Type Species Of Genus Research Articles

Salticidae (Arachnida: Araneae) from Oriental, Australian and Pacific Regions: Astilodes and Urogelides, new genera from Australia

AbstractAstilodes mariae gen. et sp.n. and Urogelides daviesae gen. et sp.n. are diagnosed and described from eastern and south-eastern Queensland (Australia). Information on distribution and biota requirements for both generic type species are given. On the basis of morphological characters the genus Astilodes is temporarily classified within the Astioida clade, while Urogelides is placed in the Heliophaninae subfamily.

Systematics of Agrophaspidium, a new genus of Neotropical Chloropidae (Diptera)

Agrophaspidium gen. n. is described for six species: Agrophaspidium flavimana sp. n. (type locality: La Selva, Costa Rica); Agrophaspidium hastatum Duda, 1930, comb. n. (type locality: Suiza de Turrialba, Costa Rica); Agrophaspidium minutum sp. n. (type locality: Gatun Lake, near Colón, Panama); Agrophaspidium monticola sp. n. (type species of genus; type locality: Monteverde, Costa Rica); Agrophaspidium pollinosum sp. n. (type locality: Portachuelo Pass, Venezuela); and Agrophaspidium psilotum sp. n. (type locality: Guanacaste National Park, Costa Rica). Agrophaspidium is distinguished from other Oscinellinae by the combination of an anteromedial-posterolateral arrangement of the vertical bristles, a dorsally flattened scutellum with four elongate marginal projections bearing stout bristles, and characters of the male genitalia (enlarged epandrium, branched surstylus, enlarged and modified cercus). Although the phylogenetic relationships of species within Agrophaspidium are resolved by morphological characters, the generic relationships to other Oscinellinae are unresolved.

Enopliinae of Palaearctis, Part 2 Syriopelta gen. n., new genus established for Syrian Orthopleura funebris Fairmaire, 1892. (Col., Cleridae)

The taxonomic position of the species Orthopleura funebris Fairmaire, 1892, is re-classified. Incongruence with any of hitherto known enopliine genera was ascertained and a new genus Syriopelta gen. n. was validized (O. funebris type-species). Differential diagnosis, description involving the wing morphology compared with wing structures of related genera, morphology, results of microscopical examination of tarsi (see below) as well as synonymy of generic names are given. The holotype female of type-species was dissected and detailed type redescription involving the morphology of microscopically examined ovipositor as well as catalogues are given. In the section Discussion the atypical structure of the tarsi of holotype ‘in toto’ is discussed, tarsi substantiated as fully enopliine and their shape cleared up as artificial by means of direct model comparison of the type-species of genera being the types of two subfamilies of Cleridae peltatae, i. e. Enoplium serraticorne (Enopliinae) and Tarsostenus univittatus (Tarsosteninae).

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.

Description of Labrenzia alexandrii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel alphaproteobacterium containing bacteriochlorophyll a, and a proposal for reclassification of Stappia aggregata as Labrenzia aggregata comb. nov., of Stappia marina as Labrenzia marina comb. nov. and of Stappia alba as Labrenzia alba comb. nov., and emended descriptions of the genera Pannonibacter, Stappia and Roseibium, and of the species Roseibium denhamense

