Generic Name Research Articles

Skogea, a replacement name for Actinostephanus F. Wen, Y. G. Wei, and L. F. Fu (Gesneriaceae: Didymocarpoidae)

AbstractA replacement generic name, Skogea U. B. Deshmukh, is proposed for the name of the recently described genus Actinostephanus F. Wen, Y. G. Wei, and L. F. Fu (Gesneriaceae: Didymocarpoidae) segregated from Boeica C.B. Clarke, Rhynchotechum Blume, and Leptoboea Benth. because the name Actinostephanus has been recommended to be treated as a later homonym of Actinostephanos Khursevich (Bacillariophyta) by the nomenclature committee for algae.

Retrospective review of medicine utilization for noncommunicable diseases in three public sector pharmacies in Jamaica.

The rational use of medicines offers a cost-saving strategy to maximize therapeutic outcomes for developing and developed countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rational use of medicines for selected noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) at three pharmacies at public hospitals in Jamaica using the World Health Organization's (WHO's) prescribing indicators. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, prescriptions for adult outpatients containing at least one medicine for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma that were filled between January and July 2019 were reviewed using WHO's prescribing indicators for the rational use of medicines. Data were analyzed and expressed as descriptive and inferential statistics. For all analyses conducted, significance was determined at P < 0.05. A total of 1 500 prescriptions covering 5 979 medicines were reviewed; prescriptions were mostly written for female patients aged 42-60 years. Polypharmacy was observed in 35.6% (534) of prescriptions, and there was an average of 4 medicines per prescription, with a maximum of 17. Most of the prescriptions at each site were filled, with the main reason for not dispensing a medicine being that it was out of stock. Generic prescribing was high for all sites, accounting for more than 95% (5 722) of prescribed medicines. There was full compliance with prescribing according to the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines at two of the sites, but it was just off the target at Site 1, by 1.4%. The WHO guidelines for the rational use of medicines were followed with respect to the proportion of medicines prescribed from the WHO Model List and the proportion of antibiotics prescribed. The number of medicines per prescription and the proportion of medicines prescribed by generic name did not meet the WHO criteria. However, prescribing was aligned with treatment guidelines for the selected NCDs.

Long-Term Monitoring of the Traditional Knowledge of Plant Species Used for Culinary Purposes in the Valencia Region, South-Eastern Spain.

The aim of this study is to inventory and study ethnobotanical knowledge of edible plants in the Valencian Community (Spain). In respect to culinary uses, 92 species of plant were reported to be edible, finding the following uses: 58 raw, 52 cooked, 16 fried, 7 dried, 21 in liquors and beverages, 25 in dessert and sweets, 11 as seasoning, 17 in pickles, and 10 to curdle milk. We prepared a database that includes genus, family, scientific, and vernacular names in Spanish and Catalan for each plant. We also created a classification of nine edible uses and plant parts used, being Asteraceae (n = 18), Brassicaceae (n = 7), Chenopodiaceae (n = 6), and Rosaceae (n = 6) the families most characterized for gastronomic purposes. The species with the most elevated cultural importance (CI) values were Foeniculum vulgare (CI = 1.389), Cynara scolymus (CI = 1.374), Papaver rhoeas (CI = 1.211), Beta vulgaris (CI = 1.167), and Juglans regia (CI = 1.155). The most used parts were the leaves (71), flowers (25), and branches (19), while the least used were roots (9) and seeds (8). Traditional knowledge of these plants helps to preserve traditional cuisine, promote the local economy and, in several species, encourage their cultivation.

