Generous Provision Research Articles

It's never too late: calorie restriction is effective in older mammals.

3 CALORIE RESTRICTION (CR), the selective reduction of energy intake without compromising other essential nutrients, is the most powerful intervention known to retard biological aging in mammals, as assessed by extension of mean and maximum lifespan, reduced incidence or progression of age-associated diseases, and preserved physiological function and molecular fidelity with age.1 Yet although CR research dates back nearly 70 years, it was regarded largely as a laboratory curiosity for most of that time, because of the belief that CR worked through retarding growth early in the life history. This notion was reinforced by numerous failed attempts to replicate CR’s antiaging effects when the regimen was instituted in adult organisms (reviewed in Ref. 2). Twenty years ago, this belief was overturned by a classic report by Weindruch and Walford,2 who were the first to unambiguously demonstrate that, if imposed gradually and with a generous provision of essential nutrients (so as to allow for the lesser metabolic adaptability of older organisms), adult-onset CR could exert the same robust anti-aging effects observed when the regimen is implemented in weanlings. The result initiated a new era of interest in CR as a method of experimental manipulation of the aging process—both as tool for investigating the mechanisms of aging, and in hopes of designing alternative interventions which might exploit the mechanisms of CR to extend healthy lifespan in humans (“CR mimetics”3). There have remained, however, reasons for caution regarding the efficacy of CR in older organisms. Reasonable grounds for scepticism included limits on older animals’ ability to metabolically adapt to the CR regime, given young adult animals’ evidently reduced capacity in this regard relative to weanlings; the ability of late-life CR to meaningfully improve functionality, given the previous accumulation of a lifetime of molecular disarray; the time required, relative to the remaining life expectancy of animals in late middle age, for CR’s anti-aging mechanisms to translate into clinically significant functional improvements relative to an ad libitum (AL) cohort; and the established fact of CR’s age-retarding benefits being proportional to the time an organism spends on a CR regimen (Fig. 1). Studies on surrogate outcomes also suggested limits on late-life CR’s effectiveness. Thus CR was found to rapidly reduce levels of carbonyl and loss of sulfhydryl groups in the brain, but was unable to preserve cardiac sulfhydryl groups;4 CR lowered the level of altered heat-labile hepatic, renal, and cerebral proteins, and hepatic mitochondrial (but not cytosolic) carbonylated proteins;5 and while one year of late-onset CR reduced “ragged red” muscle fiber segments and mitochondrial DNA deletions, this effect manifested at 50%, but not

Neoconservative Realities

This article analyses the gendered and differential benefits and costs associated with globalization. It explores current globalization-induced labour force changes in terms of their intersection with race, class and gender, suggesting globalization as a force in concert with other phenomena which marginalizes groups of already disadvantaged Canadian women. The implications of these changes are analysed from two perspectives - their impacts on the women and families facing exclusion from mainstream life and their broader sociopolitical effects. The article posits that these changes in concert with a retrenching welfare state and an increasing commodification of social roles may act to transform the nature of Canadian society, which has maintained a delicate balance between the inclusive social welfare schemes of Western Europe and those much less generous provisions in the US, a society which, until recently, widely conferred social citizenship and enabled access to a valued and acknowledged public sphere.

The long term care insurance law in Japan: impact on institutional care facilities

Following the introduction of the public long-term care (LTC) insurance in Japan on 1 April 2000, funding that had been split between the health and social welfare sectors was unified. All elderly people 65 and over have become entitled to receive benefits according to their eligibility level, regardless of income or family support. Except for those assessed as in the least dependent group, individuals can choose either community care or institutional care, with only the cost of food an additional payment for the latter. Review of the development and implications of long term care insurance provision for older people and analysis of quality based on resident level data. Despite the structural changes, the impact of the new programme has had minimal impact upon the providers of institutional care. The three types of facilities that had provided LTC have continued to function independently, basically retaining the same staffing requirements and charges. For indicators adjusted for risk, the quality of care tended to be higher in designated LTC hospital beds. Appropriate balance between institutional and community care and triaging among the three different types of facilities remains difficult because decisions rest with the individual. Indicators of quality must take into account differences in case-mix among the facility types. However, there are few incentives for providers to improve quality because demand is likely to be increasingly greater than supply. Whether the generous provisions of the new programme will prove to be sustainable remains to be seen.