A slightly pink-coloured strain, strain DFL-11(T), was isolated from single cells of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium lusitanicum and was found to contain the genes encoding two proteins of the photosynthetic reaction centre, pufL and pufM. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the novel strain belonged to the alpha-2 subgroup of the Proteobacteria and was most closely related to Stappia aggregata (97.7 % similarity), Stappia alba (98.0 %) and Stappia marina (98.0 %). Dark-grown cells of strain DFL-11(T) contained small amounts of bacteriochlorophyll a (bchl a) and a carotenoid. Cells of strain DFL-11(T) were rods, 0.5-0.7 x 0.9-3.0 microm in size and motile by means of a single, subpolarly inserted flagellum. The novel strain was strictly aerobic and utilized a wide range of organic carbon sources, including fatty acids, tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and sugars. Biotin and thiamine were required as growth factors. Growth was obtained at sea salt concentrations of between 1 and 10 % (w/v), at a pH between 6 and 9.2 and at a temperature of up to 33 degrees C (optimum, 26 degrees C). Nitrate was not reduced and indole was not produced from tryptophan. Strain DFL11(T) was resistant to potassium tellurite and transformed it to elemental tellurium. The major respiratory lipoquinone was ubiquinone 10 (Q10). The polar lipids comprised phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified aminolipid and the glycolipid sulphoquinovosyldiacylglyceride. The fatty acids comprised 16 : 1 omega7c, 16 : 0, 18 : 1 omega7c, 18 : 0, 11-methyl 18 : 1 omega6t, 11-methyl 20 : 1 omega6t, 20 : 1 omega7c, 22 : 0, 22 : 1 and the hydroxy fatty acids 3-OH 14 : 0, 3-OH 16 : 0 (ester-linked), 3-OH 18 : 0, 3-OH 20 : 1 and 3-OH 20 : 0, all of which are amide-linked. The DNA G+C value was 56 mol%. Comparative analysis of alpha-2 subgroup 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the type species of the genus Stappia, Stappia stellulata, is only distantly related to S. aggregata (95.3 % sequence similarity). Based on the combination of the 16S rRNA gene sequence data, a detailed chemotaxonomic study and the biochemical and physiological properties of members of the genera Stappia, Pannonibacter and Roseibium, it is proposed that S. aggregata, S. alba, S. marina are transferred to a new genus, Labrenzia gen. nov., as Labrenzia aggregata comb. nov., Labrenzia alba comb. nov. and Labrenzia marina comb. nov. The type species of the new genus is Labrenzia alexandrii sp. nov., with strain DFL-11(T) (=DSM 17067(T)=NCIMB 14079(T)) as the type strain. The pufLM genes of the photosynthesis reaction centre were shown to be present in some, but not all, species of the new genus Labrenzia and they were identified for the first time in S. stellulata. In accordance with the new data collected in this study, emended descriptions are provided for the genera Pannonibacter, Roseibium and Stappia.

Cladistic analysis of species of Natalis Laporte (1836) and related genera Eunatalis Schenkling (1909), Metademius Schenkling (1899) and Eurymetomorphon Pic (1950) (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae) with redescription of a restored Clerinae genus

A cladistic analysis of the species of Natalis Laporte (1836), and related genera Eunatalis Schenkling (1909), Metademius Schenkling (1899) and Eurymetomorphon Pic (1950), is presented. Representatives of the genus Calendyma Lacordaire (1857), are used as the outgroup. The synapomorphies of Eurymetomorphon allow to restore it as a valid generic entity. The synapomorphies shared by Eunatalis and Metademius suggest that these genera constitute a monophyletic group, related to Natalis, but evolved independently in the Australian region. According to this statement it is proposed to restore Eunatalis and Metademius as valid generic entities, but their characterization will require the analysis of a greater number of species. Within the genus Natalis, two monophyletic groups are recognized: one formed by N. laplacei Laporte (1836), the generic type species, and N. wagneri Lesne (1911), and another one composed of N. punctipennis Germain (1855), N. impressus (Spinola 1849), and N. pallidus Solervicens (1976) for which the genus Neogyponyx Schenkling (1906) is revalidated. A redescription of Neogyponyx is provided as is a key to the species.

Phylogenetic relationships and generic boundaries in the Episcieae (Gesneriaceae) inferred from nuclear, chloroplast, and morphological data

