Generational Cohorts Research Articles

Relations of postural change in blood pressure with hypertension-mediated organ damage in middle-aged adults of the Framingham heart study: A cross-sectional study.

Dysregulation of compensatory mechanisms to regulate blood pressure (BP) upon postural change is a phenotype of BP variability and an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. We assessed postural change in BP (starting 2 min after standing from a supine position), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), and markers of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD) in the heart, kidney, and brain in Framingham Third Generation, Omni-2, and New Offspring Spouse Cohort participants. We related vascular measures (postural change in BP measures and cfPWV) with HMOD in 3,495 participants (mean age 47 years, 53% women) using multivariable logistic and linear regression models. In multivariable-adjusted models, we did not observe significant associations of vascular measures with presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, albuminuria, covert brain infarcts, or white matter hyperintensities (Bonferroni-adjusted P-values > 0.05/20 > 0.0025). In multivariable models, greater cfPWV (est. β = 0.11 ± 0.03; P < 0.001), but not postural change in BP measures (Bonferroni-adjusted P-values > 0.05/20 > 0.0025), was associated with higher white matter free water using brain magnetic resonance imaging. In multivariable models, greater postural change in pulse pressure was associated with higher urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (est. β = 0.07 ± 0.02; P < 0.001). No other postural change in BP measure was associated with urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (Bonferroni-adjusted P-values > 0.05/20 > 0.0025). In sex-specific analyses, higher cfPWV was associated with higher urinary albumin-creatinine ratio in men (est. β: 0.11 ± 0.04; P = 0.002) but not in women (est. β: 0.03 ± 0.03; P = 0.44). We also observed marginal to strong effect modification by above vs. at/below median postural change in BP for the association of cfPWV with urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (Bonferroni-adjusted interaction P < 0.001-0.01). Vascular measures were not related to left ventricular mass index or fractional anisotropy (Bonferroni-adjusted P-values > 0.05/20 > 0.0025). Baroreflex dysfunction is associated with greater subclinical kidney damage. Additionally, relations of higher aortic stiffness with greater kidney damage may be modified by associated baroreflex dysregulation.

Generational situatedness: Challenging generational stereotypes in health professions education

Purpose Use of generation theory is pervasive within health professions education (HPE) literature, yet its application perpetuates unfounded generalizations that disadvantage learners. The objectives of this thematic analysis are first, to understand how generation theory is applied to ‘Generation Z’ HPE students and second, to propose a more productive framework for approaching evolutions within HPE. Methods A literature search was conducted to identify HPE publications pertaining to Gen Z learners. A thematic analysis was undertaken to identify a priori themes and uncover new themes. Results Qualitative analysis revealed evidence of three a priori themes as well as four newly identified themes across our sample. Conclusion The near ubiquity of essentialism and generational othering across our sample illustrates the ongoing challenges posed by generationalism in HPE discourse. While traces of generational humility and generational situatedness suggest a more holistic response to evolving student populations, we nevertheless discourage the continued use of generation theory to guide HPE pedagogy and instead urge educators to resist essentializing generalizations by thinking comprehensively about what evolutions in HPE must occur if we are to best prepare our students to practice in present and future healthcare settings. Practice points As new cohorts of health professions students (‘Gen Z’) matriculate, generation theory remains a compelling frame for conceptualizing changes in health professions education (HPE) despite a robust body of research critiquing its reliance on essentializing stereotypes. Examples of essentialism and generational othering, which perpetuate reductive stereotypes about generational cohorts, frequently recur in the published literature about Gen Z HPE students. Generational situatedness may mitigate the reductive essentializing of generationalism in HPE. A structural approach promises to better prepare students to practice in present and future healthcare settings than adapting HPE to meet the presumed needs of generational learners.

Complex identities, intersectionality and research approaches in millennial family caregivers in the United States.

A discussion of the personal and social contexts for Millennial family caregivers and the value of including complex identity and intersectionality in Millennial family caregiving research with practical application. Discussion paper. This discussion paper is based on our own experiences and supported by literature and theory. Millennial family caregivers have distinct generational, historical and developmental experiences that contribute to the care they provide as well as their own well-being. Complex identity, the integration of multiple identities, and intersectionality, systems and structures that disempower and oppress individuals with multiple identities, need to be addressed in nursing research so intervention tailoring and health equity can be better supported in this population. From research conceptualization and design to data analysis, data must be used intentionally to promote equity and reduce bias. The inclusion of diverse Millennial caregivers throughout all stages of the research process and having a diverse nursing research workforce will support these efforts. Millennial family caregivers comprise one-quarter of the family caregiving population in the United States, and they are more diverse than previous family caregiving generational cohorts. Their needs will be more fully supported by nursing scientists with the adoption of methods and techniques that address complex identity and intersectionality. Nursing researchers can use the following research approaches to address complex identity and intersectionality in Millennial caregivers: inclusion of qualitative demographic data collection (participants can self-describe); data disaggregation; data visualization techniques to augment or replace frequencies and descriptive statistics for demographic reporting; use of researcher reflexivity throughout the research process; advanced statistical modelling techniques that can handle complex demographic data and test for interactions and differential effects of health outcomes; and qualitative approaches such as phenomenology that centre the stories and experiences of individuals within the population of interest.