Adaptation Policies Especially for Children: Key Factors for Effective Outcomes

Good housing is vital to the well‐being of children, but disabled children are widely suffering social exclusion and deprivation of life chances through housing adaptations that are not good enough. Whereas generous provision can do immense long‐term good, adaptations that do not allow for children's growth or development are a waste of time and money. National policy on adaptation has not so far addressed the particular needs of children. Under regulatory reform local authorities have a chance to leap ahead. A checklist to help with planning is offered.

The Learned Scots in Poland (From the Mid-Sixteenth to the Close of the Eighteenth Century)

The presence of the Scots in Poland can be traced to the fourteenth century. Their emigration into Poland reached a peak in the period from the mid-- sixteenth century to the first half of the seventeenth century.1 Drawn from their homeland by economic, political and religious causes, the Scottish emigrants and refugees were attracted by advantageous conditions in Poland. Having a particular flair for trading, the Scots readily settled in a country where they did not have to compete with the nobility, who regarded-so it was said-engagement in commerce as a degrading occupation. Of no less importance for the Scottish Presbyterians was the knowledge that traditions of humane tolerance prevailed in Poland, even long before the days when Europe was plagued by religious wars. Therefore, they, as well as other groups of religious dissenters, were able to find shelter and accommodation in that Roman Catholic state, where they were free to adhere to their conscience. Obviously, Poland also welcomed Catholic Scots. Moreover, the renowned Scottish foot soldiers were highly appreciated there, as the Polish army consisted mainly of cavalry. In times of peace Scots could serve in private formations of the magnates; in times of war, when levies were announced, they could easily enlist in infantry units of the Crown army.2 The vast majority of the Scottish immigrants busied themselves with trade in Poland. There were, however, others, a small minority, who distinguished themselves in the fields of learning and scholarship, or in various activities which revealed their education. Some of the former gained renown not only in Poland, but also throughout Europe. It has always been characteristic of the Scottish Nation to appreciate education in quite a remarkable way. The Scots, who arrived in Poland, even at the age of thirteen, or those who were born in their new homeland, had already gained the rudiments of learning from denominational schools. The well-to-do families, as a rule, provided tutors at home for their children. It is interesting to note that research data, pertaining to some 8,000 persons, provides no evidence of illiteracy among the Scots, even though this was not always the case with other inhabitants of Poland.3 For their higher education, the Presbyterian youth in Poland attended schools in Radziejow; those located in the estates of the Reformed Church Polish aristocracy: Zabludow, Stuck-at present Slutsk in Belarus, Kiejdany-at present, Kedainiai in Lithuania, and Leszno; or the academic gymnasia at Gdansk and Elblig. Moreover, because of the high quality of education provided by Jesuit colleges, the Scots, as well as various Protestant denominations, readily enrolled in them, or at Zamosc Academy, as its founder, Jan Zamoyski (1542-1605), ensured free admission to students regardless of their religious persuasion. It should also be mentioned that, already from the first half of the fifteenth century, the Scots were enrolled at another Catholic institution-Jagiellonian University in Cracow. Frequently trips to Western Europe followed graduations from Polish schools. They lasted several months, or even, on occasions, one or more years. They were highly advantageous both for the young men and the tutors. The latter, who accompanied their pupils, were often accomplished scholars themselves. Thus, sojourns in renowned centers of learning enabled them to achieve, among other aims, the establishment of close contacts with foreign literati, savants and scientists. The Scots in Poland conscientiously endeavoured to establish and maintain their own churches, as well as to provide for them their own ministers. For these purposes Scottish congregations organized special collections. Moreover, generous provisions in last wills and testaments of wealthy merchants fostered the training of ministers in Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Leiden, or at other Western European universities. The graduates should-as one of the donors, David Aithenhead (d. …

The Funding of Drama Student Training in Britain

The National Council for Drama Training represents the drama sector of the British performing arts industry and is responsible for the accreditation of the standard and content of the courses at vocational drama schools for professional actors and stage managers, to ensure their relevance to the industry. The Council has three wings: the employers (Society of London Theatre, Theatrical Management Association, the BBC, Channel 4, Channel 5, and ITV), the trades union (Equity), and the leading professional training providers. The purpose of the report which follows was to provide as objective as possible an assessment of the workings of the government's new Dance and Drama Awards scheme, to assist the industry in discussions with Government on improvements to the scheme. Its author, Graham Marchant, is an arts consultant with an exceptional breadth of knowledge and experience, particularly as theatre administrator, senior Arts Council officer, and principal of a vocational school for professional dancers. The NCDT was enabled to commission the Report through the generous provision of funds from the Mackintosh Foundation and the Society of London Theatre.