AbstractEpiscieae is the most diverse tribe of Gesneriaceae, with 22 genera and over 700 species, or roughly 21% of all Gesneriaceae. The tribe is restricted to the Neotropics and is characterized by axillary flowers derived from a pair–flowered cyme inflorescence by reduction, a three–trace trilacunar node with split lateral bundles, superior ovaries, and with most members having a haploid chromosome number of n = 9 [n = 8 in Codonanthe and Nematanthus]. Most traditionally recognized genera in Episcieae are either known to be non–monophyletic or have not been represented adequately in phylogenetic analyses to test their monophyly. This paper presents phylogenetic analyses utilizing two molecular [the internal transcribed spacer region of 18S–26S nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) and the trnH–psbA intergenic spacer for 155 species] and one morphological (99 characters for 120 species) datasets, combined in a total evidence analysis. All traditionally recognized genera of Episcieae except for the monotypic genus Lampadaria are represented. Of the 21 sampled genera in Episcieae, 16 are represented by the generic type species. The genera Glossoloma and Crantzia are segregated from the genus Alloplectus as traditionally recognized. Other genera that are strongly supported as monophyletic include Alsobia, Columnea (with the inclusion of C. dielsii), Corytoplectus, and Episcia. Drymonia is weakly supported and is shown here to be morphologically diverse and in need of further evaluation. Evolution of fruit structure is examined in the context of the phylogenetic results presented here with two previously unreported features that are here referred to as capsules with tardily dehiscent and non–dehiscent endocarps. Three independent origins of resupinate flowers are inferred for Glossoloma, Nematanthus, and Crantzia. Strongly supported clades have centers of diversity in southeastern Brazil (Nematanthus, Codonanthe, Codonanthopsis, and Paradrymonia anisophylla), northern South America (Alloplectus, Drymonia, Columnea, Neomortonia), Central America (Alsobia, Oerstedina, Rufodorsia, Cobananthus), and two clades with diversity in the Guiana Shield [(Paradrymonia, Nautilocalyx, Chrysothemis) and (Lembocarpus, Cremersia, Rhoogeton)]. Neomortonia, a genus of three species, is poorly supported due to conflict among datasets.

Nesiotobacter exalbescens gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately thermophilic alphaproteobacterium from an Hawaiian hypersaline lake

A Gram-negative bacterium, designated LA33B(T), was isolated from water collected from a hypersaline lake on uninhabited Laysan Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Cells of strain LA33B(T) are motile, straight rods that grow between 4 and 45 degrees C and in media containing 1-17.5% (w/v) NaCl. The strain oxidizes carbohydrates, nucleosides, amino acids and organic acids presented as sole carbon sources and constitutive lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes are expressed. Over 75% of the fatty acid pool is cis-11-octadecenoic acid (18:1omega7c). Comparative sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicates that the strain forms a new lineage in the alpha-2 subclass of the Proteobacteria, with the closest recognized strains being Stappia aggregata NCIMB 2208T and Roseibium denhamense JCM 10543T, with which it shares 94-95% sequence similarity. Strain LA33B(T) differs phenotypically from extant Stappia and Roseibium species, however, in that it is a moderate thermophile, it requires NaCl and tolerates higher NaCl concentrations and it does not express beta-galactosidase or oxidize glycerol. On the basis of genotypic data and phenotypic characteristics, we propose that strain LA33B(T) does not belong to the genera Stappia or Roseibium and that it represents the type species of a new genus, Nesiotobacter. Strain LA33B(T) (= ATCC BAA-994T = CIP 108449T) is proposed as the type strain of the type species of this genus, with the name Nesiotobacter exalbescens gen. nov., sp. nov.

A revised classification scheme for living haptophytes

Research Article| December 01, 2004 A revised classification scheme for living haptophytes Richard W. Jordan; Richard W. Jordan 1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990 8560, Japan Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Lluisa Cros; Lluisa Cros 2Institut de Cièncias del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jeremy R. Young Jeremy R. Young 3Palaeontology Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom, email: sh081@kdeve.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Micropaleontology (2004) 50 (Suppl_1): 55–79. https://doi.org/10.2113/50.Suppl_1.55 Article history first online: 03 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Richard W. Jordan, Lluisa Cros, Jeremy R. Young; A revised classification scheme for living haptophytes. Micropaleontology 2004;; 50 (Suppl_1): 55–79. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/50.Suppl_1.55 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyMicropaleontology Search Advanced Search Abstract A comprehensive classification of extant haptophytes is presented, with full citations of all taxa from species to class level within the division Haptophyta. Almost 100 notes discuss aspects of classification and nomenclature, with particular attention being paid to problems related to recognition of life-cycle associations. One new genus Holococcolithophora is described and six species are recombined in it. Appendices list conserved and rejected names, the type species of genera, and basionyms of recombined species. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Phylogeny and typification of Madurella mycetomatis, with a comparison of other agents of eumycetoma.

