develop Soil Textural Classification for Laser Diffraction Method

The existing classifications of soil texture are based on the sedimentation data. The aim of this article is to consider the ways to develop soil textural classification on the basis of particle-size distribution (PSD) data obtained by the laser diffraction method. A detailed comparison of PSD data obtained by the classical pipette method and the method of laser diffractometry has been performed. We have shown the reproducibility of the laser diffraction method and the effect of the oxidation stage on the soil texture class. This study is based on eight genetic soil types (overall, 32 full-profile soil pits) forming a zonal soil sequence from Podzols (Subpolar Urals) to ferrallitic soil (southwest Oceania) and differing in their mineralogical compositions, textures, and elementary pedogenetic processes. The direct use of the Kachinskii and USDA classifications with the data of the laser diffraction method leads to mistakes in determining the soil texture class in 43 and 65% of cases, respectively. The increasing complexity of recalculation, introduction of new variables, and accounting for interlaboratory errors allow us to determine correctly the texture class according to the Kachinskii and USDA classifications in no more than 70 and 72% of soil samples, respectively. The most simple and effective approach to solve the classification problem for the laser diffraction method is to calibrate existing classifications directly on the basis of data on soil samples, for which the texture class was determined by the field method.

The correlation of Azerbaijan arid soils with WRB-2014

The geographical principles are used in grouping of the soils the highest taxonomic standards in the soviet soil scientists works concerning the classification. But the Azerbaijan soil classification is based on genetic profile. Traditionally – topographic, color, climate and so on names are used in this classification, which in the soils genetic types idea is assumed as a basis. The International classification system is identified on the basis of the diagnostic parameters in the field researches and specified as a result of the laboratory analyses. The Azerbaijan soil classification consists of eight taxonomic level and a high taxonomic level is considered- soil class, section, genetic soil type, low soil taxa - soil gender, sort, diversity, row, soil variants. Mainly used central taxon is soil type. An aim of the research is to determine correlative chances of WRB-2015 International soil classification system with the Azerbaijan soil classification. It was detected that a correlation of both soil classifications is possible. The correlation is taken place in different taxon levels. Therefore, the soils were analysed at a type and subtype standard besides high taxas when the soils were correlated. As a result of correlation, it was defined that irrigated meadow-grey soils should be correlated Anthrosols, but meadow-grey soils concerned Calcisols and Gleysols.

Pedodiversity on Soil Maps at the District Level

The analysis of soil maps for three districts of Bryansk oblast demonstrates that the rank distributions of polygon areas for low soil taxonomic units on these maps have a specific form that can be described as the splicing of several power distributions known as the Pareto laws. The form of the distributions is preserved in the three administrative districts, as well as in the individual soil-geographical areas, into which these districts may be divided. The analysis of variance performed for the logarithms of polygon sizes attests to the impacts of the genetic soil type, soil texture, and the specificity of parent material and underlying substrates on the size of the polygons. However, the ranking of the curves does not display any manifested aggregation of the predominant sizes of the polygons of certain taxonomic soil units.

Spatial decision support for crop structure adjustment – a case study for selection of potential areas for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) production

One option for adaptation to climate change is to grow a wider variety of plant species. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is known to tolerate unfavourable environmental conditions, so it may be feasible to grow it on areas with extreme conditions to replace other species such as maize. Nowadays, spatial decision supporting systems primarily support the crop production process rather than crop structure adjustment. In this study, potential sorghum production sites in the Great Hungarian Plain were selected based on soil characteristics including genetic soil type, parent material, physical soil type, clay composition, water management, pH, organic matter content, topsoil thickness and fertility, as well as climatic data, particularly precipitation. For all the parameters the aim was to find the extreme values at which sorghum, which is less sensitive than maize, may still give an acceptable yield. By combining map layers of soil characteristics, it could be concluded that although the soil is suitable for sorghum on 40.46% of the Great Hungarian Plain, maize is generally a better choice economically. On the other hand, the soil conditions on 0.65% of the land are still suitable for sorghum but unfavourable for maize. As regards the precipitation demand of sorghum, May is the critical period; on 698,968 ha the precipitation required for germination was only recorded once in the period 1991-2010, so these areas cannot be considererd for sorghum. As a consequence, in an alternative crop rotation system sorghum could be competitive with maize, but both the soil and climate conditions and the demands of the crop need to be assessed. The lack of precipitation in critical phenophases significantly decreases the area where maize can survive. Sorghum, however, may produce an acceptable yield, as it is a drought-resistant species.

