Genetic Benefits Research Articles

Withdrawn: Mating system drives the mate selection in aphidophagous ladybird, Menochilus sexmaculatus.

Mate competition and selection of mates is strongly influenced by the organism's mating system. Earlier it was considered the monogamous matings provide more benefits as compared to polygamous matings. However, later studies have proven that in polygamous system, females gain resources and, genetic benefits from the males, thereby indulging in multiple mating, leading males to access maximum females. In ladybird, Menochilus sexmaculatus, mate choice has been studied on several pre-and postcopulatory factors. However, mate choice on the basis of mating system is still remains untouched. In the present study, we hypothesised that mating system modulates the mate selection of beetles either in isolation or in combination. Adults were isolated on the basis of different mating systems and then males and females were subjected to mate choice trials. In second experiment we have also included relatedness as combining factor and its effect was observed on mate choice. This effect of mating system was not confined only to mate choice but was also observed on mating and reproductive parameters.

Offspring sired by subordinate red deer males under controlled conditions: did some females prefer not to mate with the alpha male?

Both male-male competition and female choice are important forces in sexual selection that may act in concert. In red deer (Cervus elaphus), rutting activities related to male-male competition are highly conspicuous and have received most research attention. However, there is increasing evidence that females can gain by selecting mates. Due to the additive genetic benefits of a sire’s dominance rank, females may prefer them as mates, so that selection for male traits associated with dominance can be reinforced by female choice. On the other hand, recent evidence suggests that females might prefer male features not related to dominance and thus affect the distribution of mating outcomes. This predicts mating with less dominant males, but no study has so far investigated to which extent some females may do so when the dominant male is available. Here we use controlled captivity conditions to study whether females mate with subordinate males when dominant males are present. By means of parentage analyses conducted after genotyping the offspring, we found that dominant males did not sire all the offspring, the mean percentage of offspring sired by subordinate males being 13.03%. This result has consequences for the evolutionary reinforcement of components of sexual selection in red deer and might be used as a starting point for future studies on the red deer mating system and sexual selection.

Dispersal, endosymbiont abundance and fitness-related consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding in a social beetle

Abstract Most social species outbreed. However, some have persistent inbreeding with occasional outbreeding, and the decision of the individual regarding whether to stay in the natal group and inbreed or to disperse, with the potential to outbreed, is flexible and may depend on social, genetic and ecological benefits and costs. Few of these factors have been investigated experimentally in these systems. The beetle Coccotrypes dactyliperda Fabricius, 1801 (Scolytidae: Xyloborinae) lives in extended family colonies inside date seeds. The beetles inbreed, but some individuals disperse away from the natal seed and may outbreed. We investigated dispersal behaviour and assessed fitness-related measures in inbred and outbred offspring, in addition to the relative abundance of two endosymbionts. We predicted inbred offspring to have higher fitness-related measures and a reduced tendency to disperse than outbred offspring, owing to fitness benefits of cooperation within the colony, whereas increased endosymbiont abundance will promote dispersal of their hosts, thus enhancing their own spread in the population. Dispersing beetles were more active than ones that remained in the natal seed. As predicted, fewer inbred offspring dispersed than outbred offspring, but they matured and dispersed earlier. Fitness-related measures of inbred mothers were either lower (number of offspring) or not different (body mass) from those of outbred mothers. Inbred dispersers had greater amounts of Wolbachia, suggesting a role in dispersal. The results support the hypothesis that inbred females reduce dispersal and that early maturation and dispersal are likely to be benefits of increased cooperation in brood care.

Female need for paternal care shapes variation in extra-pair paternity in a cooperative breeder

AbstractSocially monogamous females regularly mate with males outside the pair bond. The prevailing explanation for this behavior is that females gain genetic benefits resulting from increased fitness of extra-pair offspring. Furthermore, because of the risk of reduced paternal care in response to cuckoldry, females are expected to seek extra-pair copulations when they can rear offspring with little help from their social partner (“constrained female” hypothesis). We tested these hypotheses and analyzed variation in paternal care in the Afrotropical, facultative cooperative breeding placid greenbul (Phyllastrephus placidus). Overall, approximately 50% of the offspring resulted from extra-pair (and extra-group) mating. Identified extra-pair males were in most cases neighboring dominant males, yet never within-group subordinates. As predicted by the constrained female hypothesis, the occurrence of extra-pair paternity (EPP) increased with the number of cooperative helpers (and not with total group size). However, dominant males did not adjust their food provisioning rates in response to EPP. Although extra-pair males were more strongly related to the dominant female and less heterozygous than the latter’s social mate, this did not result in more inbred extra-pair offspring, likely because identified extra-pair males were not representative of the extra-pair male population. While earlier studies on EPP mainly focused on male genetic quality, results from this study provide evidence that female’s social context may affect extra-pair strategies too.

