Generative Shoots Research Articles

Application Paclobutrazol and Duration of Drought Stress to Flowering Induction in Chokun Orange

Induction of flowering is one of the efforts that can extend the production period of Chokun oranges. This study aims to determine the effect of the dose of paclobutrazol (PBZ), duration of drought stress and the combination of treatments that gives the best results on the Chokun orange (<em>Citrus</em> sp.). The research design used was randomized complete block design (RCBD), consisting of 3 replications. The treatment in this study was a combination of the dose of PBZ (control, active ingredient 0.75 g plant<sup>-1</sup> and active ingredient 1.5 g plant<sup>-1</sup>) and duration of drought stress (control, 1, 2 and 3 weeks). The results show that the application of PBZ and duration of drought stress can induce the flowering of citrus plants as seen from the generative shoot variables with a quadratic model on the equation y = -17.778x<sup>2</sup> + 31.556x + 26.667 at the optimum dose of 0.89 g plant<sup>-1</sup> of active ingredient and 1 week of drought. The dry period of 3 weeks gives the best results seen from variables of the number of flowers and number of fruits. In general, the results suggest that the application of PBZ and duration of drought stress can transfer from the vegetative phase to the generative phase which in turn could induce the flowering of citrus plants.

Influence of cultivation methods on the premier cultivar of Hungarian clover yield in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia

Studies have been carried out on the influence of cultivation methods on the green mass yield and the herbage structure of the perennial fodder plant - Premier cultivar of Hungarian clover in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia. A three-factor experience was laid out for the study. The effect of the timing of sowing spring oats under a cover (II ten-day period of May) and summer coverless oats (II ten-day period of July), sowing methods - row (15 cm) and wide-row (60 cm) and two rates of seeding - 1 and 2 million germinated seeds per 1 ha was studied. It is shown that in the second year of life, clover does not yet form an economically significant level of yield of aboveground mass due to biological features. At the same time, this is the year when the influence of different cultivation methods can be traced. The best result was obtained when sowing in the spring in a row - 35 cwt/ ha of dry weight. In the transition of plants to the adult generative state, starting from the third year, an increase in the yield in all variants of the experiment to 80-100 c/ha due to the increase in height and density of the most productive generative shoots was recorded. The intensity of shoot formation differed by variants. The highest was noted on low-productive with the lowest number of generative shoots of the second year - summer wide-row crops. The ability of Hungarian clover to self-regulate the density of shoots depending on the feeding area was noted. As a result, by the fourth year of life, differences in herbage yield between spring and summer sowing dates, low and high (1 and 2 million pcs/ha) seeding rates, row and wide-row sowing methods were leveled.

Biological diversity of black medic (Medicago lupulina L.)

Black medic is widely spread across all continents in temperate and subtropical zones. The species is moderately demanding to the growing conditions. It has been subdivided into three groups of monocarpic, biennial polycarpic, and perennial polycarpic plants. Those in the first group of monocarpics can be annual, biennial and perennial. They are able of completing the life cycle in one season if conditions are favorable. After the removal of generative shoots, the life cycle of plants is extended until the next season or more, until fruiting is completed. Monocarpics do not form a basal rosette of leaves when immature. They are characterized by the indeterminate growth of generative shoots. The second group includes biennial polycarpics, and the third group consists of perennial polycarpics. All of them (biennial and perennial ones) form a basal rosette of leaves in the immature period. They form generative shoots with a determinant type of growth with a complex inflorescence that consists of two or more inflorescences at the top. Wide distribution of black medick is due to the morphological diversity and plasticity of the life cycle.

Current state of populations, resources, and biological activity Pulsatilla patens (Ranunculaceae) in Northern Kazakhstan