The genus Madurella, described for non-sporulating agents of human mycetoma, is proven to be heterogeneous on the basis of rDNA small subunit (SSU) and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequencing data. Madurella mycetomatis, the main agent of mycetoma in arid zones of Central and East Africa, probably belongs to the ascomycete order Sordariales. Madurella mycetomatis, the generic type species, is neotypified. Madurella grisea, with worldwide occurrence, is likely to be a member of the order Pleosporales, just as the mycetoma agents of Leptosphaeria, Pseudochaetosphaeronema, and Pyrenochaeta. Neotestudina rosatii belongs to the order Dothideales. Judging from ITS data, M. mycetomatis and N. rosatii are species complexes. The ex-type strain of N. rosatii, from a human mycetome, has an ITS sequence that deviates from that of environmental strains of the species.

Mapping of B-cell epitopes in the N-terminal repeated peptides of Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a and characterization of the humoral immune response of cattle immunized with recombinant and whole organism antigens.

Major surface protein (MSP) 1a of the genus type species Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) together with MSP1b forms the MSP1 complex. MSP1a has been shown to be involved in adhesion, infection and tick transmission of A. marginale, as well as to contribute to protective immunity in cattle. A differential antibody response to MSP1a and MSP1b was observed in cattle immunized with A. marginale derived from bovine erythrocytes (anti-MSP1a response) or cultured tick cells (anti-MSP1b response). In this study, we further characterized the MSP1a antibody response of cattle using several immunogens, including recombinant MSP1a (rMSP1a) protein, erythrocyte- or tick cell culture-derived A. marginale, or a combination of tick cell culture-derived A. marginale and rMSP1a. The MSP1a antibody response to all these immunogens was directed primarily against the N-terminal region of MSP1a that contains tandemly repeated peptides, whereas low antibody levels were detected against the C-terminal portion. Linear B-cell epitopes of MSP1a were mapped using synthetic peptides representing the entire sequence of the protein that were prepared by SPOT synthesis technology. Only two peptides in the N-terminal repeats were recognized by sera from immunized cattle. These peptides shared the sequence SSAGGQQQESS, which is likely to contain the linear B-cell epitope that was recognized by the pools of bovine sera. The average differential of antibody titers against MSP1a minus those against MSP1b correlated with lower percent reductions in PCV. A preferential antibody response to MSP1a was observed in cattle immunized with erythrocyte-derived, cell culture-derived plus rMSP1a or rMSP1a alone, and the percent reduction PCV was significantly lower in these cattle as compared with the other immunization groups. These results provide insight into the bovine antibody response against A. marginale and the role of MSP1a in protection of cattle against A. marginale infection.

Description of Scalithrium n. gen. (Cestoda, Tetraphyllidea) with Scalithrium minimum (Van Beneden, 1850) n. comb., a parasite of Dasyatis pastinaca (Elasmobranchii, Dasyatidae), as type species

Scalithrium gen. n. (Cestoda, Tetraphyllidea) is proposed with Scalithrium minimum (Van Beneden, 1850) n. comb., parasite of Dasyatis pastinaca (Elasmobranchii, Dasyatidae) as type-species. The new genus Scalithrium (Tetraphyllidea, Phyllobothriidae, Rhinebothriinae) is erected for several species previously included in the genus Rhinebothrium. These species have a scolex with four bothridia, the distal surface of which is divided by transverse septa in a single row of loculi. Scalithrium minimum (Van Beneden, 1850) n. comb. is redescribed from specimens collected from the type-host Dasyatis pastinaca in Tunisia and becomes the type-species of the new genus. After Braun (1900) Echeneibothrium variabile Van Beneden, 1850 is considered as type-species of the genus Echeneibothrium. Species of Rhinebothriinae to be transferred into the genus Scalithrium are discussed and a key is proposed for the eight species.

Les travaux micropaléontologiques d’Alcide d’Orbigny

D’Orbigny has created the order of Foraminifera for minute animals classed, at this time, amongst Cephalopoda, and proposed the first classification of this order in 1826, laying the foundations of micropalaeontology. All along his life, he described, figured or clarified diagnosis of about 1500 recent and fossil species. His collections, stored in the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, represent an inestimable patrimony and are still actively consulted. Several micropalaeontologists had contributed to their valorisation and recognised the validity of most of his species. Nowadays, one hundred and two are considered as type species of genera.