Implementation of access to plant genetic resources and benefit sharing (ABS)

Implementation of access to plant genetic resources and benefit sharing (ABS)

Dynamic Complementarity in Skill Production: Evidence From Genetic Endowments and Birth Order

The birth order literature emphasizes the role of parental investments in explaining why firstborns have higher human capital outcomes than their laterborn siblings. We use birth order as a proxy for investments and interact it with genetic endowments. Exploiting only within-family variation in both ensures they are exogenous as well as orthogonal to each other. As such, our setting is informative about the existence of dynamic complementarity in skill production. Our empirical analysis exploits data from 15,019 full siblings in the UK Biobank. We adopt a family-fixed effects strategy combined with instrumental variables to deal with endogeneity issues arising from omitted variables and measurement error. We find that birth order and genetic endowments interact: those with above-average genetic endowments benefit disproportionally more from being firstborn compared to those with below-average genetic endowments. This finding is a clean example of how genetic endowments ('nature’) and the environment ('nurture’) interact in producing educational attainment. Moreover, our results are consistent with the existence of dynamic complementarity in skill formation: additional parental investments associated with being firstborn are more ‘effective’ for those siblings who randomly inherited higher genetic endowments for educational attainment.

MNP hyperthermia and hypofractionated radiation activate similar immunogenetic and cytotoxic pathways

Objective The goal of this study is to better understand the immunogenetic expression and related cytotoxic responses of moderate but clinically relevant doses of hypofractionated radiation (1x15 Gy and 3x8 Gy) and magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (mNPH, CEM43 30) Methods Genetic, protein, immunopathology and tumor growth delay assessments were used to determine the immune and cytotoxic responses following radiation and mNPH alone and in combination. Although the thermal dose used, 43 C°/30 min (CEM43 30), typically results in modest independent cytotoxicity, it has shown the ability to stimulate an immune response and enhance other cancer treatments. The radiation doses studied (15 Gy and 3x8 Gy) are commonly used in preclinical research and are effective in selected stereotactic and palliative treatment settings, however they are not commonly used as first-line primary tumor treatment regimens. Results Our RNA-based genetic results suggest that while many of the cytotoxic and immune gene and protein pathways for radiation and hyperthermia are similar, radiation, at the doses used, results in a more consistent and expansive anti-cancer immune/cytotoxic expression profile. These results were supported by immunohistochemistry based cytotoxic T-cell tumor infiltration and tumor growth delay studies. When used together radiation and hyperthermia led to greater immune and cytotoxic activity than either modality alone. Conclusion This study clearly shows that modest, but commonly used hypofractionated radiation and hyperthermia doses share many important immune and cytotoxic pathways and that combining the treatments, as compared to either treatment alone, results in genetic and biological anti-cancer benefits.

Access barriers to genetic services for Spanish-speaking families in states with rapidly growing migrant populations.

Hispanics are among the fastest growing U.S. population segments, accounting for the majority of growth since 2000. Hispanics are heterogeneous and include foreign‐born and U.S. citizens, monolingual fluent English speakers, monolingual Spanish‐speakers, multilingual speakers, and socioeconomically and educationally diverse subgroups. States within the central United States (U.S.), referred to as the Heartland, have numerically small Hispanic populations, but rapidly growing Hispanic populations that are expanding faster than the overall U.S. Hispanic population. The Hispanic populations across the U.S. are widely known to be medically underserved. This qualitative study identifies barriers native Spanish‐speakers experience when locating and accessing genetic services for their children. After providing informed consent, 29 parents in three Heartland states were interviewed and asked about their awareness of available genetic services, utilization of available services and difficulties they encountered when using them. Interviewees reported delayed genetic service referrals, limited availability and inadequate interpretation services, verbal and written communication problems during clinic visits, culturally incongruent healthcare expectations and limited appreciation for how genetic services benefit them. Necessary efforts to understand and improve genetic service access and usefulness for Hispanic populations are underway in the Heartland and elsewhere and should continue to be expanded.

