Genetic Advance Research Articles

Multidimensional screening and evaluation of morpho‐physiological indices for salinity stress tolerance in wheat

AbstractSoil salinity is one of the major constraints to crop production worldwide. The multifaceted nature of salinity tolerance traits complicates plant screening and the identification of salt‐tolerant germplasm to be used for the genetic advancement of corps. Many screening criteria have been suggested to distinguish between genotypes. Most of these were applied under controlled environmental conditions and limited to one developmental stage of plants. As a result, most of the reported tolerance could not be validated under field conditions. This study employed a membership function value (MFV) to assess NaCl tolerance of eight wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes measured at germination, vegetative and reproductive stages, as an integrative tool for the overall plant performance. Salt stresses had an adverse effect on plant physiological (residual transpiration, stomatal density, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics; leaf N, Na+ and K+ content) and agronomical (plant height; biomass; root and tiller number; grain) characteristics. Based on this assessment, plants were divided into three contrasting groups: salt tolerant, moderately salt tolerant and salt sensitive. Although genotypes did not show the same degree of tolerance in germination, glasshouse and field experiments, the variety Yu‐07 showed consistently better performance in all trials, whilst Aus19720 was most sensitive in glasshouse and field experiments. These contrasting genotypes could be of a potential value for further studies to uncover the genetic mechanisms governing salt stress response in wheat.

HERITABILITY, GENETIC ADVANCE AND TRAIT INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF Chenopodium quinoa UNDER LOW, MEDIUM AND HIGH N ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZER CONDITIONS

Strong correlations (r) between grain yield and other related traits along with high heritability (H2b) and high genetic advance (GA) would help plant breeder to use such traits as selection criteria for high yielding genotype. The objectives of the present investigation were: (i) to assess H2b and GA for 28 traits of 37 quinoa genotypes under low-N (LN), Medium-N (MN) and High-N (HN) organic and mineral fertilizers and (ii) to identify the selection criteria for selecting high seed yield genotypes under each and across the environments. A two-year field experiment was conducted, using a split split-plot design with three replications. Main plots were devoted to two fertilizer types, namely organic (OF) and mineral (MF), sub-plots to three N rates; namely LN (71.4), MN (142.8) and HN (214.2) kg N/ha, and sub sub-plots to 37 quinoa genotypes. The best selection environment for high seed yield/plant that showed the highest H2b and GA estimates and the strongest correlations with seed yield/ha was the low-N organic fertilizer (LN-OF) and the high-N mineral fertilizer (HN-MF) environment. Across all stressed (LN and MN) and non-stressed (HN) environments, the results indicated that seed yield/plant, biological yield/plant, nitrogen use efficiency, branches/plant, leaf area, inflorescence diameter, leaves area/plant, stem diameter, leaf area index, leaves/plant, plant height, 1000-seed weight and inflorescence weight were strongly inter-correlated and strongly correlated with seed yield/ha, had high heritability and high genetic advance and therefore could be regarded as selection criteria in breeding programs for high seed yield of quinoa under N-stressed and non-stressed environments. Further studies should be carried out on other quinoa germplasm to ascertain this conclusion.

Mammalian sperm capacitation: In vivo and in vitro juxtaposition

The development of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in mammalian species such as in vitro embryo production (IVEP) has the potential to provide great benefits for significant population increase, improve genetic performance and advancement, and reduce transmission of venereal diseases. Correspondingly, in vitro capacitation of sperm is also paramount, related to the ability of sperm to fertilize oocytes, and was created to imitate in vivo conditions in the female reproductive tract. Amid in vitro capacitation developments, studies on how far in vitro capacitation has progressed in mimicking in vivo scenes have not been thoroughly reviewed as a comparative form. Therefore, the present study outlined the series of alterations in mammalian sperm capacitation during their journey in the female reproductive tract by exploring and juxtaposing processes under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Several essential aspects that become gaps between in vivo and in vitro were also identified and elaborated comprehensively in this systematic literature review. We noted that although in vitro capacitation procedures in certain mammalian species have made promising progress and improvements, it is still poorly successful in other species like horses. Our findings further postulated that the occurrence of cryocapacitation, the high ratio of capacitated sperm/oocyte required for successful fertilization, and the incidence of polyspermy cause capacitation under in vitro settings is less efficient and not yet fully comparable to in vivo. This work is therefore proposed several aspects that need to be bettered from in vitro milieu to make it analogous to in vivo environments in modulating sperm capacitation.