Balancing Concentration and Dispersion? Public Policy and Urban Structure in Toronto

By North American standards Toronto is a concentrated agglomeration. Its downtown has enjoyed spectacular growth since the 1960s; most inner-city neighbourhoods are perceived as desirable; and public transit patronage is high relative to that of same-size North American metropolitan regions. Still, it is within dispersed, car-oriented, suburbs that most post-1950 development has taken place. This agglomeration is composed of two realms—a concentrated and a dispersed realm—differentiated by their respective land-use-transportation dynamic. The concentrated realm is defined by a considerable reliance on walking and public transportation, a mixing of land uses and overall higher employment and residential densities than elsewhere in the metropolitan region. Meanwhile, the dispersed realm is car dependent, dominated by large monofunctional zones and developed at a relatively low density. The author links the coexistence and respective importance of these two realms in the Toronto agglomeration both to the nature of urban policies implemented since 1950 and to the circumstances that have led to their adoption. The construction of expressways, suburban type land-use planning, and a generous provision of open space have abetted dispersion. By contrast, the construction of a subway system and measures encouraging the redevelopment of underused land have promoted growth within the concentrated portion of the agglomeration. It is noteworthy, however, that these measures have failed in their attempts to induce concentration beyond the prewar urbanized perimeter. The author examines the positive and negative aspects of the presence of these two realms within a given agglomeration and highlights the threat newly adopted policies represent for the concentrated realm.

Fiji’s fisheries: their contribution to development and their future

The industrial fisheries of Fiji have had mixed fortunes. The fresh fish export industry has grown rapidly in importance so that fisheries is now the third most valuable export industry; its positive effect on the economy is mainly in the increase in the purchase of goods and services, such as air freight. The present ‘hands off’ policy by government in the fresh fish export industry should continue until the industry matures. In the longer run, ad valorem royalties should be considered as a mean of capturing resource rents. The government-owned export cannery has been in financial decline, and the maintenance of the social benefits of regional employment generated by the cannery has come at a high cost to government coffers. The future of the cannery, now leased to a private operator, is clouded by the uncertainty of the continuity of concessional access to European markets beyond the year 2000. The main task faced by government is the management of fisheries and fish stocks. The management of the inshore fisheries — vital to the needs of a large proportion of the population — needs additional resources. The capability for management of the industrial fisheries, necessary to maximise long term public benefits, would be enhanced by full cost recovery through a user pays policy. This article is based on a paper presented to the Fiji Update seminar, held at the National Centre for Development Studies, the Australian National University, Canberra, on 19 June 1998. The author wishes to thank Mr Krishna Swamy, Senior Fisheries Officer in the Fiji Fisheries Division, and Mr Grahame Southwick, Managing Director of the Fiji Fish Company Ltd, for their generous provision of information for the preparation of this paper; and Mr Joeli Veitayaki, Coordinator of the Ocean Resources Management Programme, University of the South Pacific, for helpful comments. Any errors or omissions are the author’s responsibility, however.

Narratives of the Body and History: Illness in Judgement on the Soviet Past

This paper focuses on the narrative of a Latvian countrywoman. In so doing it explores the unstable relationship between history, memory and the body. In particular, it looks at the way in which certain historical events have come to be annexed to the body and are used to explain the development of psychological and mental illness. This account describes state‐perpetrated violence, and connects individual ills to a shared history and collective suffering. My informant offered her life story as testimony to the violence and injustice of past experience. The attempt to channel political discontent by the generous provision of medical diagnostic categories is unsuccessful. Rather, bodily experience plays a central role as a yardstick against which the unreasonableness of history is judged.

Attempts to Use Section 1782 to Obtain US Discovery in Aid of Foreign Arbitrations

FOR MANY years, commentators have debated whether parties to a private international arbitration can obtain discovery from US courts pursuant to the generous provision for discovery in aid of foreign proceedings contained in section 1782 of the US Judicial Code.1 Only recently, however, have the courts addressed the issue. An initial wave of decisions largely accorded with the commentators' views and permitted discovery in aid of proceedings before foreign arbitral tribunals, although they did so with relatively little discussion.2 Two very recent decisions, however, have found that the legislative history and context of the statute do not permit parties to private international arbitrations to apply directly to US courts for discovery in aid of arbitration.3 The authors conclude that these more recent decisions best reflect the legislative intent of the statute and that Congress never intended section 1782 to apply to private foreign arbitrations. Part I of...