Differences in perceived predation risk associated with variation in relative size of extra-pair and within-pair offspring.

Extra-pair paternity (EPP) is a widespread phenomenon in birds. Researchers have long hypothesized that EPP must confer a fitness advantage to extra-pair offspring (EPO), but empirical support for this hypothesis is definitively mixed. This could be because genetic benefits of EPP only exist in a subset of environmental contexts to which a population is exposed. From 2013 to 2015, we manipulated perceived predator density in a population of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) breeding in New York to see whether fitness outcomes of extra-pair and within-pair offspring (WPO) varied with predation risk. In nests that had been exposed to predators, EPO were larger, longer-winged and heavier than WPO. In nonpredator nests, WPO tended to be larger, longer-winged and heavier than EPO, though the effect was nonsignificant. We found no differences in age, morphology or stress physiology between extra-pair and within-pair sires from the same nest, suggesting that additive genetic benefits cannot fully explain the differences in nestling size that we observed. The lack of an effect of predator exposure on survival or glucocorticoid stress physiology of EPO and WPO further suggests that observed size differences do not reflect more general variation in intrinsic genetic quality. Instead, we suggest that size differences may have arisen through differential investment into EPO and WPO by females, perhaps because EPO and WPO represent different reproductive strategies, with each type of nestling conferring a fitness advantage in specific ecological contexts.

Next-generation sequencing in salivary gland carcinoma: Targetable alterations lead to a therapeutic advantage-Multicenter experience.

Salivary gland cancers (SGCs) are rare. The approach to metastatic patients is histology-dependent. There is little evidence on whether next-generation sequencing (NGS) findings translate to tumor control in SGCs. We analyzed all patients with histologically confirmed SGC who underwent NGS. Twenty-seven patients were identified, 14 (51.8%) had targetable findings in NGS: 5 ERBB2 amplifications, 3 PIK3CA mutations, 2 RUNX1 mutations, 1 TRIM33-RET fusion, 1 FGFR3-TACC3 fusion, 1 microsatellite instability-high, and 2 high mutational burden. Ten patients were treated accordingly. Median progression-free survival for targeted treatment was 8.4 months. Of five patients who achieved durable responses of 8.4 to 31.3 months, two are ongoing. The overall median survival was not reached for patients receiving targeted treatment and was 40.4 months for patients treated conventionally (P = .18). In the absence of a well-established therapeutic approach, NGS may detect clinically significant genetic alterations and benefit patients with advanced SGC.

Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing and Potential Loopholes in Protecting Consumer Privacy and Nondiscrimination

(Abstracted from JAMA 2019;321(19):1869–1870) A recent report from the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine expressed concern that more use of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing by law enforcement could impact how individuals perceive genetic testing benefits and risks. In this commentary, the authors are especially concerned that these perceived risks could add feelings of distrust or discrimination, especially for vulnerable groups and populations including immigrants, prisoners and former convicts, sexual minorities, and racial or ethnic minorities, resulting in less use of genomic medicine.

Genetic benefits of extreme sequential polyandry in a terrestrial-breeding frog.

Sequential polyandry may evolve as an insurance mechanism to reduce the risk of females choosing mates who are genetically inferior (intrinsic male quality hypothesis) or genetically incompatible (genetic incompatibility hypothesis). The prevalence of such indirect benefits remains controversial, however, because studies estimating the contributions of additive and nonadditive sources of genetic variation to offspring fitness have been limited to a small number of taxonomic groups. Here, we used artificial fertilization techniques combined with a crossclassified breeding design (North Carolina Type II) to simultaneously test the "good genes hypothesis" and the "genetic incompatibility hypothesis" in the brown toadlet (Pseudophryne bibronii); a terrestrial-breeding species with extreme sequential polyandry. Our results revealed no significant additive or nonadditive genetic effects on fertilization success. Moreover, they revealed no significant additive genetic effects, but highly significant nonadditive genetic effects (sire by dam interaction effects), on hatching success and larval survival to initial and complete metamorphosis. Taken together, these results indicate that offspring viability is significantly influenced by the combination of parental genotypes, and that negative interactions between parental genetic elements manifest during embryonic and larval development. More broadly, our findings provide quantitative genetic evidence that insurance against genetic incompatibility favors the evolution and maintenance of sequential polyandry.