Antibiotic Dispensing Practice among Medicine Retailers of Butwal and Bhairahawa Cities: An Interventional Study

Background:: Dispensing practice is the fundamental component of the rational use of drugs. Inappropriate dispensing of drugs can lead to Adverse drug reaction (ADR), Drug interaction (DI), therapeutic failure, and increased cost of treatment. In case of antibiotic misuse, it can lead to developing an extra burden of antibiotic resistance. Objective:: The objective of this study is to determine the antibiotic dispensing practice and the impact of intervention among medicine retailers of Butwal and Bhairahawa cities of Nepal. Methods:: An interventional simulated patients survey study was conducted in two cities of Nepal from 2016-2018. A scenario of fictitious cases of common cold and running nose was simulated by two trained pharmacists in two different sites. Prior to the survey, the researcher visited selected retailers to obtain consent and demography details. About two weeks after obtaining consent, simulated patients visited the retailers. The information given by the community pharmacist was memorized and recorded in data collection form after leaving the community pharmacy. The intervention study was carried out 30 days after the simulated study survey. The educational intervention was given to the test group i.e. the community medicine retailer of Butwal. The researchers also provided a booklet to the test groups. Post-intervention simulated patient survey was conducted after 3 days of the training period. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel and SPSS for analysis. Results:: All together 64 community pharmacies were included in this study involving 32 medicine retailers from each city of Butwal and Bhairahawa. The total drugs dispensed by medicine retailers were 146 and 127 drugs in Butwal and Bhairahawa, respectively in the before-intervention studies. Similarly, about 122 and 152 drugs were dispensed by medicine retailers in Butwal and Bhairahawa after intervention studies. The average number of medicines dispensed by medicine retailers was 4.56±1.66 and 3.96±1.92 before intervention in the Butwal and Bhairahawa study sites. The average numbers of medicines dispensed by medicine retailers were 3.78±1.06 and 4.78±1.73 after intervention in the study sites of Butwal and Bhairahawa. None of the medicine retailers talked about either the brand or generic name and strength of antibiotic medicine to the simulated patient before and after intervention in both study sites. Similarly, medicine retailers informed about the frequency of dosage of antibiotic medicine to simulated patients before and after interventions in Butwal and Bhairahawa cities. However, there was no statistical significance (P=0.388) observed in Butwal City, whereas in Bhairahawa City, statistical significance (P=0.006) was observed. Conclusion:: Antibiotic dispensing without a prescription is routine. Insufficient medicine information was given to the simulated patient by the medicine retailer. Hence, we suggest meaningful implementation of policy and regular inspection to improve the situation.

Prevalence of Antibiotic Prescription in Primary Healthcare Settings in the Municipality of Prishtina, Kosovo

Background: Antibiotics remain among the most prescribed drugs in primary healthcare, contributing to increased antibiotic resistance in the community and prevailing as an emerging global health concern. We aimed to quantify the prevalence and quality of antibiotic prescription in primary healthcare settings in the Municipality of Prishtina to identify targets for quality improvement.Methods and Results: This study represents a population-based, retrospective cohort, including data from eight randomly selected family medical centers in the Municipality of Prishtina. Each 150th patient on medical records was assessed for demographic data, diagnosis (ICD-10), antibiotic prescription, antibiotic class, and antibiotic form. In total, the study included 1614 cases reviewed. The antibiotic prescription rate was 16%. The health condition for which most of the cases received antibiotics was J18 - Pneumonia, unspecified organism (67%), followed by J03 - Acute tonsillitis (54%), J42 - Unspecified chronic bronchitis (46%), and N39 - Other disorders of the urinary system (43%) Broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as co-amoxiclav (17.7%), amoxicillin (16.5%), and ceftriaxone (12.6%), featured among the most routinely prescribed antibiotics. The antibiotic prescription rate was the highest for cases in the 3-5 age group, of whom 27% received an antibiotic prescription. In 73% of cases, oral antibiotics were prescribed, 69% of which belong to the WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) essential medicines list. Only 18% of antibiotics were prescribed with their generic names. Conclusion: The prevalence of antibiotic prescription in primary healthcare settings in Prishtina is moderately low. These data cannot be extrapolated to other municipalities in Kosovo or other countries due to different organizational levels. High antibiotic prescription rates for young age groups, prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and high rates of parenteral antibiotics were identified as targets for quality improvement.