Assessment of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Biometrical Traits in Fenugreek

Background: Fenugreek is a seed spice crop grown in arid and semi-arid areas of the world. The predominant growing areas are lacking with high yielding varieties and adopting poor crop husbandry. Therefore, the present study was focused on assessing the genetic variability among the diverse genotypes for their biometrical traits. Methods: Thirty genotypes of fenugreek were sown in randomized block design with three replications during rabi season 2019-20. Result: Presence of wide spectrum of variability among the genotypes for all the biometrical traits under study was evident. High GCV and PCV ( greater than 20), heritability in broad sense ( greater than 60) coupled with high genetic advance as percentage of mean ( greater than 20%) was observed for proline content in leaves (mg/g) at 60 days after sowing (DAS) and physiological maturity, seed yield per plant, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, crude protein content and test weight suggesting that these characters are genetically governed by additive gene action and can be improved through selection.

Genetic Analysis of Mango (Mangifera indica. L) Genotypes for Year-round Flowering and Yield Characters

Mango (Mangifera indica. L) is characterized by a high level of genetic variation in seedling population. Estimation of genetic advance is required for the expected genotypic progress of a particular character. Keeping this in view, genetic advances of year-round flowering mango (Mangifera indica. L) genotypes was carried out during 2019-2021 in farmer’s field at Annur, Coimbatore. High Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) was found in fruit yield per tree was 30.63 per cent. The low GCV values were found for the traits viz., panicle length (6.61 %), days taken for flowering to fruit set (1.75%), days taken for flowering to fruit maturation (1.76 %), percentage of hermaphrodite flowers (5.38 %), sex ratio (5.18%). Whereas high values of heritability estimates were obtained for the traits viz., fruit yield per tree (99.43 %), number of panicles/tree (98.91 %), number of fruits per tree (97.74 %), panicle per sq.m of canopy (97.40 %). The high heritability along with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for fruit yield per tree (99.43, 62.91), number of panicles/tree (98.91, 46.84), number of fruits per tree (97.74, 43.03), panicle per sq.m of canopy (97.40, 28.64) indicates the possibility of improving these traits by selection since there is a wide range of variation and additive gene action exists for these traits. The traits viz., panicle per sq.m of canopy, panicle length, number of panicles/tree, sex ratio, number of fruits per tree were positively correlated with fruit yield per tree. Hence, the selection for these characters would improve fruit yield in mango.

Estimation of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in twenty-one released varieties of oat (Avena sativa L.) for grain and fodder yield

Present investigation was carried out at Instructional Dairy Farm in G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar on twenty one released varieties of oat (Avena sativa L.) during rabi 2010-11 and 2011-12. Heritability estimates varied from 28.79 per cent for crude protein content to 94.30 per cent for plant height. Grain yield per plant showed highest GCV estimates of 43.91 per cent. High to moderately high variability for GCV coupled with high estimates of heritability were observed for all the characters. As per pooled two years analysis results revealed maximum genotypic coefficient of variation for grain yield per plant, harvest index, leaf : stem ratio, dry matter yield, green fodder yield and straw yield per plant. While high heritability and moderate to high genetic advance was observed for plant height, leaf length, leaf : stem ratio, spikelet per panicle, dry matter yield, green fodder yield, straw yield per plant, grain yield per plant and harvest index indicating the preponderance of additive genetic effects for these traits. The genetic advancement as per cent mean was found to be highest for harvest index (66.09) followed by green fodder yield (51.74), dry matter yield (49.07), leaf : stem ratio (47.63), grain yield plant−1 (41.87) and straw yield plant−1 (41.87).

Breeding Potential of Some Exotic Tomato Lines: A Combined Study of Morphological Variability, Genetic Divergence, and Association of Traits

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is called ‘the poor man’s orange’ due to its low price and improved nutritional values. An experiment was conducted to study the breeding potential of some exotic tomato lines by assessing various qualitative and quantitative traits conferring yield and quality attributes. Among the qualitative traits, greater variability was observed for growth type, stem hairiness, and fruit shape and size. A determinate growth habit was observed in the genotype AVTO9802 while the genotype AVTO0102 produced yellow color fruits. A significant (p ≤ 0.01) variation was also observed for the studied quantitative traits. Based on yield and traits attributed to yield, the genotypes AVTO0314, GPB0107, GPB0120 and AVTO9802 were selected as promising genotypes. The differences between the genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation (GCV and PCV) of the studied quantitative traits were very low. This suggests that the apparent variation was mainly due to the genotypes. The higher GCV and PCV values were observed for the number of primary branches plant−1 (NPB), number of fruits cluster−1 (NFC), individual fruit weight (IFW) and total soluble solids (TSS). High heritability was recorded for all quantitative traits in a broad sense. However, the individual fruit diameter showed the highest heritability (99.56). The highest (102.75) genetic advance (GA) was observed for the number of fruits plant−1 (NFP). High heritability coupled with high GA as percentage of mean were recorded for the traits NFP, NFC, fruit yield plant−1 (FYP) and IFW. FYP showed a significant positive correlation with NFC (0.714***) and a negative correlation with days to the first harvest (−0.539***) and plant height (−0.492**). Principal component analysis revealed that the first four components explained 78.5% of the total variation among the genotypes. Thus, the promising genotypes (AVTO0314, GPB0107, GPB0120, AVTO9802 and AVTO0102) isolated from this study can be used for developing high-yielding and high-quality tomato varieties.