Abstract. Aidarkhanova GS, Kubentayev SA, Kukhar YV, Urazalina AS. 2022. Current state of populations, resources, and biological activity Pulsatilla patens (Ranunculaceae) in Northern Kazakhstan. Biodiversitas 23: 2311-2320. Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae Juss.) is one of the complex groups in systematic and nomenclature terms, which has more than 30 taxa. Pulsatilla species are widely used against many pathologies. Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antitumor properties of these plants are known. The object of our research was Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. (Ranunculaceae) from the allopathic complex P. patens with yellow flower color in the Northern regions of Kazakhstan. The article provides detailed information on environmental and biological features, morphology, geographical distribution, phylogenetic characteristics, and raw materials of P. patens in Northern Kazakhstan. In addition to these studies, the antimicrobial and fungicidal activity of extracts from leaves and roots of the species is shown. It was established that the species grows in 6 administrative regions of Central and Northern Kazakhstan and 7 floristic regions. In the studied region, P. patens are often found along rocky foothill terraces (mainly on the southern slopes), forest edges, along the southern slopes and tops of the hills of steppes, and among shrubs. Data on the study of P. patens biomorphology showed that quantitative parameters are characterized by the greatest intra- and inter-population variability CV (number of individuals per 1 m2 (38-69%); the number of basal leaves (44-61%); the number of generative shoots per bush (32-53%). Metric parameters such as height during flowering (17-27%), height during fruiting (12-18%), flower diameter (14-24%), leaf blade diameter (11-26%) are characterized by low and medium variability, both within the population and at the inter-population level. In the phenological aspect, the species begins to grow in the first half of April. Blooms from mid-April to early May. Bears fruit from the second half of May to early June. The complete end of vegetation falls at the end of September. Analysis of biological activity of stem extracts and leaves of P. patens of Kazakhstan population showed that they have pronounced fungicidal properties in relation to conditionally pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis and molds Aspergillus niger. Water decoction P. patens was also active against Escherichia coli, indicating that it has antibacterial properties.

Abundance and conservation status of Rosa gallica in Strzyżów Foothills (SE Poland)

Rosa gallica is a rare, threatened, and legally protected species; hence, research on this species is important for identification of threats and development of protection strategies. The aim of the study was to characterise plant communities with Rosa gallica and to determine the habitat conditions, abundance, and diversity of selected population traits. The study was conducted in 2016-2020 in two localities (Bukowa, Kołaczyce) in Strzyżów Foothills. Twenty phytosociological relevés were made using the Braun-Blanquet method. The habitat conditions were assessed using Ellenberg indicator values. The following parameters were used to evaluate the diversity and quantitative relationships between the species in the analysed communities: Shannon-Wiener diversity (H՛), Evenness (J՛), and Simpson dominance (SIMP) indices. The size of the analysed populations was estimated based on the number of vegetative and generative shoots. Height was measured in 100 randomly selected shoots, and the number of flowers per generative shoot was additionally determined. Rosa gallica was part of the community with Brachypodium pinnatum in the Bukowa locality and occurred in the association Arrhenatheretum elatioris in Kołaczyce. The diversity indices had higher values ​​in Kołaczyce. The population in Bukowa covered an area of 500 m2 and comprised 911 (578 generative and 333 vegetative) shoots. From 1 to 10 flowers per shoot were noted. The population from Kołaczyce occupied a twofold smaller area and was less numerous, i.e. 465 (168 generative and 297 vegetative) shoots were recorded. It was also characterised by less abundant flowering (1-5 flowers per shoot). There were differences in the height of the generative and vegetative shoots. The parameter exhibited higher values in Bukowa ​​(55.17 and 36.95 cm, respectively) than in Kołaczyce (33.79 and 26.79 cm, respectively). All the habitat indices (except for K and R) and the biodiversity indices had higher values in Kołaczyce. The present results show that Rosa gallica occurs in a wide range of habitats varying in light, moisture, and fertility requirements. It grows in different-sized clusters or sometimes produces single shoots. Advanced succession has a negative impact on the conservation status of the population, which is particularly evident in the Kołaczyce locality. Therefore, the conservation of this species will depend on active protection measures.

Short communication: ‘Crystal’ guava fruit quality in response to altitude variation of growing location

Abstract. Widyastuti RAD, Budiarto R, Warganegara HA, Timotiwu PB, Listiana I, Yanfika H. 2022. Short Communication: ‘Crystal’ guava fruit quality in response to altitude variation of growing location. Biodiversitas 23: 1546-1552. ‘Crystal’ guava is a popular fruit with high demand due to its delicious taste and super nutritious content. This study aimed to analyze the fruit production and quality of ‘Crystal’ guava in response to different altitudes of growing location, i.e., highland and lowland in the tropics. Ten individual guava trees were maintained in a nested design by small-scale farmers in both lowland (Brajaselebah orchard, 25 m asl) and highland (Gunung Batu orchard, 1000 m asl). The result showed that the altitude of the growing location affected the plant production and fruit quality of ‘Crystal’ guava. Although there was no significant difference in vegetative and generative shoot numbers among the two growing locations, there was a tendency for a dominant generative shoot in highland. Lowland orchards produced a significantly heavier fruit compared to highland orchards. ‘Crystal’ guava tree was able to produce 41 to 46 fruits per tree with a total fruit production of about 8.69 to 9.21 kg per tree. The significantly lower incidence of fruit smoothness in lowland compared to highland was affected by a significantly higher incidence of fruit scars in the lowland. Guava fruit from the lowland had a significantly higher TSS, while fruit from the highland contained a significantly higher vitamin C than lowland.