Drugs associated with a risk of supraventricular tachycardia: analysis using the OpenVigil database.

The OpenVigil database can be used to assess medications that may cause supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and to produce a reference for their safe use in clinical settings. We analyzed first-quarter data from 2004 to 2023, obtained by searching the OpenVigil database using the keyword "supraventricular tachycardia." Trade names and generic names were obtained by querying the RxNav database, and the proportions were summarized. The proportionate reporting ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratio, and chi-square values were also summarized. We created Asahi diagrams and set the screening criteria to drug events ≥30, PRR >2, and chi-square >4. Outcomes were evaluated using the Side Effect Resource database, several scientific literature databases, and the Hangzhou Yiyao Rational Medication System. A total of 2435 distinct medications were found to induce SVT between the first quarter of 2004 and 2023, leading to 22,375 documented adverse events related to SVT. Further investigation revealed that salbutamol, paroxetine, formoterol, paclitaxel, venlafaxine, and theophylline were most likely to cause SVT. We conducted signal mining of adverse drug events using the OpenVigil database and evaluated the six drugs most likely to cause SVT. The results of this research can serve as a drug safety reference in the clinic.

Evaluation of Rational Medicines Use Based on World Health Organization Core Indicators: A Cross-Sectional Study in Five Health Districts in Mauritania.

The rational use of medicines is essential for preventing adverse medicine reactions, achieving therapeutic outcomes, and optimizing treatment costs. While the irrational use of medicines is frequently reported in sub-Saharan Africa, to the best of our knowledge no formal studies have taken place in Mauritania thus far. The main objective of this study was therefore to analyze the rational use of medicines in public and private not-for-profit health facilities, in five health districts in Mauritania. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the rational use of medicines. We used the standard indicators derived from the methodologies of the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Network for Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD). Data were prospectively collected from 1050 prescriptions/patients, in thirty-one public and private not-for-profit health posts/centers in 5 health districts. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. P value less than 0.05 at 95% confidence interval considered for significance of relationships for associations in statistical test. The average number of medicines per prescription was 2.21; 83.1% (1931/2325) of medicines were prescribed by generic name, but only 54% (1253/2325) were on the National Essential Medicine List (NEML). Antibiotics were prescribed in 62.4% (655/1050) of the consultations, and injectable medicines were prescribed in 15.6% (164/1050) of the consultations. The average consultation time was 16.32 minutes, and the average dispensing time was 97 seconds. Dispensed medicines were correctly labeled, and 83% (871/1050) of patients met the correct administration schedule. The NEML, and the "restricted NEML" for 76 commonly-used medicines, were available in all surveyed health facilities, but the National Therapeutic Guidelines were available in only 60.26% of them. Our findings indicate a possible excess of antibiotics prescriptions, and a likely lack of knowledge of the National Therapeutic Guidelines. There is a need to investigate in more detail the prescription patterns versus disease-specific therapeutic guidelines, and to qualitatively investigate the factors that contribute to the observed irrational prescribing. Moreover, training local staff in the rational use of medicines seems important.

Prescription-based cost analysis of medicines for cardiovascular risk factors at Indian Council of Medical Research-Rational Use of Medicine Centre Hospitals of India.

India has taken several initiatives to provide health care to its population while keeping the related expenditure minimum. Since cardiovascular diseases are the most prevalent chronic conditions, in the present study, we aimed to analyze the difference in prices of medicines prescribed for three cardiovascular risk factors, based on (a) listed and not listed in the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) and (b) generic and branded drugs. Outpatient prescriptions for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were retrospectively analyzed from 12 tertiary centers. The prices of medicines prescribed were compared based on presence or absence in NLEM India-2015 and prescribing by generic versus brand name. The price was standardized and presented as average price per medicine per year for a given medicine. The results are presented in Indian rupee (INR) and as median (range). Of the 4,736 prescriptions collected, 843 contained oral antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and/or hypolipidemic medicines. The price per medicine per year for NLEM oral antidiabetics was INR 2849 (2593-3104) and for non-NLEM was INR 5343 (2964-14364). It was INR 806 (243-2132) for generic and INR 3809 (1968-14364) for branded antidiabetics. Antihypertensives and hypolipidemics followed the trend. The price of branded non-NLEM medicines was 5-22 times higher compared to generic NLEM which, for a population of 1.37 billion, would translate to a potential saving of 346.8 billion INR for statins. The variability was significant for sulfonylureas, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins (P < 0.0001). The study highlights an urgent need for intervention to actualize the maximum benefit of government policies and minimize the out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines.

Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 24

SummaryAn addition to the list of names for protection under Art. F.2.1 from the Cordyceps Working Group, containing two names of genera, is approved. The following two family names are recommended for conservation: Physaraceae against Fuliginaceae; and Metschnikowiaceae against Nectaromycetaceae and Torulopsidaceae. The following six generic names are recommended for conservation: Blastomyces Gilchrist &amp; W.R. Stokes against Blastomyces Costantin &amp; Rolland; Cercospora with a conserved type; Didymium against Mucilago and Spumaria; Discula with a conserved type; Metschnikowia against Torulopsis; and Phyllopsora against Triclinum and Crocynia. The proposal concerning the gender of the genus Glomus is referred to the General Committee. The following 15 species names are recommended for conservation: Agaricus cingulatus (Tricholoma cingulatum) against A. ramentaceus; A. psammopus (Tricholoma psammopus) against A. concolor; Apioporthe corni (Aurantioporthe corni, Cryptodiaporthe corni) against Sphaeronaema aurantiacum and Myxosporium nitidum; Ditiola mucida (Holwaya mucida) against Acrospermum caliciiforme (Crinula caliciiformis); Entoloma sericeum against Agaricus pascuus (E. pascuum); Geoglossum uliginosum Hakelier against G. uliginosum (Pers.) P. Crouan &amp; H. Crouan; Microsphaera alphitoides (Erysiphe alphitoides) with a conserved type; Peziza cinnamomea (Pezicula cinnamomea) against Naemaspora grisea; Phyllosticta yuccae against Leptodothiorella notabilis; Puccinia psidii (Austropuccinia psidii) against Caeoma eugeniarum and Uredo neurophila; Tolypocladium inflatum against Cordyceps subsessilis; Tricholoma sciodes against Agaricus hordus; Tuber aestivum Vittad. against T. aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng. and T. blotii; T. magnatum against T. griseum; and T. melanosporum against T. nigrum. The following two species names are recommended for rejection under Art. 56: Ramularia gibba and Tuber cibarium. Proposal 2307 (concerning Hypocrea lutea (Tode) Petch) is no longer relevant, following the removal in the Shenzhen Code (Turland &amp; al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018) of Art. 57.2 of the Melbourne Code (McNeill &amp; al. in Regnum Veg. 154. 2012). Proposal 2233 (to conserve Bipolaris against Cochliobolus) and four proposals concerning names in Trichoderma and Hypocrea (2305, 2306, 2308 and 2309) have been withdrawn because the names were included in a list for protection from an approved working group: for Bipolaris, the Dothideomycetes Working Group, and for Trichoderma, the International Subcommission on Trichoderma and Hypocrea. Three works by Paulet, the unpaginated “Index” of Traité des champignons and two editions of Tabula plantarum fungosarum, are recommended for suppression under Art. 34.

Comprehensive analysis of responses from ChatGPT to consumer inquiries regarding over-the-counter medications.