Oxford's miniature 'Crystal Palace'

Following the publication of his book Crystal Palace: Cronaca di un'avventura progettuale (1995), Giovanni Brino of Turin Polytechnic made a lecture visit in March, 1997 to both the Oxford and Cambridge Schools of Architecture. While hosting the Oxford portion of his visit, Tom Porter (who wrote the introduction to Brino's book), suggested that he might like to see what remains of the old Oxford LMS Station. What follows results from Brino's obvious surprise and excitement at encountering first hand what appears to be surviving ‘Crystal Palace’ components, together with the generous provision of research material by Julian Munby, Oxford Archaeological Unit.

Insurance Choice and the Demand for Prescription Drugs

This paper analyzes the influence that health insurance has on elderly individuals' decisions to use prescription drugs. We create a data base from a survey of health insurance and medicine use in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania conducted during the summer of 1990 by researchers affiliated with the Medicine, Health, and Aging Project at Penn State [23]. Pennsylvania is particularly interesting in this regard because of the generous provisions of the PACE (Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly) program, which pays for all outpatient prescriptions for low income elderly, less a $4.00 copayment per 30 days dosage. Our analytic framework is dictated by three considerations. First, we wish to produce quantitative estimates of insurance effects over a wide range of prescription benefit provisions. Most prior research on prescription drug demand has focused on the effects of relatively minor alterations in insurance benefits such as the addition of a $.50 or $1.00 copayment. Findings from these studies are not generalizable to situations in which individuals gain (or lose) prescription coverage or face other major changes in prescription benefits. Second, we wish to address the question of whether prescription demand is driven more by the own-price effects of drug coverage or by the cross-price effects of Medicare supplementation for ambulatory physician visits. Outpatient physician visits are covered under Medicare Part B, but are subject to deductible and coinsurance provisions which may reduce their use. Since physi

Flexibility and Mass Production at War: Aircraft Manufacture in Britain, the United States, and Germany, 1939–1945

Flexibility and Mass Production at War: Aircraft Manufacture in Britain, the United States, and Germany, 1939-1945 JONATHAN ZEITLIN The relationship between military enterprise and mass production is a central theme in the history of technology.1 Military demand, military finance, and military ideology, it is widely agreed, provided a crucial stimulus for the technological breakthroughs necessary for mass pro­ duction. The origins of the “American system of manufactures” during the 1830s and 1840s, as Merritt Roe Smith has shown, lay in the U.S. Army’s determined quest for a rifle with interchangeable parts, itself inspired by the earlier visions and experiments of military engineers in 18th-century France.2 During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as David Hounshell has demonstrated, American industrialists successfully adapted the techniques of “armory practice”—notably, sequential manufacture of interchangeable parts using special-purpose machinery, jigs, fixtures, and gauges—to high-volume production oflight, standardDr . Zeitlin, associate professor of history and industrial relations at the University of Wisconsin—Madison, is completing a book on flexibility and mass production in the British metalworking industries, 1830-1990, with support from the Guggenheim Foun­ dation and the German Marshall Fund of the United States. He is grateful to the following friends and colleagues for generous provision of advice, comments on previous drafts, research materials, and unpublished manuscripts: Herrick Chapman, David Edgerton, John Guilmartin, Howell Harris, Gary Herrigel, Paul Hirst, I. B. Holley, Jr., David Hounshell, Nelson Lichtenstein, Ned Lorenz, Eric Schatzberg, Jim Tomlinson, and Jacob Vander Meulen. The usual disclaimers apply. 'For a general survey, see Merritt Roe Smith, “Introduction,” in Merritt Roe Smith, ed., Military Enterprise and Technological Change: Perspectives on the American Experience (Cam­ bridge, Mass., 1985), pp. 1-38. ’Merritt Roe Smith, Harpers Ferry Armory and the New Technology (Ithaca, N.Y., 1977), and “Army Ordnance and the ‘American System’ of Manufacturing, 1815-1861,” in Smith, ed., pp. 39-86; Ken Alder, “Terror and Technocracy: The French Origins of Interchange­ able Parts Manufacturing” (paper presented at the Society for the History of Technology meeting, Uppsala, Sweden, August 16-20, 1992). For a dissenting view that argues for the independent origins of the American system in the private sector, see Donald R. Hoke, Ingenious Yankees: The Rise of the American System of Manufactures in the Private Sector (New York, 1990).© 1995 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/95/3601 -0002$01.00 46 Flexibility and Mass Production at War 47 ized equipment such as sewing machines, typewriters, agricultural implements, bicycles, and ultimately automobiles.3 Both military and economic historians also concur that the resulting capacity of civilian firms to manufacture large numbers of standardized weapons became increasingly central to the conduct of industrialized warfare, while the great munitions drives of World War I in particular played a key part in diffusing mass-production methods from the United States to other combatant powers such as Britain, France, and Germany.4 World War II, by all accounts, marks the apogee of this symbiosis between mass production and military prowess. For the Allied victory surely de­ pended, as contemporaries themselves believed, on the ability of American (and Soviet) mass-production industry to turn out military aircraft, tanks, and other weapons systems in unprecedented quantities.5 Historians of technology are well aware that international military rivalries have often centered on complex weapons systems such as naval battleships produced to customer specifications in small batches or single units using skill-intensive methods. And they have likewise docu­ mented the importance of military objectives and material support for the development of flexible, general-purpose technologies such as computers and numerically controlled machine tools.6 Yet the prevailing view has been that the military’s overriding concern with what Roe Smith calls “uniformity and order” has shaped and reinforced two central premises of modern industrial management: control and standardization. Insofar as military procurement objectives are recognized to diverge from the mass-production model—for ex­ ample, by emphasizing performance over costs—this has often been seen as an institutional distortion of normal economic processes that inhibits defense contractors from competing successfully in civilian product markets. For contemporary critics of the “baroque” technolo- 'David...