Assessment of Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Toward some Bread Wheat Genotypes for Drought Tolerance Indices

Assessment of Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Toward some Bread Wheat Genotypes for Drought Tolerance Indices

Studies on Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance among the Characters of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Studies on Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance among the Characters of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Assessment of Heritability, Variability and Genetic Advance for Yield Linked Factors Related to Diversify Psyllium (Plantago ovate L.) Germplasm in Arid Conditions

Assessment of Heritability, Variability and Genetic Advance for Yield Linked Factors Related to Diversify Psyllium (Plantago ovate L.) Germplasm in Arid Conditions

Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Estimates of Rice Varieties After Mutagenesis

The present study was conducted for assessing the variability, heritability and genetic advance estimates of upland rice varieties viz., Swarnaprabha and Vaisakh having susceptibility to lodging after treating with gamma rays of dose 375 - 550 Gy. The germination percentage, shoot and root length were inversely related to increase in radiation dose. Correlation studies pointed out that yield is having strong positive correlation with panicle length, panicles per plant, days to maturity and harvest index and direct selection for these independent characters can enhance the yield.

Assessment of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in soybean genotypes

Forty soybean genotypes were evaluated for two consecutive years kharif 2018 and 2019 to determine genetic variability, heritability (h2) and genetic advance (GA) for yield and other yield attributing traits. The pooled analysis of variance revealed significant variation among year and treatment for all characters studied. The interaction of year x treatment also showed a significant difference for most of the traits. RVSM2011-35 recorded the highest mean performance of seed yield/plant and a high value of oil content over the two years indicating that the genotype was found to be promising and could be recommended for Assam. In the case of oil content, NRC 148 showed the highest mean value and also a high value of mean seed yield/ plant over the two years. Range estimation showed wide values for most of the traits except plant height, the number of branches and pods/plant in comparison with the check. The estimates of phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variation indicated that the values of PCV were slightly higher than GCV. The highest values of GCV and PCV were observed for seed yield/plant, the number of seeds/pod and oil content. Higher values of heritability (h2) coupled with high genetic advance (GA) were recorded for seed yield/plant, the number of seeds/pod, oil content, the number of branches, days to 50% flowering, plant height, the number of pods/plant, and 100 seed weight, suggesting that these characters could easily be modified or improved through simple selection. Key words: Glycine max, genotypes, genetic variability, genetic advance, heritability, soybean &nbsp

Estimation of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Genotypes for Tuber Yield and Yield Related Traits

Potato is a high potential food security crop in Ethiopia. Genetic variability is the basis of all crop improvement programs. The study was conducted at Adet in 2018 with the objective of assessing the extent and pattern of genetic variability of potato genotypes for yield and yield related traits. A total of 36 potato genotypes were evaluated for 18 quantitative traits in simple lattice design. The analysis of variance revealed that highly significant difference among the tested potato genotypes for all quantitative traits except stem number per hill. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was ranged from 4.56 to 56.01% (for specific gravity and unmarketable tuber yield ha-1 respectively) and the genotypic coefficient of variation was ranged from 2.32 to 40.66% (specific gravity and late blight severity percentage respectively). Days to attain 50% emergence, leaf area index, number of marketable and total tubers per plant, marketable and total tuber yield ha-1, and late blight severity percentage showed high heritability and high genetic advance as percent of mean. Most of the traits had high phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation; and coupled high heritability with high genetic advance as percent of mean. Traits having high heritability and high genetic advance as percent of means is effective for simple selection.