Diagnostic problems of elementary soil processes and profile-differentiated soils of the Precarpathian region

Present condition, scientific concepts and ways of further development of diagnosis problem of elementary soil processes and genetic nature profiled-differentiated gleyed soils of the Pre-Carpathian region, known as brownish-podzolic, brownsoil-podzolic and sod-podzolic, based on stable indicators of soil properties are studied. Eluvial-illuvial differentiation nature of the soil profile of the studied soils is founded. The aim of research was to develop criteria for the diagnosis of elementary soil processes and genetic nature profiled-differentiated soil deposits of Ciscarpathia and discovering of the parameters of the relevant indicators of soil properties. The soil profile with his characteristic set of genetic horizons and morphological characteristics can result from taking place of both various set (kit) of ESP and of varying intensity of individual processes (complex ESP). Formation of genetic soil type is caused by the course of the profile forming (main) process with the possible participation of several (related) processes. An important condition for the diagnostic determination of profile-differentiated soils in the Ciscarpathia is the search for reliable diagnostic criteria for basic elementary soil processes (ESP) which play a crucial role in the genesis and determine their macromorphological characteristics: lessivage, podzolisation, gleying and eluvial-gleying processes. Diagnostic criteria of the elluvial processes resulted in gross chemical composition of the soil (molecular ratio), particle size distribution (loss sludge) and mineralogy silt fraction (montmorillonite content) were tested. The criteria for establishing genetic origin of the Pre-Carpathian soils, podzolization and eluvial-gley processes detection and their possible parameters were suggested. Followed the impact of the prevailing development of individual creating profile elementary soil processes (podzolization, eluvial-gley and gleying) by laboratory simulation modeling of soil regimes that are conducive to them (washing, water stagnant and contrast) for evaluative indicators of acid-base soil buffer and made the conclusions about the possibility of these processes isolation. Eluvial-illuvial differentiation of Ciscarpathia typical soils is coursed by passage of profile forming process of podzolisation (acid hydrolysis, podzolic) and related from the group of eluvial - eluvial-gleying process and lessivage. They are diagnosed by the gross grain and chemical composition of the soil and the content of montmorillonite. Brown soil forming processes have a significant impact on the formation of humus status and physical and chemical properties of the studied soil. Substantiated differences forming the group composition of humus and fractional composition of humic acids of soils formed underbrownsoil formation processes from the sod soils type (the ratio of humic acids to fulvic acid, gumatcalcium content, optical density of humic substances). Advantages and disadvantages of using quantitative identification criteria - profile humus accumulation factor in the genetic diagnosis of soil type are analyzed. In the conditions of wash and contrasting modes of moisture, causing the priority development processes of podzolisation and gleye- eluvial respectively a similar trend of formation of acid-base buffer capacity of soil and similar parameters of evaluating indicators within the soil profile are observed. It is impossible to separate the processes of podzolisation and gleye- eluvial using the indicators of acid-base buffering. Describing of profile structure, morphological and genetic traits of genetic horizons, the profile distribution of acid-base buffering indicators (even without the use of criteria based on gross chemical and grain composition and content of clay minerals) help to clear identify brownish-podzolic gley soils of Ciscarpathia.

Principles, structure and taxonomic units in the russian and international (WRB) systems of soil classification

Two classification systems under comparison differ in objects, terminology, hierarchical levels, and approaches to identify soils. However, they have some common features: both systems are oriented to soil properties and apply the pedogenetic concepts, on one hand; on the other hand, the results, namely, some of the soil taxonomic units are similar. The second-level units of WRB, representing the classification rather than the reference base, display a certain correlation with the subtype level in the Russian soil classification system. This level in two systems may be qualified as a really active, and it contains the most complete genetic characteristic of a soil; moreover, there is a similarity in criteria for qualifiers in WRB and genetic features (producing subtypes) in the Russian system. The difference between two classification systems is manifested in the number and essence of diagnostic horizons because they perform different functions. In the International system, they mainly serve for recognition of soils (in the key), while they directly identify genetic soil types in the Russian system.