Bayesian network model informs on the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on the population characteristics of an endangered plant species

AbstractPreservation of the endangered plant species requires knowledge of the impact of environmental factors on their populations. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of a Bayesian network (BN) model to analyze the impact of habitat conditions on the current characteristics of Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. population in NE Poland. The model was based on field data collected in 2011–2015 from 47 sites in the four largest forest complexes of NE Poland. The causal network between (1) the biotic and (2) abiotic factors as well as morphological‐developmental features of individuals and demographic features of populations (20 attributes, 1573 records) was made using the Bayesian Search Algorithm in GeNIe 2.0. The results indicate that the greatest impact on the population features had the number of competing species in forest undergrowth and exposition of slopes. Diagnostic testing and sensitivity analysis revealed that these factors were the major variables determining the size of the population, developmental phase, and the size of individuals. Tenfold cross‐validation revealed that this model was the most effective to analyze the impact of habitat conditions on the presence of generative shoots, developmental phase, and juvenile shoots. The optimal levels of factors following from the BN modeling of the impact of habitat conditions on the characteristics of the population will allow regular growth (size of individuals) and development (life cycle of individuals) of a given endangered species.

Rhaponticum carthamoides (Asteraceae) in the Altai Republic: Assessment of the State of the Plant Affected by Human Activities

Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin is a rhizome polycarpic plant with monocarpic generative shoots. This is a species of commercial importance. The aboveground and belowground parts of the plant are used as fodder, medicinal raw material, and material for cosmetic industry. The species is classified as rare throughout Russia, except for the Altai Republic. Irrational use leads to disruption of seed and vegetative propagation of plants. The literature data on this species mainly include resource estimates and practical applications. Variations of the morphometric characteristics of the species associated with human impact have not been sufficiently studied. The purpose of this work is a comparative analysis of the growth and development of R. carthamoides in various ecological and geographical conditions of the Altai Republic. The species was investigated in two undisturbed habitats (UH), near the village of Kaitanak and in Katun Nature Reserve (Ust-Koksinsky District), and in two sites affected by human activities, namely, livestock grazing (Seminsky Pass, Shebalinsky District) and the Shavla Protected Area (Ongudaysky District). Morphometric features of the vegetative and generative parts were studied in mature generative R. carthamoides plants. The study showed the presence of a very productive regeneration zone and a more developed system of rosette shoots with large leaves in the UH. In the sites affected by grazing, the power and productivity of R. carthamoides plants decreased, and the process of seed and vegetative propagation was disturbed. Significant correlations of features were found in the UH. The diameter of the aboveground part of plants is related to the number of vegetative rosette shoots, the size of their leaves, and the height of generative shoots (r = 0.75; 0.55; 0.63). These parameters determine the stability of individuals of the species. Adaptation of the plants in the sites affected by human activities was accompanied by the disintegration of growth and development characteristics. We revealed a decrease in the photosynthetic surface area and a reduction in the capacity of the regeneration zone. This process can lead to an impairment in the function of the species in the ecosystem and even its disappearance from the grass stand

Phenology of Cinnamomum cullilawan

Abstract Cinnamomum cullilawan is one type of forest plants that is included in the type of aromatic plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the flowering development process as a basic information for the development and the breeding of this plant. The method used in this research was a descriptive method. The results of the observations indicated that the process of flowering C. cullilawan can be grouped into three major parts: the stage of initiation, budding and flowering, where each stage requires different formation times. At the initiation stage, since the emergence of generative shoots on the armpit until the formation of panicles takes two months. Furthermore, the stage of the appearance of buds at the ends of panicles and the formation of reproduction of flowers required two months period. After that the flowers will break slightly and then the petals will turn black and fall in the second week, after the flower process has blossomed.