Coheritability and Genetic Advances of Agromorphological and Oil Quality Traits in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes from Ethiopia

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important oils, food, confectionery, and feed crops due to its high oil quality and richness in all classes of nutrients. Coheritability helps in determining the pattern of coinheritance of two or more traits. This study was aimed at determining the coheritability of oil and yield traits to provide means of conducting improvement of oil traits through breeding for yield traits. The coheritabilities of the traits were estimated by a pooled analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for agromorphological and oil traits. The result indicated that all oil traits have shown medium to high coheritability with oil content, oil quality, and seed yield. The coheritability and genetic advance of the three agronomically important traits in oil crops including oil content, oleic to linoleic acid (O/L) ratio, and seed yield (SY) is greater than oil content, linoleic acid, and SY can be further evidence showing that both oil content and oil quality traits can be improved with seed yield, indicating that there is the possibility of making a selection for genotypes with high oil content, oil yield, and oil quality with high seed yield traits.

Genetic Inheritance and Yield Performance of Bambara Groundnut Genotypes Based on Seed Weight

Though many studies on gene action of yield and yield related traits have been conducted on bambara groundnut, none of these focused on seed size and weight. Hence, this study was conducted to established inheritance pattern based on seed weight. Five bambara groundnut genotypes from Nigeria, namely Giwa, Duna, Cancaraki, Jatau, and Maiki were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replication. The seeds of each genotype were grouped into three seed weight categories namely large, medium and small-seed size. Data were collected on 12 agromorphological traits and statistical analysis was conducted using SAS version 9.4 and variance component and heritability were estimated for each character. The present study revealed significant levels of variability among the five genotypes, fifteen combinations of seed size and genotypes, seed size categories and interaction of genotypes and seed size categories for most of the yield and yield components. High values of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) coupled with genetic advance (GA) were reported for the number of medium seed per plant, total large seed weight per plant, total medium seed weight per plant and hundred seeds weight, while moderate GCV was observed for the total number of seed per plant. But the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than GCV for all characters. Moderate broad-sense heritability for 100SW is responsible for the selection of this particular trait. Among the combination, G5S is the best for yield and yielding traits, while genotypes G3 is the best for yield and yield components, whereas among the seed size categories small seed size showed the high yield and yielding components. Keywords: Inheritance, yield performance, Bambara groundnut, seed weight.

Effect of Heritability, Genetic Advance and Correlation on Yield Contributing Traits in Upland Cotton

This research was planned to study the heritability (broad sense), correlation, genetic advance and behavior of different characters in segregating population of upland cotton. The material consists of segregating population of fourteen crosses along with their seven parents. Parental varieties and segregating population show significant difference for all traits under the study. Plant height, ginning out turn (GOT), bolls per plant and yield per plant showed heritability ranging from 78.9 to 27.3. Significant genotypic correlation of yield with plant height was 0.698, bolls per plant was 0.930, GOT was 0.692, fiber strength was 0.548 and with fiber fineness was 0.435. Phenotypic correlation of yield per plant with plant height was 0.520, boll per plant was 0.894 and GOT was 0.476. It can be suggested that plant height, GOT and bolls per plant are important yield contributing traits as they are positively correlated with seed cotton yield per plant. High value for bolls per plant, GOT and yield per plant was recorded in BH-167 × V4 and CIM-534 × V4, which can be utilized in future breeding program.

Estimates of Heritability and Genetic Advance for Yield Components of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) under Drought Stress Conditions

The study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farms, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. Five Cowpea genotypes (FUAMPEA-1, IT99K-573-1-1, SAMPEA-16, SAMPEA-8, BIU LOCAL) were crossed and advanced to F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 populations using bi-parental mating design. The six generations were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Significant test of the mean performances among the entries showed significant differences among the generations for the characters studied. Wide ranges of narrow sense heritability (18 to 79%), broad sense heritability (21 to 92%) and genetic advance (5.7 to 24.1%) were obtained for characters studied. Broad and narrow sense heritability as well as genetic advance was moderate to high for most of the characters studied such as days to 50% flowering, plant height, days to pod maturity, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, hundred seed weight, root length and grain yield for the three sets of cowpea crosses. The results also revealed the possibility of exploitation for grain yield and drought tolerance in the crosses studied.