Health and health care in London

The health needs of Londoners are not well served by its historic endowment of health services. There is a major imbalance between the relatively generous provision of acute hospitals and the poor overall quality of primary and community health care. To cope with the current NHS reforms, new approaches to financing and planning services are essential.

Population density and growth rate in laboratory mice

Home Office guidelines recommend an area of 60 cm2 per mouse for growing mice up to 30 g. However, the overall growth rate, and final adrenal weight of weanling BALB/c and MF1 strain mice was not affected by being housed at a density of down to 27 cm2 per mouse, though there was some evidence of strain differences in ability to tolerate such dense housing. The presence of cage accessories had no effect on growth rate of BALB/c and female mice, but reduced growth of MF1 and male mice, though the effect was small. It is concluded that present Home Office guidelines make a generous provision for the space requirements of growing laboratory mice, and that the use of cage accessories of varying design may be worth exploring in more detail.

ON SWITCHING OF TECHNIQUES IN TWO‐SECTOR MODELS*

Scottish Journal of Political EconomyVolume 35, Issue 1 p. 84-91 ON SWITCHING OF TECHNIQUES IN TWO-SECTOR MODELS* J. E. Woods, J. E. Woods Towers and Perrin, LondonSearch for more papers by this author J. E. Woods, J. E. Woods Towers and Perrin, LondonSearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1988 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1988.tb01032.xCitations: 2 † *Non-incriminatory acknowledgements are due to Professor Ian Steedman and the referee for helpful comments. The first version of this paper was written while I was visiting the Department of Economics, Queen Mary College, London for the academic year 1985-6: I am grateful to the Department for the generous provision of facilities. Though I revised the paper after joining Towers and Perrin, readers should note that I write in a personal capacity, not as a corporate representative. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume35, Issue1February 1988Pages 84-91 RelatedInformation

Do Australians want the welfare state?

Abstract The failures of the Australian welfare state are often implicitly argued to derive in large part from the conservatism of the Australian public. This research uses public opinion poll data from 1940 to 1985 to question some of the claims made about public opinion and Australian welfare. These data indicate that post‐World War Two governments were not the captives of public opposition to expanded welfare provision. The public favoured generous, universal and contributory welfare provision in specific areas where the policies of successive Australian governments favoured selective, illiberal welfare measures funded by taxation. Moreover, public support for government health schemes suggests that welfare programmes generate public support rather than result from it. This evidence suggests that explanations for the conservatism of the Australian welfare state lie elsewhere.