Characterization of the functional domain of major surface protein 1a involved in adhesion of the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale to host cells

The major surface protein (MSP) 1a of the genus type species Anaplasma marginale (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) has been shown to mediate adhesion, infection and transmission of the organism, as well as to contribute to protective immunity in cattle. MSP1a contains a variable number of tandemly repeated peptides in the amino-terminal region, while the remainder of the protein is highly conserved among isolates. The number of repeats varies among geographic isolates of A. marginale but is constant within an isolate and has been used as a stable genetic marker of isolate identity. Because the sequence of the tandem repeats is the most variable part of the protein among isolates, this region of the protein is most likely to be involved in adhesion to host cells, a prerequisite to infection. The purpose of this study was to characterize the organization and function of the MSP1a tandem repeats of A. marginale in adhesion to host cells. We demonstrated by use of recombinant mutant proteins that the tandemly repeated region of MSP1a was necessary and sufficient to mediate adhesion of MSP1a to tick cells and bovine erythrocytes. Synthetic peptides representing the predominant sequences of individual repeats were tested for their adhesive capacity for tick cell extract (TCE). Peptides containing acidic amino acids D or E at position 20 bound to TCE, while peptides with a G as the 20th amino acid were not adhesive to TCE. Antibodies produced in rabbits against a synthetic repeat peptide neutralized A. marginale infection of cultured tick cells, and the neutralization observed was similar to that effected by antibodies produced against the whole MSP1a recombinant protein. Analysis of tandemly repeated MSP1a peptides of several geographic isolates of A. marginale revealed a complex relationship between the msp1α genotype and the tick-transmissible phenotype of the isolate and suggested that both the sequence and conformation of the repeated peptides influenced the adhesive properties of MSP1a. These studies demonstrated that the tandemly repeated region of the protein mediates the adhesive function of MSP1a.

Molecular diversity and phylogenetic affinities of symbiotic root-associated ascomycetes of the Helotiales in burnt and metal polluted habitats.

• The diversity and phylogenetic affinities of symbiotic root-associated ascomycetes of the Helotiales are reported here based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer, ITS) nrDNA sequences. • Mycobionts were obtained from roots of ericoid plants and grasses and from Piceirhiza bicolorata ectomycorrhizas (pbECM) on conifers and hardwoods, predominantly in burnt and metal-polluted habitats. The mycobionts were sequenced through the ITS and compared with sequences of known helotialean taxa. • We recognized 132 fungal ITS-sequences with affinity to the Helotiales, of which 75% (54 different ITS-genotypes) grouped within the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate including Phialophora finlandia. This aggregate showed stronger affinity to members of the Hyaloscyphaceae and Dermateaceae than to Hymenoscyphus fructigenus (genus-type species; Helotiaceae). Most of the pbECM mycobionts grouped with P. finlandia, although some grouped with H. ericae. Two genotypes co-occurred in ericoid and ectomycorrhizal roots. • The H. ericae aggregate may be referable to a generic unit, and includes a diverse group of closely related, more or less darkly pigmented, root-associated ascomycetes where the borders between intra- and interspecific ITS-sequence variation, as well as different mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal root-symbioses, remains unclear.

Phylogenetic position and physiology of Cerinosterus cyanescens.

Partial 25S rRNA sequencing of Cerinosterus cyanescens showed it to be a close relative of Microstroma juglandis, a member of the basidiomycetous order Microstromatales. It is unrelated to the generic type species, C. luteoalba, which is a member of the order Dacrymycetales. The clinical occurrence of C. cyanescens is possibly explained by its thermotolerance and lipolytic activity. The species' nutritional profile is established. Growth on n-hexadecane is rapid; it grows well on typical plant constituents like gallic, tannic, vanillic, quinic and p-coumaric acids, but not on 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, phenol and hydroquinone. The failure to assimilate D-galactose, L-sorbose and ethylamine, the presence of urease and sensitivity to cycloheximide are diagnostic for the species.

