Generic Functional Model Research Articles

Design of filters based on generic function model for reducing out-of-band emissions of the F-OFDM systems

The Filtered-OFDM (F-OFDM) systems use filters to filter signals in the time-domain to achieve rapid attenuation of side-lobes and reduces mutual interference caused by multi-scene access. In general, signal filtering in the F-OFDM system is obtained by using the classical window functions to truncate the sinc function. In this paper, based on the intrinsic characteristics of window functions in the frequency-domain, a generic function model is proposed to design window functions with high energy concentration and fast side-lobes attenuation. The window function is defined as an even function and expressed as a Fourier series, and then the Fourier series is solved numerically to obtain the window function expression. The optimized windows functions with different attenuation rates can be obtained by modifying the rising index. The optimized window functions are applied to the F-OFDM systems for the purpose of evaluation, and the results show that they all achieve a lower OOBE degree than the classical windows, while their bit error rate (BER) is basically the same as that of the classical windows in the additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.

Comparative Study of Analytic Solution and Numerical Solution of Baseband Symbol Signal Based on Optimal Generic Function

In this paper, the optimal mathematical generic function model is established using the minimum out-of-band energy radiation criterion. Firstly, the energy limit conditions, boundary constraints, and peak-to-average ratio constraints are applied to the generic function model; thus, the analytical solutions are obtained under different parameters. Secondly, a single symbol signal energy constraint condition and boundary constraint condition are added to the generic function model; thus, the numerical solution of the different parameters is obtained. In the process of solving the analytical solution, the partial solution process is simplified to solve the analytical solution, and there are also digital truncation problems. In addition, the corresponding order of the Lagrange differential equation increases by a multiple of 2 when the parameter n increases, which makes the solution extremely complicated or even impossible to solve. The numerical solution is in line with the current development trend of digital communication, and there is no need to simplify the solution process in the process of solving the numerical solution. When the parameter n and the Fourier series m take different values, the obtained symbol signals can also meet the needs of different communication occasions. The relevant data of the above research process were solved by a MATLAB software simulation, which proves the correctness of the method and the superiority of the numerical method.

Research on an Optimization Method for a Partially Responsive Continuous Phase Modulated (CPM) Signal Based on an Optimal Generic Function

This paper establishes an optimal generic function model in order to obtain a continuous phase modulated (CPM) signal with a smoother phase modulation function. This is achieved by finding the solution to the symbol signals at different lengths of the CPM function. In the solution process, the unknown amount that needs to be solved is reduced by using the even function symmetry characteristic of the signal to be solved. For each different form of the signal, the time domain form of the CPM function and the corresponding normalized energy spectral density are compared under the influence of the phase modulation signal length and the generic function parameter n. The data transmission rate is improved by introducing inter-symbol interference, and the modulation process is realized using six-way parallel transmission when the CPM function is 6T. The simulation results show that the CPM function obtained by establishing an optimal generic function model has high-quality time-frequency characteristics. The real-time phase trajectory and the high-order derivative are both continuous, and the modulated signal has constant envelope characteristics. The CPM function has a fast rolling-off in the frequency domain and small out-of-band radiation, which greatly improves the characteristics of the frequency band utilization.

Hash Function Based on Quantum Walks

Higher security and lower collision rate have always been people’s pursuits in the construction of hash functions. We consider a quantum walk where a walker is driven by two coins alternately. At each step, a message bit decides whether to swap two coins. In this way, a keyed hash function is constructed. Theoretically infinite possibilities of the initial parameters as the key ensure the security of the proposed hash function against the unforgery and collision resistance. Finally, we establish a generic quantum walk-based hash function model and give a guide in constructing hash functions in quantum walk architecture. It also provides a clue for the construction of other quantum walk-based cryptography protocols.

Review of dual axis solar tracking and development of its functional model

The use of solar energy is in the upswing due to its environmental friendliness and abundance. That notwithstanding, efficiency remains a major problem in many of the applications. Mitigation is normally in the form of tracking systems. This paper therefore investigates dual axis solar tracking systems from two dimensions. Firstly, a review of extant literature was conducted to draw up a trajectory of where we are in the efficiency map, Therefore it was found that the current efficiency of dual axis tracking configuration is about 35-43%. Secondly, from the above review, a generic functional model of how an efficient and effective tracking system should be is presented. The two components, coevolving, shall be used to inform the design and development of an efficient solar tracker.

New foresight generation and framework of foresight

The article starts with various definitions of technology foresight from the literature and new definition is given by the authors. Prominent definitions of foresight are analyzed and given according to their different elements in the literature. By assessing the evolution of foresight as a term and its five generations through time, the foresight of sixth generation is set forth. Based on the literature analysis, foresight generations are grouped into four main categories. Foresight frameworks are analyzed and a generic foresight functional model with nine consecutive phases named ‘FORESIGHT’ is suggested. Functions in the FORESIGHT model are matched with the phases of main foresight frameworks in the literature based on their actions and artifacts within specific phases. It is like a guide for practitioners of which activities are carried out in foresight studies.