Compilation of novel and renewed, goal oriented digital soil maps using geostatistical and data mining tools

Due to former soil surveys and mapping activities signifi cant amount of soil information has accumulated in Hungary. Present soil data requirements are mainly fulfi lled with these available datasets either by their direct usage or aft er certain specifi c and generally fortuitous, thematic and/or spatial inference. Due to the more and more frequently emerging discrepancies between the available and the expected data, there might be notable imperfection as for the accuracy and reliability of the delivered products. With a recently started project we would like to signifi cantly extend the potential, how soil information requirements could be satisfi ed in Hungary. We started to compile digital soil maps, which fulfi l optimally the national and international demands from points of view of thematic, spatial and temporal accuracy. In addition to the auxiliary, spatial data themes related to soil forming factors and/or to indicative environmental elements we heavily lean on the various national soil databases. The set of the applied digital soil mapping techniques is gradually broadened incorporating and eventually integrating geostatistical, data mining and GIS tools. Regression kriging has been used for the spatial inference of certain quantitative data, like particle size distribution components, rootable depth and organic matt er content. Classifi cation and regression trees were applied for the understanding of the soil-landscape models involved in existing soil maps, and for the post-formalization of survey/compilation rules. The relationships identifi ed and expressed in decision rules made the compilation of spatially refi ned category-type soil maps (like genetic soil type and soil productivity maps) possible with the aid of high resolution environmental auxiliary variables. In our paper, we give a short introduction to soil mapping and information management concentrating on the driving forces for the renewal of soil spatial data infrastructure provided by the framework of Digital Soil Mapping. The fi rst results of DOSoReMI.hu (Digital, Optimized, Soil Related Maps and Information in Hungary) project are presented in the form of brand new national and regional soil maps.

Morphological and Soil Determinants of Forest Cover Changes in Świętokrzyski National Park and Its Buffer Zone in the last 200 Years

Abstract The research described in the paper utilized GIS methods and comparative cartography in order to analyze changes in forest cover in the period 1800-2011 in the Świętokrzyski National Park (76.26 km²) and its buffer zone (207.86 km²). The research was done for predefined elevation intervals, slope gradients, and genetic soil types. Source materials included historical maps as well as a digital elevation model. Changes in forest cover were noted in spatial and temporal terms and were usually linked to morphology and soil type. While the 19th century was characterized by intense deforestation, this process reversed starting in the early 20th century. Nevertheless, forest cover in the study area has still not returned to its state from 1800.

Influence of Ecoclimatic and Ecopedological Conditions on Quality of White Wine Grape Varieties from North-West of Romania

Viticulture is one of the cultures occupying large proportions of the cultivated area on the Globe. It is practiced, in particular, to produce table grapes, juice and other derivatives, and especially (about 70% of the total) to obtain different categories of quality wine and wine-based beverages. Wine can be produced everywhere, as long as the grapes ripen, but not all conditions for ripening the grapes are favorable for the production of quality wines (Teodorescu et al., 1987). If the area where vine is grown is large, the one objective is to evaluate the ecoclimatic and ecopedological conditions of three culture areas (Baia Mare (BM), Ažimleul Silvaniei (SS) and Turulung Vii (TUR)) in north-western Romania and their inIluence on the quality of the varieties: E»FeteascAƒ albAƒE¼, E»FeteascAƒ regalAƒE¼, E»Riesling italianE¼. The genetic soil types from these locations are: aluvosoil in Baia Mare, luvosoil in Ažimleul Silvaniei and preluvosoil in Turulung Vii. 2013 was a year with higher average temperatures than the annual average in Baia Mare and Turulung Vii, but lower in Ažimleul Silvaniei, but the precipitations were lower in the same areas, compared to the multiannual average. The higher amount of sugar was accumulated in E»FeteascAƒ albAƒE¼ in Ažimleul Silvaniei and the lowest in E»FeteascAƒ regalAƒE¼ in Baia Mare, the acidity falling between a normal interval for wine varieties.