Freshwater snails of the genus Gyraulus (Planorbidae) in Australia: the taxa of Tasmania

The classification of freshwater snails belonging to the genus Gyraulus (Basommatophora: Planorbidae) from Tasmania is revised according to morphological observations on type materials, other shells collected in the 19thC, and about 920 alcohol-preserved specimens from 17 localities and mostly collected during the last 30 years. Four species-group taxa (atkinsoni, meridionalis, scottianus, tasmanicus) have previously been named from shells collected in Tasmania; two of these are type species for genera named by Iredale (1943) (meridionalis for Plananisus, scottianus for Pygmanisus). The present observations on the shell and body (pigmentation, kidney, intestinal loop and genital organs) suggest that there are two widely distributed species, G. meridionalis (including tasmanicus as a synonym) and G. scottianus. Lectotype material for G. meridionalis is designated here, from Circular Head, Tasmania. Although G. atkinsoni may be a conspecific form of meridionalis, it is maintained here as a distinct species in order to encourage further study of this depressed and sharply keeled form of shell. Descriptions are given of G. mienanus sp. n. from Great Lake and Gyraulus sp., another lacustrine form and possibly a distinct species, found in Lake Sorell. These two lacustrine taxa, and also G. meridionalis and G. atkinsoni are placed in Gyraulus sensu stricto, though with some doubt as in this group of Tasmanian taxa the position of attachment of the penis within the penis sheath differs from that previously known in this subgenus. If this difference should prove sufficient to define a new subgenus, its name could be Plananisus Iredale, 1943. Differences between G. scottianus and other Australian species, in the shell, kidney and penial structure, are sufficient to rank Pygmanisus Iredale as a subgenus. However, this taxon appears closely similar to G. (Torquis) of N America, Europe and western central Asia, suggesting the possibility that it has been introduced into Australia since European settlement. Further investigations are needed to determine the relationships between the Gyraulus faunas of Tasmania and mainland Australia To achieve fuller understanding of Gyraulus Australia, morphological data need to be supplemented by molecular genetics and ecological studies.

A New Genus for the Yellow-Shouldered Grosbeak

Recent molecular data have shown that the genus (Cardinalinae) as currently recognized is paraphyletic because one of its member species, humeralis, is not the closest relative of the other two species in the genus. Therefore, a new genus is created for this species, the Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak, formerly known as humeralis. Resumen. Recientes datos moleculares han mostrado que el genero (Cardinalinae) como es reconocido actualmente, es parafiletico, porque una de sus especies integrantes, humeralis, no tiene la relacion mas proxima con las otras dos especies del genero. Por lo tanto, se crea un nuevo genero para la especie conocida antiguamente como Caryothraustes humeralis. Molecular genetics (Tamplin et al. 1993; Demastes and Remsen 1994) have confirmed hypotheses based on morphology and natural history (Hellmayr 1938; Hellack and Schnell 1977; Remsen and Traylor 1989) that the Yellow-shouldered Grosbeak (Caryothraustes humeralis) is not the closest relative of the other two species in the genus (C. canadensis and C. polio gaster). Thus, its inclusion in would make that genus paraphyletic. To indicate the uncertain affinities of humeralis and to remove it from genera for which there is no evidence of sister relationship, I here establish a new genus for it. The species humeralis has been placed in three genera. It was described by Lawrence as a member of the genus Cuvier. That genus, however, was subsequently restricted (e.g., Ridgway 1901) to just two species, P. grossus and P. fuliginosus. Demastes and Remsen (1994) showed that recognition of the genus caused the genus Saltator to be paraphyletic, and they recommended placing in the synonymy of Saltator, a recommendation followed by the American Ornithologists' Union (1995) Check-list Committee. Ridgway (1901) treated humeralis as a member of the genus Reichenbach. Chapman (1926) treated humeralis as a member of the genus Saltator Vieillot, but did so reluctantly, stating: its rounded, decurved culmen and more pointed wings, it appears to differ generically from Saltator though apparently nearer that genus than to Pitylus Hellmayr (1938) reluctantly placed humeralis in Caryothraustes, and it has been treated as a member of that genus since then (e.g., Paynter 1970; Sibley and Monroe 1990). Demastes and Remsen (1994) found that humeralis was not a sister taxon either to or to Saltator sensu strictu. In plumage color and pattern, humeralis shares characters with members of both and Saltator, and these shared features were clearly responsible, historically, for the placement of humeralis in these two genera. Therefore, naming a new monotypic genus based on plumage characters could be avoided by merging into Saltator. However, available molecular data (Demastes and Remsen 1994) show that to combine Saltator and and also to avoid a paraphyletic genus would require the merger into one genus of all other cardinaline genera analyzed so far (Cyanocompsa, Cardinalis, Pheucticus, and Spiza). Such a genus would be unusually, perhaps uniquely, heterogeneous in birds. Furthermore, many other genera of cardinalines have yet to be analyzed genetically, and so their retention as separate genera or placement in this broad genus (for which Saltator Vieillot is the oldest name) would be based on inferences from phenotypic data. Finally, the genus Saltator itself is probably paraphyletic (Hellack and Schnell 1977). Therefore, I prefer to keep humeralis distinct at the generic level. Because the type species for is C. canadensis, no other generic name is available for humeralis. I propose the following: Parkerthraustes, new genus Type species. humeralis Lawrence, 1867. Diagnosis. The evidence for creation of a new genus for humeralis is largely molecular and