A functional regression model for inventories supported by aerial laser scanner data or photogrammetric point clouds

Abstract Forest inventories, with a probability sampling of a target variable Y and a potentially very large number of auxiliary variables (X) obtained from an aerial laser scanner or photogrammetry, are faced with the issue of model and variable selection when a model for linking Y to X is formulated. To bypass this step we propose a generic functional regression model (FRM) for use in both a design- and a model-based framework of inference. We demonstrate applications of FRM with inventory data from France, Germany, and Norway. The generic FRM achieved results that were comparable to those obtained with more traditional approaches based on model and variable selections. The proposed FRM generates interpretable regression coefficients and enables testing of practically relevant hypotheses regarding estimated models.

Development of a methodology for electronic waste estimation: A material flow analysis-based SYE-Waste Model.

Improved living standards and the share of services sector to the economy in Asia, and the use of electronic equipment is on the rise and results in increased electronic waste generation. A peculiarity of electronic waste is that it has a 'significant' value even after its life time, and to add complication, even after its extended life in its 'dump' stage. Thus, in Indian situations, after its life time is over, the e-material changes hands more than once and finally ends up either in the hands of informal recyclers or in the store rooms of urban dwellings. This character makes it extremely difficult to estimate electronic waste generation. The present study attempts to develop a functional model based on a material flow analysis approach by considering all possible end uses of the material, its transformed goods finally arriving at disposal. It considers various degrees of uses derived of the e-goods regarding their primary use (life time), secondary use (first degree extension of life), third-hand use (second degree extension of life), donation, retention at the respective places (without discarding), fraction shifted to scrap vendor, and the components reaching the final dump site from various end points of use. This 'generic functional model' named SYE-Waste Model, developed based on a material flow analysis approach, can be used to derive 'obsolescence factors' for various degrees of usage of e-goods and also to make a comprehensive estimation of electronic waste in any city/country.

MPM: A knowledge-based functional model of medical practice

Modeling is the engineering act of producing a representation of a system for understanding, gaining an insight into the properties of that system, and predicting future outcomes. In medicine, modeling is useful in multiple tasks such as education, standardization, dissemination, innovation, and decision support [6]. Moreover, good systematic modeling of medical systems concludes with a formal model that, when applied, it may serve to improve quality, equity, optimization, and automation of processes within the modeled systems. In heath-care, medical practice (MP or the practice of medicine) is a varied and complex process that combines actions in a concrete health care setting that are performed by a set of professionals and caregivers in order to assist patients with their illnesses and ailments. This definition introduces MP at four different levels: functional (i.e., medical actions involved in MP), clinical (i.e., physical and technical requirements implementing MP), human resources (i.e., agents participating in MP), and medical case (i.e., sort of patient or disease addressed). Modeling these MP levels is seen not only as something beneficial, but also as a need in health care [14,31,10,6]. This is reflected in multiple models representing specific medical services (e.g., ER [20] or ICU [21]), tasks (e.g., diagnosis [7], treatment [8,11,16], and prognosis [34,25,1]), or diseases. However, only few studies exist that model MP at the functional level as a combination of diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic tasks. Some of them [15,27,14,31] use alternative names for MP, such as the art of medicine, the patient-centered model, the clinical procedure, the clinical methodology, or the medical function. The focus on the functional level is interesting because it provides a means for technological progress to improve medical practice. In this study, we present the results of an engineering process to construct a holistic functional model of MP for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. The engineering process relies on a set of general hypotheses and it is composed of a sequence of steps. The hypotheses are: (1) there is a generic functional model underneath MP, (2) this model can be progressively approached and made explicit, and (3) the explicit approaches implementing the model can be supported by software technologies.

Construction of digital 3D highway model using stereo IKONOS satellite imagery

This study aims to assess the accuracy of using stereo high resolution satellite imagery for extracting the highway profiles and plans and constructing accurate 3D highway visualization model. Two stereo-pair IKONOS satellite images for Hong Kong and Toronto are geo-referenced by using a number of ground control points acquired by global positioning system measurements. A polynomial-based generic pushbroom model and rational function model are used to perform the sensor orientation, respectively. The highway alignments are extracted semi-automatically using stereoscopic measurements, and a 3D digital model along the highway is constructed. It is found that the highway alignments retrieved from the stereo IKONOS images result in less than 1-m root mean squared error in most of the cases in the horizontal and vertical directions. Near half-pixel accuracy can be achieved by using pansharpening stereo satellite imagery and under the condition that clear road surface markings can be identified along the highway.

The Orthorectification of Ultra-Width Remote Sensing Image

The sensor with Ultra-Width has become an important data source.The method for utilizing the commercial remote sensing disposal software to accomplish the orthorectification of the remote sensing image with wide breadth has aroused much attention.BJ-1 small satellite multiple spectral images were used as an example to discuss the technology of orthorectification,and the influencing factors of the product's geometrical precision using the Generic Pushbroom Model(GPM) and Rational Function Model(RFM) were also comparatively tested in this paper.