Factors Affecting Perceived Effectiveness of Multigenerational Management Leadership and Metacognition among Service Industry Companies

Workforce management has always been an essential consideration by businesses worldwide to improve organizational efficiency. The measurement of diversified labor present in modern Philippine companies has never been viable as generational and cultural differences shape and influences one’s leadership behavior, decision-making, and style. Employee motivation, multigenerational cohort, interpersonal skills, work values, and organizational culture significantly affect company leaders’ perceived effectiveness, resulting in varying management styles and approaches applicable to service companies. This study aimed to determine significant variables affecting the perceived leadership effectiveness and metacognition between multigenerational management clusters among service companies integrating behavioral theories such as Generational Cohort Theory (GCT) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Through self-administered questionnaires, data was utilized for multivariate analysis through structural equation modeling using the SPSS statistical software and SPSS AMOS 29 software and random forest classifier utilizing Python 5.1. Results showed that Motivation, Managerial Cohort, Organizational Culture, and Work values have a high-level relationship with Perceived Behavioral Control, Attitude Towards Behavior, and Social Norms. The results presented could be utilized in evaluating the management sector in service industries to provide and develop an optimum approach to leadership management. Managerial insights and suggestions are shown in the study.

Antecedents and moderators of positive word of mouth communication among tourist destination residents during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Word of mouth (WOM) communication has been recognized for a long time as an activity to improve the efficiency and success of communication efforts. The purpose of this paper is to examine potential antecedents and moderators of positive WOM of tourist destination residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Three WOM predictors are examined, i.e. trustworthiness in communication of authorities, destination reputation, and prevention measures, whereas two sociodemographic variables are considered as moderators, i.e. gender and age, and more specifically, generational cohorts. Empirical research has been conducted among residents of a tourist destination, considered important stakeholders who actively participate in tourist destination branding. Data were collected through an online survey distributed through e-mail marketing lists and online panels. After obtaining 480 valid responses, data were subject to normality tests, Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), measurement invariance assessment, and multi-group analysis. Findings reveal that residents’ positive WOM is caused by their perceptions of destination reputation and adoption measures, being the role of trustworthiness in communication of authorities insignificant in residents’ WOM engagement. Among the two sociodemographic variables, only gender is found to moderate one relationship (i.e. reputation-WOM), with stronger effects among women.

Impact of Technostress on Withdrawal Behavior and Workplace Flourishing

The COVID-19 pandemic's ripple effects on the digital work sphere have been widely recognized and debated. But little is known about how much technostress influences workers' overall well-being (i.e., workplace flourishing) during the pandemic. This paper (drawing on social roles and self-efficacy theories) investigates the effect of technostress on flourishing at work and withdrawal behavior and the contextual roles of gender, generation, and work practices. Survey data were randomly obtained from workers in various educational sectors in Saudi Arabia (n = 538) and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and multi-group moderation analysis. Accordingly, technostress positively affects work withdrawal behavior and reduces workplace flourishing. Variations in these associations were observed based on generational cohorts and work flexibility or mode. But no significant gender variations occurred. This study provides managerial insights and strategies to deal with technostress's ripple effect due to restrictions and measures provoked by the pandemic.

Demographic Differences in Satisfaction and Work-Life Balance of Prelicensure Nursing Faculty.

A need exists to recruit and retain nursing faculty of differing generations, races/ethnicities, and genders. The purpose of this study was to examine whether generational cohort, race/ethnicity, and gender predicted job satisfaction, life satisfaction, or work-life balance for full-time faculty teaching in prelicensure, baccalaureate nursing programs. Faculty (N = 363) from multiple schools of nursing in the United States completed a survey that included demographics, the Job Satisfaction Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Work-Life Balance Self-Assessment. Significant relationships and differences were noted for nursing faculty. Faculty of color reported lower job and life satisfaction than their White counterparts. As calls to increase diversity among nursing faculty increase, continued research should focus on differences in the experience of faculty of color.