Interactions between parasitism and milk production - Mastitis in sheep

Abstract The present review discusses interactions and focuses in the direct effects of parasites in production of milk and development of mastitis in ewes. In most relevant published studies, a clear reduction in milk yield of ewes affected with parasites has been recorded. This reduction in milk yield has been quantified to average 22% among the relevant studies. Nematode parasitism can also cause shorter persistency of lactation, whilst the situation regarding potential effects on milk composition is not clear. Moreover, in field and experimental studies trichostrongylid intestinal infections have been documented to increase risk of mastitis in affected ewes; among parasitic species, the effect was associated primarily with Teladorsagia spp. infection. Trematode infection has also been found to increase risk for mastitis development at the early stage of lactation period. Research supports that effective parasite control will enable sheep to fully express their genetic potential and benefit for increased milk yield and effective udder health management schemes.

Genetic mating system, population genetics and effective size of Saffron Finches breeding in southern South America.

Thraupidae (Tanagers and allies) show a remarkable array of behaviors, ecologies, morphologies and plumage colors, offering a great opportunity to investigate the evolution of avian mating strategies. We characterize the population genetics and mating system of Sicalis flaveola pelzelni, a socially monogamous Neotropical songbird with biparental care. We found moderate to high levels of neutral genetic variation, similar across three breeding seasons, consistent with large and stable populations, and no temporal genetic structure. Parentage analyses of 114 adults and 198 nestlings (54 nests) revealed 31.8% of extra-pair offspring (EPO) and 51.8% of broods with at least one extra-pair chick. Extra-pair paternity (EPP) rates varied across seasons and were significantly higher in 2014/2015. Neither breeding synchrony nor pair genetic relatedness was significantly associated to EPP rates. Males paired with females in nests with and without EPO were equally heterozygous, and EPO were significantly less heterozygous than within-pair offspring, not supporting the 'indirect genetic benefits' hypotheses. Females were more related to their extra-pair mates than to their social mates, not supporting the 'inbreeding avoidance' hypothesis. The non-monogamous genetic mating system uncovered here seems not to lower the effective size of the population, which was higher than the sample size of adult breeders. We report and discuss possible cases of quasi-parasitism, as indicated by maternity exclusion patterns. We contribute novel information to expand the knowledge about the largely unexplored genetic mating systems of Thraupidae. Our findings also set the stage for further studies examining if plumage coloration or song traits predict paternity gain or loss in Saffron Finches.

Genetic benefits of genomic selection breeding programmes considering foreign sire contributions

BackgroundIn modern dairy breeding programmes, high contributions from foreign sires are nearly always present. Genotyping, and therefore genomic selection (GS), concern only a subpopulation of the breeding programme’s wider dairy population. These features of a breeding programme contribute in different ways to the rate of genetic gain for the wider industry.MethodsA deterministic recursive gene flow model across subpopulations of animals in a dairy industry was created to predict the commercial performance of replacement heifers and future artificial insemination bulls. Various breeding strategies were assessed by varying the reliability of breeding values, the genetic contributions from subpopulations, and the genetic trend and merit of the foreign subpopulation.ResultsA higher response in the true breeding goal measured in standard deviations (SD) of true merit (G) after 20 years of selection can be achieved when genetic contributions shift towards higher merit alternatives compared to keeping them fixed. A foreign annual genetic trend of 0.08 SD of the breeding goal, while the domestic genetic trend is 0.10 SD, results in the overall net present value of genetic gain increasing by 1.2, 2.3, and 3.4% after 20 years as the reliability of GS in the domestic population increased from 0.3 to 0.45, 0.60 and 0.75. With a foreign genetic trend of 0.10 SD, these increases are more modest; 0.9, 1.7, and 2.4%. Increasing the foreign genetic trend so that it is higher than the domestic trend erodes the benefits of increasing the reliability of domestic GS further.ConclusionsHaving a foreign source of genetic material with a high rate of genetic progress contributes substantially to the benefits of domestic genetic progress while at the same time reducing the expected returns from investments to improve the accuracy of genomic prediction in the home country.