Influence of near-wall modelling on boiling flow simulation

The capability of the three-dimensional two-fluid codes to simulate the local boiling flow processes has been assessed. Boiling flow experiments of Roy et al. [Roy, R.P., Kang, S., Zarate, J.A., Laporta, A., 2002. Turbulent subcooled boiling flow—experiments and simulations, J. Heat Transfer 124, 73–93] and Lee et al. [Lee, T.H., Park, G.C., Lee, D.J., 2002. Local flow characteristics of subcooled boiling flow of water in a vertical concentric annulus. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 28, 1351–1368], both performed in annular vertical channels were used as an experimental benchmark data set. The boiling flow is strongly affected by local mechanisms in the boundary layer near the heated wall. In this paper, the influence of near-wall modelling on the distribution of flow parameters at flow boiling has been analyzed. A generic wall function model for 3D two-fluid codes, based on surface roughness analogy has been proposed instead of commonly used single-phase log-law model. The new model has been implemented in the code CFX-4.4. In general, better agreement of phase velocities with experimental data were obtained with the new model. Presented results show that the influence of nucleating bubbles on the near-wall velocity profile should be taken into account. The second goal of this paper is to compare the NEPTUNE_CFD simulations against CFX-4.4 results and experimental data.

Évaluation des ouvrages hydrauliques de génie civil

This paper reviews Cemagref (Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et des forêts) research on assessment of hydraulic works, especially on their performance and safety. A generic functional model has been developed, using reliability methods, to represent the various mecanisms acting on different hydraulic works (gravity and embankment dams, fluvial dikes, etc.). Collecting and analyzing data on the failure of these works allowed us to define structural indicators and the rules for their assessment. Performance indicators for hydraulic works were created through multicriteria aggregation methods; various results were thus obtained. A database of knowledge relating to mechanisms and histories of dam ageing has been produced and constitutes a useful aid for consulting civil engineers. Methods and tools have been developed to assess the performance of fluvial dikes and to assist managers in planning maintenance operations. Similar research is under way on embankment dams and will provide a diagnosis tool for hydraulic works in operation.

A functional model of supply chains and waste

Waste management is a strategic supply chain issue. This paper explores the definition and classification of waste from different viewpoints. A generic functional model is presented for modelling the material and flow of waste from both a physical and cumulative cost perspective. The application of the model is illustrated through a case study. The research demonstrates that improved waste management practices can simultaneously reduce disposal cost as well as generating additional value through the creation of new supply chains that reuse or recycle materials.

Distributed Video Production: Tasks, Architecture and QoS Provisioning

In this paper, we apply a top-down approach to describe the architecture components of Distributed video production (DVP) systems. We first introduce the concept of a Distributed video production environment and describe typical DVP tasks involved. We then propose a generic layered functional model that captures the characteristics of the DVP architecture. Subsequently, we identify system and network performance parameters and discuss possible network protocol stack realizations for the transport of DVP traffic. Finally, we propose a quality of service-sensitive model for resource allocation and optimization.

Class-Based and Algebraic Models of Objects

We compare different kinds of first-order models of objects and message passing, as found in object-oriented programming languages. We show that generic function models can easily simulate record models for static, class-based languages. We explore type systems for such languages, and show that our simulation preserves typing. Algebraic models emerge as abstractions of the generic function model that suppress details that are irrelevant for client code.Thanks to Todd Millstein for comments on an earlier draft, and for suggesting that we make our comparisons between the record and generic function models constructive, which greatly improved the paper. Thanks to Todd and Craig Chambers for many discussions about multimethod languages and their type systems.

Base station system configurations for future universal mobile telecommunication systems

This paper presents a study of base station system configurations for the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). The base station system (BSS), being the interface between the mobile terminal and fixed network, should be capable of handling a huge amount of traffic, mobility, and a high signaling load which is expected in the UMTS. Several functions that should be supported by BSS are envisaged. Special attention is given to the mobility functions (e.g., handover). Functions that are needed to perform a handover are identified. This results in a generic handover functional model. Possible allocation scenarios are examined, taking into account the interconnection methods for the BSS and considering the efficiency and processing delay. The possible scenarios are further evaluated for given traffic and mobility models in different areas and environments. >

Functional models of UMTS and integration into future networks

The universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) will implement terminal mobility and a form of personal mobility limited to UMTS. The most essential procedures to provide this are related to user registration, location management, handover and security. These mobility procedures are specified using specific functional models. In these models, the required functions are identified and the distribution of the functions in the network is anticipated. In a next step, the specific models are mapped onto a generic functional model. This generic model can be considered as the integration and unification of the specific models. Its structure reflects two important implementation aspects. First, the integration of UMTS into future networks for fixed telecommunications is anticipated. Secondly, the application of the intelligent network architecture for the implementation of the UMTS mobility procedures and service provision is assumed.