Polyvariance of ontogeny of Castilleja lapponica Gand. under industrial pollution of the Subarctic

Studies of the cenopopulations of Castilleja lapponica Gand. - the endemic Arctic, North European species were carried out in the Lovozersky Mountains (Murmansk region). Monitoring of the cenopopulations of C. lapponica continued for 2 years under chemical and radiation pollution of the environment (30-60 uR/hr) by the Lovozersky Mining and Processing Plant where the tantalum-niobium ores and rare earth raw materials are mined and processed. Wastes of ore dressing are homogeneous sands, which are stored in the Tailing Dump. The study was held at stationary test sites in the tundra meadows and in the vicinity of the Karnasurt Tailing Dump. The polyvariance of ontogeny in cenopopulations of C. lapponica under the industrial pollution and in the natural environment of the tundra has been revealed. It is shown that under the technogenic stress, Castilleja, which reproduces in tundra meadows mainly vegetatively, switches to seed reproduction. Ontogeny spectra are unstable: in the first year of monitoring, seedlings are dominating, in the second - generative plants. Radiation stimulates the germination of seeds, the intensity of sexual reproduction increases, but most of seedlings are eliminated up to the next year. The high level of dooming of generative shoots and individuals, teratogenesis of inflorescences has been identified. The vitality of individuals decreases, the density of cenopopulations changes. Seed reproduction under conditions of the environment pollution by rare elements and radionuclides can be considered as an adaptation that contributes to the survival of C. lapponica.

Biological evaluation of awnless bromegrass in different agro-climatic zones of Yakutia

The results of biological evaluation of awnless bromegrass varieties in different agroclimatic zones of Yakutia are presented. A total of 143 collection varieties of awnless bromegrass from the genetic collection of VIR, other research institutions and local wild specimen were used in the research. The varieties studied are highly winter-hardy, the breeding specimen numbers to a greater extent. The drought tolerance of the varieties grown in the three zones of Yakutia is evaluated. A close relationship between winter hardiness and drought tolerance (water retention capacity) in awnless bromegrass was established. The correlation coefficient averaged 0.74. The intensity of transpiration in awnless bromegrass cultivars is evaluated. Analysis of the daily dynamics of transpiration revealed that during the initial development phase of generative shoots (emergence into a tube), the minimum intensity of transpiration occurred in the evening and the maximum in the morning and afternoon hours. During the earing and flowering phase, the intensity of transpiration depends on weather conditions. It has been established that high winter hardiness of awnless bromegrass accounts for high hay yield; low water-holding capacity accounts for winter hardiness and maximum hay yield in the conditions of Yakutia's cryolithozone. The correlation coefficients between winter hardiness, drought tolerance parameters and hay yield at different herbage levels averaged –0,85… –0,24. The standard variety of awnless bromegrass Kamalinsky 14 is stable and highly adapted to the conditions of Yakutia, and is recommended as a seed parent in the selection process for awnless bromegrass. When selecting varieties of awnless bromegrass, attention should be paid to varieties from local breeding, as well as populations of expeditionary collections across Yakutia, which have high seed yields.

Сообщества с Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. в Курской области

Сообщества с Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. в Курской области

Analysis of the variability of the quantitative traits of the generative shoot of two white-flowered carnation species (Dianthus awaricus, Dianthus fragrans) under the conditions of Dagestan

The paper presents the results of assessing the quantitative traits of generative shoots of two white-flowered carnation species from four geographically isolated points: Dianthus awaricus (Oboda, Khvarada) and Dianthus fragrans (Khindakh, Charoda). Comparative analysis showed that, in general, the average values of most morphological characters are higher in D. fragrans, and the width of the petal and the number of lobe denticles are higher in D. awaricus. According to the results of two-way analysis of variance, the greatest contribution to the differentiation of species according to the relative components of variance (h2) is made by the traits “number of serrature on a petal” (73.2%), “cup length” (64.7%) and “petal index” (45.8%); unreliable traits (0.0–1.2%) – “flower length”, “flower diameter”, “flower mass” and “internode index”. Growing conditions significantly affect the characteristics of the apical flower: length (53.6%), diameter (40.1%) and its mass (46.3%). Squares of Mahalanobis distances showed the similarity of D. fragrans cenopopulations and significant isolation in D. awaricus, which is possibly associated with significant differences in the complex of ecological-cenotic conditions and possible microevolutionary processes occurring in highly isolated populations. Between the two species, there is a clear separation in space of the two roots of canonical analysis and complete self-identification according to the classification matrix. Such studies contribute to the identification of similarities and differences between closely related species in contrasting environmental conditions.