The family Myriotrochidae Théel (Echinodermata: Holothurioidea) in the deep northeast Atlantic Ocean

Recent sampling in the Rockall Trough, Porcupine Seabight and Porcupine Abyssal Plain, in the NE Atlantic, has yielded 200 specimens of apodous holothurians belonging to seven species of the family Myriotrochidae Théel from depths between 1000 and 4310 m. These include the type species of a new genus and two new species of existing genera. Parvotrochus belyaevi gen. et sp. nov. is described from some minute specimens from the Rockall Trough that possess both exceptionally small wheel-like deposits and numerous, large curved rods in the body wall and tentacles. Myriotrochus clarki sp. Nov. has affinities to M. vitreus (M. Sars) but shows differences in the shape of the plates of the calcareous ring and in having larger, frequently abnormally formed, wheels. Siniotrochus myriodontus sp. Nov. is similar to the type species of this genus, S. phoxus, Pawson, but differs in the arrangement of the teeth on the wheels. A single small specimen of Prototrochus Belyaev et Mironov from the Whittard Canyon, northern Bay of Biscay, is similar to P. minutus (Östergren), a species known only from the Sea of Japan, but differs in some characteristics of the wheels and tentacles. A new subspecies, P. zenkevitchi rockallensis subsp. nov., is proposed for a form of P. zenkevitchi (Belyaev) that was the most common myriotrochid encountered. P. zenkevitchi was known previously only from a few localities in the Pacific and S Atlantic deep-sea trenches. Similarly, two species previously known only from the NE Pacific, Myriotrochus bathybius H. L. Clark and M. giganteus H. L. Clark, are also recorded from the N Atlantic for the first time. The synonymy of M. giganteus and M. sp. ex gr. macquariensis-giganteus Belyaev et Mironov is proposed. The greatest number both of specimens and species came from the areas most intensively sampled. The present records show that several species have world-wide distributions. The wide geographic separation of many records is the result of both poor sampling effort in the deep sea, particularly with fine-meshed gear, and the difficulties in sampling infaunal animals in the deep sea. Box core samples in the Rockall Trough suggest that the myriotrochids are more common in this area than would be supposed from epibenthic sledge data. Hence, myriotrochids may be more prevalent in the deep sea than previously thought.

Transfer of Micropolyspora rectivirgula (Krassilnikov and Agre 1964) Lechevalier, Lechevalier, and Becker 1966 to Faenia gen. nov.

Because Micropolyspora brevicatena, the type species of the genus Micropolyspora, has been removed from Micropolyspora to the genus Nocardia, we propose the name Faenia gen. nov. for the remaining species in the genus. The type species of this new genus is Faenia rectivirgula (Krassilnikov and Agre) comb. nov. The type strain of F. rectivirgula is VKM-A-810 = INMU 683 = ATCC 33515).