Morphological variability and genetic diversity of Aman rice germplasm of Bangladesh cultivated in Mymensingh region

Thirty-one Aman rice germplasm were evaluated to assess their morphological variability and genetic diversity considering ten quantitative and thirty one qualitative traits at the field experimental plot of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture, Mymensingh, following randomized complete block design. The germplasm showed significant differences for all the studied traits. The highest grain yield/plant was recorded in Sentu-16 whereas the lowest was found in Gaindha. The genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was lower than those of the corresponding phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for all the traits. High PCV and GCV along with heritability, genetic advance (GA) and GA in percentage of mean were recorded for number of filled grains/panicle and number of unfilled grains/panicle. Grain yield/plant had positively significant correlation with plant height, number of total tillers/hill, number of effective tillers/hill, number of filled grains/panicle and thousand grain weight. Path co-efficient analysis suggested that grain yield/plant had positive direct effect in association with days to fifty percent flowering, number of effective tillers/hill, panicle length, number of filled grains/panicle and thousand grain weight. Principal component analysis revealed that the first three components accounted for 79.57% of cumulative variance. Cluster analyses were revealed that the studied rice germplasm organized into five clusters based on D2 values where maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster II and V. Qualitative characterization by distinctness, uniformity and stability test revealed that a wide range of variation was observed among the genotypes. Therefore, this study would be useful for breeders to choose and identify the revival and preservation of beneficial genes for crop improvement.

Selection of Parameters (Heritability, Expected Genetic Advance, Correlations and Genetic Variances) For Introduced Hybrids of Maize Zea Mays L

A factorial experiment was conducted in Kirkuk govemorate, in which six introduced hybrids (DK 6050, Gimbson, ZP707, ZP6263, Saganto, Glorya) were used, purchased from local markets, and four chemical herbicides (Turkish Nicosulfuron, Rimsulfuron, Atrazine 80%, Nicosulfuron Chinese), as well as a comparison treatment that was purchased from the different original to study growth traits and yield its compound, the effect of each cross, estimation of variances, coefficients of variation, heritability, expected genetic improvement, genetic, environmental and phenotypic correlations for the of herbicides. The results showed that there were significant differences between hybrids in all traits except for the number of grains per ear, index of harvest, and selling %. The highest hybrid ZP707 was in the traits of plant height, ear leaf area, number of ear per plant, ear length, number of grains per row, number of grains per row, number of grains per row, ear weight, biological yield, harvest index and grain yield per plants, as it reached 183.03, 412.00, 1.14, 19.18, 36.97, 568.86, 221.27, 368.39, 59.85 and 205.45, respectively. The genetic correlation of grain yield plant was significant with all traits except the number of leaves per plant, weight of 300 grains, selling %, protein %, and hectoliter, which amounted to -0.406, - 0.385, -1.231, -0.466, -0.546 and -0.807 respectively. The phenotypic correlation of grain yield per plant was significant with all traits except for the number of leaves per plant, the weight of 300 grains, selling %, protein %, and hectoliter, as it amounted to -0.401, -0.332, -0.652, -0.424, -0.514 and -0.652, some of them were not significant and other Negative significant. The environmental correlation of grain yield with the plant was significant with some characteristics such as ear leaf area, number of ears per plant, number of rows per ear, ear weight, and biological yield, which amounted to 0.746, 0.555, 0.542, 0.663, and 0.509, respectively. The highest genetic and phenotypic difference coefficient for a number of grains per ear was 13.80 and 14.37, and the heritability was high in all traits except harvest index and grain yield per plant, which was medium, amounting to 40.15 and 50.35, and selling % and protein % was low, which reached 14.60 and 35.46 respectively, and highest expected genetic improvement for a number of grains per ear was 27.31.

Study of Coefficient of Variation, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Different Traits of Rice Genotypes Grown under Aerobic Condition

The field experiments with thirty genotypes were conducted during June to October month of kharif, 2018 and kharif, 2019, to assess extent of variability under aerobic condition. The genotypes were sown under dry direct seeded condition using randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Each genotype was sown in single row of 5 m length with spacing of 20 cm between rows and 15 cm between plants. Data recorded for 22 characters including different morphological and quality traits from 5 randomly selected plants of each replication and mean data used for analysis. ANOVA revealed that the mean sum of squares were highly significant difference for most of the traits. The value of PCV was higher than GCV for all the twenty-two characters. However, maximum GCV and PCV were observed for root dry weight plant-1 (31.44% and 32.17%) followed grain yield plant-1 (29.97% and 31.03%), root volume (28.62% and 29.20%), root fresh weight plant-1 (28.51% and 29.08%), biological yield plant-1 (21.86% 22.50%) and number of grains panicle-1 (20.55% and 21.37%). Rest of the traits showed moderate and low GCV and PCV. High heritability and genetic advance were recorded for the traits viz., leaf length, number of tillers plant-1, number of grains panicle-1, 1000 seed weight, root length, root volume, root fresh weight plant-1, root dry weight plant-1, kernel length-breadth ratio, grain yield plant-1, biological yield plant-1 and harvest index. The information regarding different variability will provide direction to select high yielding genotypes under aerobic condition.