Background: The use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) applications such as ChatGPT is becoming increasingly popular. In Japan, consumers can purchase most over-the-counter (OTC) drugs without having to consult a pharmacist, so they may ask generative AI applications which OTC drugs they should purchase. This study aimed to systematically evaluate responses from ChatGPT to consumer inquiries about various OTC drugs. Methods: We selected 22 popular OTC drugs and 12 typical consumer characteristics, including physical and disease conditions and concomitant medications. We input a total of 264 questions (i. e., all combinations of drugs and characteristics) to ChatGPT in Japanese, asking whether it is safe for consumers with each characteristic to take these OTC drugs. We used the generic name for 10 of the 22 drugs and the brand name for the remaining 12. Responses were evaluated based on the following three criteria: 1) coherence between the question and response, 2) scientific correctness, and 3) appropriateness of the instructed actions. When we received a response that satisfied all three criteria, we input the exact same question on a different day to assess reproducibility. Results: The proportions of ChatGPT's answers that satisfied criteria 1, 2, and 3 were 79.5%, 54.5%, and 49.6%, respectively. However, the proportion of responses that satisfied all three criteria was only 20.8% (55/264); 61.8% (34/55) of these responses were reproduced when the same question was input again on a different day. Compared with questions using generic names, those using brand names resulted in lower coherence and scientific correctness. Among the 12 characteristics, the appropriateness of the instructed actions tended to be lower in responses to questions about driving and concomitant medications. Conclusions: Our study revealed that ChatGPT was less accurate in its responses and less consistent in its instructed actions compared with the package inserts. Our findings suggest that Japanese consumers should not consult ChatGPT regarding OTC medications, especially when using brand names.

A Mobile Applet for Assessing Medication Adherence and Managing Adverse Drug Reactions Among Patients With Cancer: Usability and Utility Study.

Medication adherence and the management of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are crucial to the efficacy of antitumor drugs. A WeChat applet, also known as a "Mini Program," is similar to the app but has marked advantages. The development and use of a WeChat applet makes follow-up convenient for patients with cancer. This study aimed to assess the usability and utility of a newly developed WeChat applet, "DolphinCare," among patients with cancer in Shanghai. A qualitative methodology was used to obtain an in-depth understanding of the experiences of patients with cancer when using DolphinCare from the usability and utility aspects. The development phase consisted of 2 parts: alpha and beta testing. Alpha testing combined the theory of the Fogg Behavior Model and the usability model. Alpha testing also involved testing the design of DolphinCare using a conceptual framework, which included factors that could affect medication adherence and ADRs. Beta testing was conducted using in-depth interviews. In-depth interviews allowed us to assist the patients in using DolphinCare and understand whether they liked or disliked DolphinCare and found it useful. We included participants who had an eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) score of ≥50%, and a total of 20 participants were interviewed consecutively. The key positive motivators described by interviewers were to be reminded to take their medications and to alleviate their ADRs. The majority of the patients were able to activate and use DolphinCare by themselves. Most patients indicated that their trigger to follow-up DolphinCare was the recommendation of their known and trusted health care professionals. All participants found that labels containing the generic names of their medication and the medication reminders were useful, including timed pop-up push notifications and text alerts. The applet presented the corresponding information collection forms of ADRs to the patient to fill out. The web-based consultation system enables patients to consult pharmacists or physicians in time when they have doubts about medications or have ADRs. The applet had usabilities and utilities that could improve medication adherence and the management of ADRs among patients with cancer. This study provides preliminary evidence regarding the usability and utility of this type of WeChat applet among patients with cancer, which is expected to be promoted for managing follow-up among other patients with other chronic disease.

New genus names, family-group names and misspellings published between 2020 and 2023 in the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha).

New genus names, family-group names and misspellings published between 2020 and 2023 in the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha).

Judicial Opinion 129.