The genesis, classification, and melioration of gleyed podzolic chernozem-like soils in the north of the forest-steppe zone of European Russia

Chernozem-like soils with light-colored acid eluvial horizons are widespread in the forest-steppe zone of European Russia. Their formation is related to gleying under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative water regime on leached rocks. It is closely associated with the evolution of salinized soils (Gedroits’s scheme). However, these soils have not been included in the soil classifications of the Soviet Union and Russia. Based on the principles of substantial-genetic classification, one of the authors of this article [3–5, 10] referred them to gleyed podzolic chernozem-like soils, which are considered as an individual genetic soil type. With respect to agroecological aspects, they are different from the leached chernozems in their low productivity and difficulty of tillage. This article covers the problems of genesis, classification, and melioration of gleyed podzolic chernozem-like soils in the north of the forest-steppe zone of European Russia and their possible association with dark-colored podbels.

Research on the Chemical Composition of Soil with Pollutant Effect in some Vineyards from northwestern Transylvania

Abstract. Soil pollution represents any unwanted change of its physical, chemical or biological characteristics, with direct implications on vegetation, animals and the human health. The chemical composition of soil affects the quality of grapes and wine. The research was conducted in Ažimleul Silvaniei and Baia Mare, soil samples were collected from vineyards planted with FeteascAƒ, FeteascAƒ RegalAƒ and Italian Riesling. The quality of grapes, wine and the chemical composition of soil are closely interrelated. The chemical composition of soil analyzes the content of nutrient dynamics and their availability to plants. Samples were collected with the pedological drill, the sampling depths were 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm, 60-80 cm, disaggregated in the Berghof MWS2 microwave and the chemical composition was determined through the AAS method. In Baia Mare, the highest concentrations of metals were found in the soil layer 0-60 cm (7802 mg/kg Na, 4024 mg/kg Ca, 10,87 mg/kg Cd, 100,32 mg/kg Ni, 52,53 mg/kg Co) in the area where there is a large mass of roots. Pb pollutes with high values (2605 mg/kg) in the 20-40 cm horizon. In E˜imleul Silvaniei, only Ca has higher values (6381 mg/kg) than in Baia Mare in the same horizon (0-20 cm). All metals have lower values than in Baia Mare, due to the distance from the source of pollution. Through the genetic soil type, the parent rock influence and determining the chemical composition, it can be concluded that metals and heavy metals can lead to the pollution of vine.

The Microelement Composition of the Soil-Plant Cover in the Basin of Lake Kotokel'

The content of microelements (Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd) and Fe is determined in the soils and plants of the Lake Kotokel' basin. Their content in the soils is proved not to exceed the regional background and the existing MPC and APC. The content of Cd is revealed to exceed its clarke value for the world soils, which is related to the natural origin of this element. The concentrations of Mn, Co, and Pb are close to their clarke values, and those of Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cr are lower than their clarkes. The studied soils are specified by the maximal amount of the mobile forms of microelements. The profile distribution of the microelements differs depending on the genetic soil type. For Mn, Zn, and Cu, a significant biogenic accumulation is pronounced in the organic soil horizons. The content of microelements in the aboveground phytomass exceeds the maximal permissible levels for Mn, Co, Cr, and Fe. The intensity of the microelements absorption by the plants varies widely, being specified by the high coefficient of the biological adsorption (except for Fe). Mn, Zn, and Cu are accumulated in the grass phytomass the most intensely.

Electrical parameters of soils and pedogenesis

A concept of the relationship between the electrical parameters of soils (the electrical resistivity and the natural electrical potential) and their pedogenesis was advanced on the basis of the known classical laws of electromagnetism and the general theory of pedogenesis. It was shown that the electrical parameters of soils primarily depend on the density of the mobile electric charges, which include cations of the soil exchange complex and ions of the soil solution. Model notions were developed to explain the laws of the changes in the electrical parameters in the main genetic soil types for the catenary and zonal levels of the soil cover organization.