Эколого-биологические особенности пижмы обыкновенной (Tanacetum vulgare L.) в экотопах Кабардино-Балкарской Республики

The bulk of the preparations of medicinal plant raw materials of common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) are wild plants. Flores Tanaceti industrial collections are produced in the central regions of the European part of Russia. In the North Caucasus, T. vulgare grows scattered, so the data on the bioresource potential of the species require clarification. The aim of the study was to study the ecological and biological features of T. vulgare in the ecotopes of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (KBR). The study of the area, morphological and phytochemical variability of T. vulgare was carried out on the territory of the KBR in 2018-2021 at the start of flowering plants.The study of the range, ontogenesis and ecological and biological features of T. vulgare was carried out on the territory of the KBR in 2018-2021 at the start of flowering plants. According to the results of the study, the range of T. vulgare covers three floristic subregions: Chegemo-Chereko-Sukansky, Leskeno-Lashkutinsky and Jurassic depressions. The highest occurrence and abundance of plants are typical for forest, forest-steppe, meadow, floodplainecotopes of the foothill zone of the KBR. In the studied phytocenoses, T. vulgare is a companion species with an average abundance of 0,3-2,5%. The zone of ecological optimum for the species is meadow-steppe and drymeadow moisture, fairly rich soils, moderate moisture variability, and weak pasture digression. Under conditions of low load, T. vulgare cenopopulations form normal full-membered, unimodal spectra with a maximum on mature generative specimens. Under stress conditions, the spectra become incomplete, discontinuous, unimodal, right-handed, with a maximum on old-aged generative plants. Among the studied morphological and economically valuable traits of T. vulgare, high variability was noted for the number of anthologies in the inflorescence, medium variability for the number of generative shoots and flower yield, low and very low variability for the height of the shoot, the content of phenolic substances, and the diameter of the anthorax. In mid-mountain cenopopulations compared with foothill a significant increase in the content of the sum of flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids in flowers, shoot height, a decrease in the number of baskets in the inflorescence, the number of generative shoots, and the yield of raw materials were found. The nature of the correlation between the accumulation of phenolic compounds in flowers and the studied morphological traits can be used to select T. vulgare ecotypes and include them in the breeding process.

Ontogenesis of <i>Elytrigia trichophora</i> (Link) Nevski in the Conditions of Uzbekistan (Biometric Indicators)

The article is devoted to the study of the biomorphological features of Elytrigia trichophora under conditions of introduction in the mountain semi-desert zone and the determination of their economic prospects for introduction into rainfed crops. The research results showed that, in the Tashkent area, the number of generative shoots is almost the same, but they are 30 - 31 cm long and the number of partial bushes is 4 - 5 more than in Chartak. The root system lengthens by 18 - 25 cm per year, and the number of roots of the first order in the third year of vegetation increases to 93.6 ± 2.31 pieces, they branch up to the III-IV order. The duration of medium-aged generative plants in the Chartak area is 5 - 6 years, and in the Tashkent area, it is 1 - 2 years longer.

СВЯЗЬ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ СТРУКТУРЫ КОЛОСА С ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬЮ РАСТЕНИЙ ОБРАЗЦОВ × TRITITRIGIA CZICZINII TZVEL

Changing climatic conditions have led to increased focus on sustainable farming methods, which include the development of adaptive varieties. Interspecific and intergenerational hybridization makes it possible to significantly strengthen the resistance of new varieties to abiotic and biotic stress. Trititrigia (×Trititrigia cziczinii Tzvel., 1973) is a new grain crop with features and economically useful properties derived from wild cereals. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the contribution of ear productivity elements of modern trititrigia samples to its productivity. Studies conducted in the conditions of sod-podzolic heavy loamy soils of Moscow region (2008–2016) confirm the specific features of the formation of productivity of trititrigia samples that distinguish it from wheat. The studied samples had an ear length of 7.9 cm to 18.3 cm, the maximum number of samples (42.2%) had an ear length of 12.0 to 13.9 cm. The highest number of samples (21.1%) had 20.1 to 20.9 spikelets per ear, 32.4% of samples formed 60.6–69.5 grains per ear, 29 samples or 41.4% formed on average 1.5–2.0 g of grains per ear. Studies have shown that the elements of the structure of the ear of trititrigia: the length of the ear, the number of grains per ear, the number and weight of grains per do not have a direct positive relationship with productivity. This may be due to the contribution of productive bushiness and biological features of trititrigia in the form of a tendency to generative shoot formation throughout the growing season.