Limits to environmental masking of genetic quality in sexual signals.

There is considerable debate over the value of male sexual ornaments as signals of genetic quality. Studies alternately report that environmental variation enhances or diminishes the genetic signal, or leads to crossover where genotypes perform well in one environment but poorly in another. A unified understanding is lacking. We conduct a novel experimental test examining the dual effects of distinct categories of genetic (inbred vs. crossed parental lines) and environmental quality (low, through high to extreme larval food stress) on a condition-dependent male ornament. We find that differences in genetic quality signalled by the ornament (male eyespan in Diasemopsis meigenii stalk-eyed flies) become visible and are amplified under high stress but are overwhelmed in extreme-stress environments. Variance among independent genetic lines increases with environmental stress in both genetic quality classes, but at a slower rate in highquality outcrossed flies. Individual genetic lines generally maintain their ranks across environments, except among highquality lines under low environmental stress, where low genetic variance among lines precludes differentiation between ranks. Our results provide a conceptual advance, demonstrating a unified pattern for how genetic and environmental quality interact. They show when environmental conditions lead to the amplification of differences in signals of genetic quality and thereby enhance the potential indirect genetic benefits gained by female mate choice.

The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing: Best practices for users of Lactic Acid Bacteria

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have great potential to advance human health and therefore see vast applications in pharmaceutical and food industries. Global collaboration and open innovation, where LAB are shared and their genomes are sequenced, are essential for the study and discovery of new underlying probiotic effects. However, recent efforts of the Nagoya Protocol (NP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity have created legal barriers on the access and use of genetic resources (such as LAB). This is to promote conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, by protecting the rights of local communities and their traditional knowledge. While these objectives are positively supported, industry users of LAB indicate that the legislative burden of the NP can be disproportionally high and therefore hampers knowledge valorization and R&D activities aimed at probiotic innovation. To this end, we set out to explore the implications of the NP for commercial users of LAB by delineating best practice solutions for the probiotic industry. We also review the innovation barriers associated with the default implementation of the NP and express the need for a multilateral system in which a set of standardized rules for efficient access to LAB are agreed between ratifying parties.

Improving access to genetic counseling services in an adolescent and young adult (AYA) clinic.

e13009 Background: Numerous studies have explored genetic testing access and benefits in adult and pediatric cancer patients, however little is known about the use of these services in adolescents and young adult (AYA) cancer patients. Routine genetic counseling may be particularly important for AYAs who are survivors of childhood cancer, as 8.5% of children with cancer have an inherited pathogenic germline variant. Genetic testing also helps reduce cancer morbidity and mortality in adolescents, as well as helps to guide cancer prevention strategies in family members. This study describes an innovative approach to fostering AYA patients’ access to genetic counseling services. Methods: AYA patients (ages 15-29) with a new or prior cancer diagnosis were referred to MD Anderson Cancer Center’s AYA multi-disciplinary clinic. Prior to their clinic visits, a genetic counselor reviewed relevant medical and family history information for patients seen from 7/12/18 through 1/11/19. For those at risk for a hereditary cancer syndrome, a recommendation for a genetic counseling referral was given to the AYA medical provider based on established guidelines, professional consensus, and clinical judgement guided by thorough literature reviews. Results: In total, 254 AYA patients’ charts were reviewed and 70 (27.6%) patients had histories that warranted a genetic counseling referral. Of these 70 patients, 53 (75.7%) were not previously seen by genetics. Of the 53 patients newly recommended to be referred, 29 (54.7%) had referrals placed. Of the 24 patients not referred, 17 did not attend their AYA visit, 5 refused the referral, and 2 were not referred for undetermined reasons. Of those referred, 10 completed genetic counseling, 14 are scheduled for counseling, 3 did not attend their appointment, and 2 had counseling at another institution. This process led to a 41.3% absolute increase in referrals to genetic counseling for those at risk for hereditary cancer syndromes. Conclusions: The described clinic workflow identified gaps in genetic referrals and showed an innovative approach to fostering AYA access to genetic services. This approach may be useful for other institutions interested in increasing access to genetic services for AYAs.