Edward III and His Family

The chroniclers and poets of the later Middle Ages credited Edward III with many successes, among which the production of a large family rated highly. The king had a total of twelve children, of whom no fewer than nine—five sons and four daughters—survived to maturity (fig. 1). Historians have not always been enthusiastic about the generous provisions made for this large family. Edward's very fecundity, viewed by fourteenth-century writers as a sure sign of God's grace, has been seen as a political liability because it exhausted resources, created a political imbalance between the crown and the younger branches of the royal family, and led ultimately to the deposition of Richard II and the Wars of the Roses.It is possible, however, to view Edward III's family arrangements in a different and rather more favorable light. Since the loss of many of their overseas territories in the thirteenth century, the Plantagenet kings had come to regard their remaining possessions as an inalienable patrimony to be handed on intact from father to eldest son. Unless younger children were able to create titles for themselves in foreign lands, kings had no option but to reward their sons with English earldoms. This was not a policy guaranteed to benefit the crown: the bitter quarrels between Edward II and his cousin Thomas of Lancaster showed very clearly the dangers that might arise when cadet branches of the Plantagenet dynasty became bound up with the English aristocracy.

Introduction to High Energy Physics (2nd edn)

Although 'compounded from advanced texts, review articles, original papers, and particularly the proceedings of summer schools', this has been assembled masterfully into a book which is a pleasure to read, full of unusual insights and connections, and with a generous provision of exercises, their solutions, worked examples, references, specialised bibliographies, appendices and tables. All of subnuclear physics is covered, but with a proper bias towards the newest and most fashionable of topics such as quarks and leptons, grand unification, and proton instability.

Comments on the Public-Sector Discount Rate: Response to Jenkins

Despite the length of his commentary, Jenkins (1980) fails to answer the criticisms of the Treasury Board's Guide outlined by Sumner (1980). Indeed, many of his apparent answers are addressed to questions which were never raised in the first place. His discussion of risk is a classic example of ignoratio elenchi. His convincing rebuttal of the argument that no allowance for risk need be incorporated in the appraisal of public sector projects is irrelevant. The point at issue was not whether such an allowance should be made, but that it should not be made twice. The Treasury Board's recommendations are therefore inconsistent; if its preferred procedure, of making an explicit allowance for risk, is to be retained, a matter on which, incidentally, an opinion was not expressed, then the discount rate derived from observed returns in the private sector is too high for the purpose. In similar fashion, Jenkins then argues that the marginal rate of return in the private sector is not measured by the return on the set of least profitable projects observed. It would be difficult to disagree with this observation, but it is equally difficult to see its relevance to the distinction that was being made between marginal and average rates of return. That distinction relates to the distribution of expected returns across all potential projects, and not to the distribution of actual returns around their expected yields. Certainly 'there will be a tendency for marginal expected rates of return on new investment and the average expected rates of return to converge'; the substantive question is whether the convergence is so rapid as to render the distinction between average and marginal rates of return unimportant. Notice that if convergence occurred so quickly, Jenkins would not be able to argue that his calculated average understated the marginal rate of return by overrepresenting comparatively unprofitable sectors. More significantly, his implicit judgement that convergence takes place rapidly is inconsistent not only with his own estimates of dispersion in the average private rates of return across industries, but also with the substantial lags in adjustment identified in studies of investment behaviour. Jenkins' remaining arguments reiterate the view that divergencies between private and social returns are attributable solely to taxation. His dismissal of imperfections in the competitive process as a contributory factor leaves as open questions both the adequacy of national indices of concentration as proxies for barriers to entry, and the source of dispersion in private rates of return. The proposition that 'real corporation income tax rates will increase as a result of an inflationary situation' is, yet again, not in dispute. What is in dispute is the assertion that the increase in inflation has more than offset the lower effective tax rates resulting from more generous write-off provisions. The assertion does not apply to the manufacturing and processing incentives. More importantly, its validity or otherwise cannot be established from a simple scrutiny of the historical record, because the benefits of investment credits or more liberal capital cost allowances are typically not extended to existing assets: what matters is the social rate of return on new investment, which depends on current tax provisions. That is why an alternative procedure was recommended, of calculating social rates of return on different assets at the prevailing tax structure, for a given net rate of return. This procedure would eliminate the confusing influence of irrelevant history. By abstracting from other determinants, it would also serve the valuable purpose of throwing into sharper relief the