Biological Features and Forage Performance of Black Saxaul (Haloxylon Aphyllum (Minkw) Iljin) in the Central Asian Desert

Haloxylon aphyllum (Minkw.) Iljin is a treelike shrub from the Chenopodiaceae family with a thick, gnarled, highly branched trunk with dark gray bark. It is propagated by seeds. The most typical conditions of natural habitat are valley-like depressions of ridges and hollows of hilly sands, valleys and channels of old rivers, often with more or less close groundwater occurrence, as well as takyrs and takyr-like serozem soils. Black saxaul has a powerfully developed, deeply penetrating root system that reaches the level of groundwater or moist soil layers. The eaten part of black saxaul in the autumn-winter period is annual shoots, last year’s twigs, fruits. It contains 10-12 % protein (in fruits up to 20 %), 2.2-2.7 % fat, 21.2-38.6 % ash substances, up to 39.3 % nitrogen-free extractive substances and up to 14.9 % fiber. At the age of five to six years, the plant height reaches 4-6 m, and the root system deepens by 14-16 m. Productive longevity is 35-45 years. It begins to vegetate in late March – early April with development of generative shoots. Flowering coincides with development of generative shoots. The flowering period lasts 10-20 days. Black saxaul, depending on the growing conditions, enters the fruiting phase in the 2-4th year of life. When creating pasture shelter strips, forage productivity on adjacent natural pastures at a distance of up to 100 m increases by 20-30 %. In the strip itself, the yield of small grasses increases 2-3 times. The total forage productivity of pastures improved by crops of black saxaul considering the yield of adjacent pastures, increases 2 times.

Ecological and morphological features of Rhodiola rosea L. in natural populations in the Altai Mountains 

AbstractThe paper presents the results of the comprehensive study of Rhodiola rosea L. in natural populations in the Altai Mountains. The phytocoenotic confinement, demographic structure, and morphological characters of coenopopulations of Rh. rosea were studied in different ecological and coenotic conditions in the Chemal and Kosh-Agach regions of the Republic of Altai. Correlation between the morphometric parameters and their calculated values for the shoot and sex of the studied individuals, as well as environmental factors, was revealed. Rhodiola rosea L. is a valuable medicinal plant used for functional diseases of the central nervous system. At present, the natural reserves and areas of natural growth of the golden root have decreased significantly. The species is included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2008) and many regional Red Data Books of Siberia. In the Altai Mountains, Rh. rosea is widespread throughout the highlands, where it has occupied a wide range of habitats. The study showed that the highest values of ecological and effective density are characteristic of coenopopulations which are part of various hygrophytic variants of alpine and subalpine miscellaneous herbs with a high total projective cover of the herbaceous layer (CP 1, 2, 3, 4). The lowest values were found for coenopopulations growing in communities with a scarce herbaceous layer or dense shrub layer, and on steep gravelly slopes with crumbling soil and nonuniform moisture distribution (CP 5, 6, 8, 9). The studied coenopopulations are normal, full-membered, or incomplete-membered (some of them lack postgenerative individuals). In terms of the ontogenetic spectra, they are mainly left-sided, with a predominance of young generative individuals (CP 4, 5, 7) or bimodal, with an additional peak for old generative individuals (CP 2, 3, 6, 8). Male and female individuals Rh. rosea differ in many morphometric characters of the generative shoots. In some coenopopulations (CP 2, 3, 6, 9), male and female individuals show multidirectional deviation of characters compared to the totality, which indicates that in different environmental conditions these characters are not only genetically determined but can also be related to the sex of individuals.