Genesis, hydrology, and properties of soils in mesodepressions waterlogged by surface water in the northern Ryazan forest-steppe

On the interfluves and in small depressions of the Ryazan forest-steppe, under periodic stagnation of surface water, acid chernozem-like soils with a relatively thick humus horizon, podzolic horizons, and marble-colored gleyed B1 and B2 horizons are formed. The eluvial horizons of these soils contain Mn-Fe nodules, and dark humus coatings occur in the illuvial horizons. In the spring, the eluvial horizons of these soils are excessively moistened and gravitational water stagnates on the soil surface for 3–4 weeks. The formation of the acid light-colored eluvial horizons of the soils on leached rocks is related to gleying under the conditions of the stagnant-percolative regime. Their total thickness is 15–25 cm and more. According to the properties of their solid phase, these horizons are similar to the podzolic horizons of soddy-podzolic gleyed soils. These soils have not been represented in the classification systems of soils of the USSR and Russia. Based on the principles of the substantial-genetic classification, one of the authors of this article [9] referred this soil to gleyed podzolic chernozem-like soils, thus, considering it as an individual genetic soil type. The gleyed podzolic chernozem-like soils differ from the leached chernozems by their low productivity and difficulty of tillage. In humid and moderately moist years, the death of crops or a reduction in yield are probable because of the excess of moisture.

A logical system of paleopedological terms

Standardization of paleopedological nomenclature should rely on pedogenetic characteristics. Logical definitions of neo-, paleo-, recent, relict, fossil, and buried soils and horizons are presented, with criteria for their differentiation. Disharmonic intertype soils/horizons is suggested as a collective term for soils and horizons showing characteristics of both neo- and paleo-formations (the so-called genetic soil types). The last known pedogenetically effective change of climate should be fixed as a time demarcation between paleosols/paleohorizons and neo-formations. In central Europe, this corresponds with the end of the Atlantic period.

Organo-mineral soil clay fractions in fertilization experiments: mineralogy, amounts and quality of organic matter and influence on soil properties

The results of our studies on organo-mineral soil clay fractions isolated from long-term fertilization experiments in eastern Germany were compiled. In mineralogical studies it was found that illites were the dominant three-layer minerals in all soil profiles, with the exception of a Dystric Cambisol on gneiss where secondary chlorite is the dominant three-layer mineral. Mineral transformations were observed in unfertilized soils that were observed over a long period and in a soil formation experiment with loamy marl. The investigation of clay-associated organic substances has shown that the organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations (0.5–10.2% and 0.1–1.2%, respectively) were related to the genetic soil types, to management practices, and to the duration of soil formation processes. This was also true for the quality of organic matter, which was studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetry (TG) and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS). The latter method enabled the observation of clay-associated organic substances on the basis of molecular subunits. The cation exchange capacities of the clay fractions were closely correlated to the organic carbon concentrations, and therefore dependent on the management practice. Significant correlations were found between the organic matter contents of the clay fractions and physical soil properties such as bulk density and specific gravity, water retention and compressibility. It was concluded that the investigation of the organo-mineral character of soil clay fractions allows a deeper insight into the relationships between organic and inorganic constituents and the properties of soils.

Cation exchange capacities of organo‐mineral particle‐size fractions in soils from long‐term experiments

SUMMARYSoils with and without organic manuring from 10 long‐term manurial experiments in East Germany were fractionated into organo‐mineral particle‐size separates by ultrasonic disaggregation and sedimentation/decantation. The cation exchange capacities (CECs) buffered at pH 8.1 were determined for the size fractions fine+medium clay, coarse clay, fine, medium and coarse silt, sand, and for the total soil samples.In the samples from nine field experiments the CECs decreased with increased equivalent diameters (fine+medium clay: 489–8 13 mmolc kg−1, coarse clay: 367–749 mmolc kg−1, fine silt: 202–587 mmolc kg−1. medium silt: 63–345 mmolc kg−1, coarse silt: 12–128 mmolc kg−1 and sand: 10–156 mmolc kg−1. The CECs varied with genetic soil type, mineralogical composition of the <6.3‐μm particles, and the C and N contents of the size fractions.In a pot experiment examining the role of various organic materials in the early stages of soil formation, the clay‐size fractions had the largest CECs (85–392 mmolc kg−1), followed by the medium‐silt (1 9‐222 mmolc kg−1) and fine‐silt fractions (23–192 mmolc kg−1). The effect of organic amendments on CEC was in general: compost>fresh farmyard manure = straw + mineral fertilizer = mineral fertilizer.