Opinion 129 addresses the status of Firmicutes corrig. Gibbons and Murray 1978 (Approved Lists 1980). The name has the category 'division' and was included in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names, although that category had previously been removed from the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (1975 revision onwards). When the category 'phylum' was introduced into the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) in 2021, equivalence between 'phylum' and 'division' was not stipulated. Since the definition of the taxonomic categories and their relative order is one of the principal tasks of every code of nomenclature, the inclusion of Firmicutes corrig. Gibbons and Murray 1978 in the Approved Lists was an error. The name is either not validly published or illegitimate because its category is not covered by the ICNP. If Firmicutes corrig. Gibbons and Murray 1978 (Approved Lists 1980) was a validly published phylum name, it would be illegitimate because it would contravene Rule 8, which does not permit any deviation from the requirement to derive a phylum name from the name of the type genus. Since Firmicutes corrig. Gibbons and Murray 1978 is also part of a 'misfitting megaclassification' recognized in Opinion 128, the name is rejected, without any pre-emption regarding a hypothetically validly published name Firmicutes at the rank of phylum. Gracilicutes Gibbons and Murray 1978 (Approved Lists 1980) and Anoxyphotobacteriae Gibbons and Murray 1978 (Approved Lists 1980) are also rejected. The validly published phylum names have a variety of advantages over their not validly published counterparts and cannot be replaced with ad hoc names suggested in the literature. To ease the transition, it is recommended to mention the not validly published phylum names which strongly deviate in spelling from their validly published counterparts along with the latter in publications during the next years.

The effect of prescription patterns on the performance of the pharmacy department of a Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda.

Poor drug prescription patterns (PP) result in irrational medicine use, avoidable stock outs and drug expiries. This study primarily assessed the effects of PP on the performance of the pharmacy department (PD) of Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) Uganda. This was a mixed method cross-sectional study conducted in the outpatient department (OPD) of MRRH, questionnaires were administered to 86 prescribers and 300 patient prescriptions were reviewed. Ethical clearance was granted and informed consent of patients. Data were analysed, presented in the form of graphs, tables. The overall prescription fill rate was 60.5%, being higher among dental officers and lower among those who did not adhere to generic prescribing and EML. Medical officers made most prescriptions at 69.3%. Prescriptions with four (47.1%) and six (17.5%) medicines respectively were made by clinical officers. Of the 300 prescriptions, 76% adhered to the Essential Medicines List (EML), 62% used generic name including 87.3% from dental officers and 52.9% by clinical officersThe overall prescription fill rate was 60.5%, being higher among dental officers and lower among those who did not adhere to generic prescribing and EML. Medical officers made most prescriptions at 69.3%. Prescriptions with four (47.1%) and six (17.5%) medicines respectively were made by clinical officers. Of the 300 prescriptions, 76% adhered to the Essential Medicines List (EML), 62% used generic name including 87.3% from dental officers and 52.9% by clinical officers. Prescription pattern affected the performance of the PD of MRRH, calling for its continued monitoring to ensure that guidelines are upheld, EML and UCG are availed and utilized.

Neuro-ophthalmic complications of modern anti-cancer drugs

PurposeTargeted cancer therapies have been responsible for a dramatic shift in treatment strategies for cancer, and the number of drugs, classes, and indications are continually growing. Neuro-ophthalmic complications of these medications are an uncommon but important subset of adverse events which profoundly impact vision. This review aims to collate studies and reports of known neuro-ophthalmic complications of targeted therapies and describe their management.MethodsThe anti-cancer drugs included in the review were any drugs targeting specific molecules involved in the cancer disease process. PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched using the generic names of each drug and keywords of neuro-ophthalmic conditions. The prescribing information published by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for each drug was also reviewed.ResultsSeveral classes of targeted anti-cancer drugs were found to cause neuro-ophthalmic adverse effects. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are responsible for a raft of immune-related adverse events such as optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, PRES, and myasthenia gravis. Therapies with anti-VEGF activity can provoke posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy, which commonly presents with visual loss and can be fatal if not treated promptly. Inhibitors of BCR-ABL1, VEGF, ALK, and proteasomes have all been linked to optic nerve disorders which can have debilitating consequences for vision.ConclusionThe neuro-ophthalmic complications of modern anti-cancer drugs can limit or necessitate the withdrawal of these life-prolonging medications. Ophthalmologists should be alert for neuro-ophthalmic complications in these medications to facilitate prompt diagnosis and treatment and reduce the risk of severe and permanent consequences.

Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fossils: 17

SummaryThe following four generic names are recommended for conservation: Dipterocarpoxylon with a conserved type against Hippocrateoxylon, Dryobalanoxylon against Naucleoxylon, Shoreoxylon against Bredaea and Grewioxylon, and Myrtophyllum Heer (fossil Angiosperms) with a conserved type against Myrtophyllum Turcz. The following one species name is recommended for conservation: Quercus pacifica Nixon &amp; C.H. Mull. against Q. pacifica Knowlt.

Resurrection of Perilimnastes (Sonerileae, Melastomataceae) with description of a new species P.nana.

Recent research has indicated that the Phyllagathis (raphides) clade (Sonerileae, Melastomataceae) is only distantly related to the type of Phyllagathis and should be separated as a distinct genus. Phylogeny of this clade is here reconstructed with expanded taxon sampling. Four strongly supported subclades have been identified. The possible affinities of taxa that were not sampled in the analysis are discussed, based on morphological data. Perilimnastes is resurrected as the generic name of the Phyllagathis (raphides) clade. A generic description, colour figures, map of distribution, a list of included species and a key are provided for Perilimnastes. Fifteen new combinations are made plus the description of a new species. As interpreted here, Perilimnastes consists of twenty species and two varieties.

Notes on the nomenclature of the genus name Vereia, the earliest-published synonym of Kalanchoe, and the species published in Vereia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae)

At the rank of genus, at least seven names have been published for taxa that are today included in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Kalanchoe is the earliest validly published and legitimate name that must be used for the ca. 200 tetramerous-flowered taxa recognised in the genus. Kalanchoe has a wide natural geographical distribution range that stretches from Madagascar and some of the nearby Indian Ocean islands, through most of sub-Saharan Africa and the northern parts of North Africa to the Middle, Near, and Far East, more or less south of the latitude of 35⁰ N. The nomenclature of the genus name Vereia, for which five different spellings have been recorded, is reviewed here. Vereia is the earliest synonym of Kalanchoe. Notes are provided on the natural geographical distribution range of K. crenata, the accepted name of the type, V. crenata, of the genus Vereia. The species names published in Vereia are assigned to species in Kalanchoe.

Guntheria Womersley, 1939 and two related genera of chigger mites (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) in Africa, with a description of one new species

ABSTRACT A new species Guntheria chawiensis sp. n. was described from an alcohol-fixed specimen of shrew originating from Kenya and deposited in the collection of Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale (Tervuren, Belgium). This species represents the first record of the genus Guntheria Womersley, 1939, which occurs almost exclusively in Australia and New Guinea, on the African continent. Other African species previously associated with the genus name Guntheria are reviewed, namely, Guntherana hexasternalaea Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 and Euschoengastia laurenti Jadin and Vercammen-Grandjean, 1954. The former species was placed in a monotypic genus Hexasternalaea Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960, stat. n. and the latter species was recognized as a member of previously monotypic genus Makwacarus Stekolnikov, 2018. Thus, two new combinations were established – Hexasternalaea hexasternalaea comb. n. and Makwacarus laurenti comb. n. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:86FC3694-3822-4E3C-B811-CA6BDA6191D9

Perbedaan Obat Berdasarkan Nama Generik dan Nama Dagang pada Masyarakat Desa Genteng Kulon

Drugs are substances, guide substances, and biological products that are used to influence or investigate physiological systems or pathological states. Medicines can have generic names and trade names. People think that drugs with generic names produce lower therapeutic effects than trade names, as is the case in the Genteng Kulon community. The aim of this community service activity is to provide information regarding the differences between medicines based on generic names and trade names to the Genteng Kulon Village community. The method used was counseling and giving leaflets. Apart from that, people also do pre-test and post-test questions. This community service activity was attended by 50 representatives of posyandu figures in Genteng Kulon Village. The result of community service activities is that representatives of posyandu figures receive information regarding the differences in medicines based on generic names and trade names. People can use drugs with generic names without worrying about efficacy, especially for people who receive drug services from BPJS. There is an increase in the post test score compared to the pre test.