Особенности морфотипического отбора в популяциях Serratula coronata L. культивируемых в условиях Московского региона

The article presents the results of morphotypic analysis of populations of perennial medicinal and fodder crops cultivated in the Moscow region (Serratula coronata L.). In the introduction, the botanical characteristics of the crowned sickle are given, the prospects and advantages of phytoecdysteroids obtained from raw materials are noted. The aim of the study is a comparative assessment of cultivated populations of S. coronata by morphotypic composition, determination of the age period for the selection of initial forms for breeding. The object of the study was the different geographical origin S. coronata three cultivated populations (Samarskaya, Belgorodskaya, Syktyvkarskaya from Rep. Komi). We have tested the application of methods for assessing varieties by uniformity, distinctness, stability for morphotypic selection in the population when creating improved, initial and breeding material. The article presents the results of the analysis of the morphotypic composition of populations by morphological characteristics and the productivity of raw materials according to long-term data (2013-2017, Moscow region, VILAR), the age period during which morphotypic selection should be carried out is established, morphotypes that are of the greatest value during selection are identified and described. The age period during which morphotypic selection should be carried out is established: 3-5 year, since the morphotype is fully formed by the 3rd year. It is established that plants in cultivated populations of Serratula coronata are represented by 2-3 morphotypes based on the height and leafiness of the generative shoot, the length of the stem leaves and the mass of the shoot. When selecting, the highest value is represented by tall morphotypes with medium-length leaves (~60-70% of them in each population), but morphotypes with medium leafiness should be selected among them (only ~41-51% of them in each population, only in the Syktyvkarskaya population – up to 69 %). The results of the study are relevant in the aspect of creating an improved, initial and breeding material of the Serratula coronata. Keywords: MEDICINAL PLANTS, SERRATULA CORONATA L., PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY, MORPHOTYPE, POPULATION, PRODUCTIVITY, QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS, SELECTION

Кетпен тауындағы Виттрок рауғашының (Rheum wittrockii) биологиялық ерекшеліктері

Мақалада Кетпен тауындағы Виттрок рауғашының (Rheum wittrockii) биологиялық ерекшеліктері туралы мəліметтер келтірілген. Зерттеу мақсаты— Кетпен тауының солтүстік шатқалдарында жəне тау шалғындарының табиғи популяцияларында кездесетін Виттрок рауғашының (Rh. wittrockii) табиғи жағдайдағы биологиялық ерекшеліктерін анықтау. Зерттеу объектісі— Кетпен тауының табиғи популяцияларында кездесетін Виттрок рауғашы (Rh. wittrockii). 2015–2017 жылдың маусым–шілде айларында маршруттық-барлау əдісін қолдана отырып Алматы облысы Ұйғыр ауданына қарасты Кетпен тауының солтүстік шатқалдарында зерттеу жұмыстары жүргізілді. Өсімдік тұқымының морфологиялық ерекшеліктерін анықтау Н.Л. Удольскаяның (1976) əдістемелік нұсқауы бойынша жасалды. Үлкен даму циклындағы өсімдіктердің органдарының құрылымдық өзгеруін систематикалық бақылау, биологиялық eрекшеліктерін, құрылымын анықтау Л.А. Жукованың (2012) инструкциясымен жəне «Программа и методика…» (1986) деп аталатын əдістемелік нұсқаулық бойынша іске асырылды. Кетпен тауында Виттрок рауғашы теңіз деңгейінен (1900–3200 м) биіктіктерде кездесетіндігі анықталды. Өсуінің 1-ші жылында тек вегетативті органдары дамиды. Генеративті өркендердің дамуы өсімдіктің өсуінің2–3-ші жылында басталады. Репродуктивті генеративті өркендердің қарқынды өсуі— вегетативті өркендерінің өсуімен қатар жүреді. Гүлдеу фазасы 7–10 күнге созылады. Бір дарағының гүлдеуі 3–5 күнді құрайды. Генеративті фаза 7–8 (10) жылға дейін созылады. Жемістену процесі шілде айының ортасынан бастап, тамыздың соңғы онкүндігіне дейін жалғасады. Жемістену фазасы 12–14 күн. Өсімдіктің вегетациялық кезеңі 60–75 күнді құрайды. Тұқымы— үшбұрышты жаңғақша. Өскіндердің өсуі жерасты. Өскін— екі нағыз жапырақтан тұрады. Жерасты өркендер жүйесі— көпжылдық өркендердің жерасты жүйесі негізгі жержатаған өркендердің апикальды бүршігі меристемасының белсенділігі есебінен шексіз ұзақ моноподиальды өсудің нəтижесінде пайда болған көпсалалы каудекстен тұрады. Виттрок рауғашының тамыры негізгі, жанама тамырлардан тұрады. Жер асты бөлігінде нəзік жас тамырлары топырақтың беткі горизонтында дамиды. Өскіннен бастап қартайған генеративті кезеңнің ұзақтығы 15–16 жылды құрайды.