Next Generation Sequencing in Salivary Gland Carcinomas: Do Actionable Mutations Lead to a Therapeutic Advantage? A Multicenter Experience.

e17582 Background: Salivary gland cancers (SGCs) are rare tumors. The approach to recurrent or metastatic patients is histology dependent, as the clinical course is highly variable. Response rates to chemotherapy are modest and no second-line therapies have proven to be effective. The rarity and heterogeneity of SGCs make conducting clinical trials challenging. Recent reports of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in SGCs have identified unique genetic attributes of certain histological classes. However, despite the elaborate work done with genetic characterization, there is very little evidence on whether these findings translate to tumor control. In this study, we aimed to explore the treatment outcomes of patients with advanced SGCs who underwent a commercially available NGS. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all patients with histologically confirmed SGC treated in three major Israeli cancer centers who underwent NGS. Results: Twenty-seven patients were included. Eighteen patients were male (66.6%). The median age was 59 (range 38-81). Histologic type was adenoid cystic carcinoma in 11 (40.7%) patients, 8 (29.6%) mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 5 (18.5%) adenocarcinomas, 2 (7.4%) salivary duct carcinomas and 1 (3.7%) acinic cell carcinoma. Twenty-five (92.6%) had recurrent disease after initial curative treatment and 2 were initially diagnosed with metastatic disease. Median time to recurrence was 24.3 months. The median number of systemic treatment lines was 1 (range 0-5). Thirteen patients (48%) had targetable findings in NGS, including: 5 ERBB2 amplifications, 3 PIK3CA mutation, 1 TRIM33-RET fusion, 1 FGFR3-TACC3 fusion, 1 MSI-high and 2 high mutational burden. Nine patients were treated accordingly; 5 in the second-line and 4 as first-line treatment. Median progression-free survival for targeted treatment was 8.4 months. Of 4 patients who achieved durable responses to anti-RET/HER2 agents and immunotherapy of 8.4 – 31.1 months, two are ongoing. The median overall survival for all patients was 101.75 months, was not reached for patients receiving targeted treatment and was 40.4 months for patients treated conventionally (p = 0.26). Conclusions: In the absence of a well-established therapeutic approach, NGS may detect clinically significant genetic alterations and benefit patients with advanced SGCs.

Non-invasive faecal sampling reveals spatial organization and improves measures of genetic diversity for the conservation assessment of territorial species: Caucasian lynx as a case species.

The Caucasian lynx, Lynx lynx dinniki, has one of the southernmost distributions in the Eurasian lynx range, covering Anatolian Turkey, the Caucasus and Iran. Little is known about the biology and the genetic status of this subspecies. To collect baseline genetic, ecological and behavioural data and benefit future conservation of L. l. dinniki, we monitored 11 lynx territories (396 km2) in northwestern Anatolia. We assessed genetic diversity of this population by non-invasively collecting 171 faecal samples and trapped and sampled 12 lynx individuals using box traps. We observed high allelic variation at 11 nuclear microsatellite markers, and found no signs of inbreeding despite the potential isolation of this population. We obtained similar numbers of distinct genotypes from the two sampling sources. Our results indicated that first order female relatives occupy neighbouring territories (female philopatry) and that territorial male lynx were highly unrelated to each other and to female territorial lynx, suggesting long distance male dispersal. Particular male and female resident territorial lynx and their offspring (kittens and subadults) were more likely to be trapped than resident floaters or dispersing (unrelated) lynx. Conversely, we obtained more data for unrelated lynx and higher numbers of territorials using non-invasive sampling (faeces). When invasive and non-invasive samples were analysed separately, the spatial organisation of lynx (in terms of female philopatry and females and males occupying permanent ranges) affected measures of genetic diversity in such a way that estimates of genetic diversity were reduced if only invasive samples were considered. It appears that, at small spatial scales, invasive sampling using box traps may underestimate the genetic diversity in carnivores with permanent ranges and philopatry such as the Eurasian lynx. As non-invasive sampling can also provide additional data on diet and spatial organisation, we advocate the use of such samples for conservation genetic studies of vulnerable, endangered or data deficient territorial species.