The Effect of Audit Partner Diversity on Audit Quality: Evidence from China

This study examines the effects of audit partner diversity on audit quality. Using a sample of Chinese listed companies from 2004–2018, we find that audit quality is positively associated with audit partner diversity in educational background, gender, and generational cohort. These findings suggest that diverse partner teams outperform homogenous teams and support the information perspective that audit partner diversity produces different viewpoints and perspectives, thus reducing judgement bias and leading to higher audit quality. Furthermore, we find that client information asymmetry, auditor task motivation, and task ability play a moderating role in reinforcing the positive effects of audit partner diversity on audit quality. Our findings have practical implications for audit firm personnel dispatching and team formation, and heighten the need to integrate team dynamics in the audit quality framework.

Adolescent Generation Z and sustainable and responsible fashion consumption: exploring the value-action gap

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore whether a “value-action gap” exists between what members of the adolescent Generation Z (Gen Z) cohort value and how they act by investigating their actions related to sustainable and responsible fashion consumption (SRFC). Specific focus was placed on understanding these actions across the apparel consumption cycle, ranging from the acquisition, to use and disposal stages.Design/methodology/approachForty-one members of Gen Z (20 males and 21 females) ranging in age from 15 to 18 participated in a total of seven focus groups.FindingsThree emergent themes were identified and used to structure the interpretation: unintentionally sustainable, a knowledge conundrum and perceived barriers.Research limitations/implicationsThe majority of focus group participants were Caucasian, and all were teenagers from a single geographical area in the Southeastern USA. Findings provided by this study offer insight regarding the SRFC habits of Gen Z relative to their concerns regarding sustainability and social and environmental responsibility.Practical implicationsFindings offer practitioners an opportunity to better understand how to address the needs of this generational cohort as they progress through adulthood.Originality/valueFindings of this study investigate the value-action gap to offer insight into how adolescent members of Gen Z make consumption decisions, and specifically within a framework of the apparel consumption cycle as a whole, including acquisition, use and disposal. Findings also reveal some of their more general views on SRFC.

The impact of utilitarian, social and hedonic values on hotel booking mobile app engagement and loyalty: a comparison of generational cohorts

PurposeThe primary purpose of this study was to examine the underlying consumer values that drive hotel booking mobile app users to engage more with the app and use the app continuously for hotel booking purposes.Design/methodology/approachBy conducting confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) on the data collected through the Qualtrics online survey platform from 506 respondents in the United States, the proposed measurements and structural models were tested.FindingsThe findings for both Generation Xers and Millennials revealed that hedonic and social values influenced mobile app engagement, which strongly influenced mobile app loyalty. Thus, to enhance customer engagement and indirectly influence mobile app loyalty, the app value delivery should appeal to social and hedonic values. Although the utilitarian values for using apps had a potential direct impact on mobile app loyalty, the mediation analysis showed that mobile app engagement, when connecting consumption values to mobile app loyalty, served as a full mediator for Generation Xers and a partial mediator for Millennials.Practical implicationsThis study provides insights into how hotels and online travel agent (OTA) marketing managers may consider augmenting user engagement with hotel booking mobile apps. This study suggests that hoteliers and OTAs should further develop their user experience efforts to enhance the utilitarian features of their mobile app to increase revenue from repeat purchases. Additionally, this study provides implications for enhancing the hedonic and social features of hotel booking mobile apps to appeal to Millennials and Gen Xers.Originality/valueThis study developed and assessed an integrated model to investigate the relationships between consumption values, engagement and loyalty in hotel booking mobile apps. Furthermore, it examined generational cohorts' role in the relationships between these constructs.

Careers of women public managers: Career needs of women public managers across generations

AbstractThis study examines women's managerial experiences in leadership roles and reflects on their career needs. Women's career needs are understood by applying the Kaleidoscope Career Model (KCM), which is yet to be widely explored in public sector settings. The KCM recognizes the interplay of multiple experiences that shape the career development of women in the workforce. Using 21 in‐depth interviews with women municipal government leaders in the United States; we find that while all three parameters of the KCM model are relevant for women public managers, the need for balance is overwhelmingly evident for women across all generations. Further, we demonstrate how the relationality of women public managers and the interplay of personal and professional needs drive their career goals. The findings from this study are relevant to human resource development policies and practices that consider generational differences into account. Work‐life balance needs are relevant for women across all generations (Baby Boomer, Generation X, and Generation Y), and organizations play a vital role in mitigating the burden for women managers. Women public managers' need for balance dominates across generations over the need for challenge and authenticity. Human resource management programs should consider policies and programs that are responsive to the specific needs of women across different generations. Women managers from Generation X and Baby Boomer generational cohorts express interest in leaving their current position or look forward to retirement in the future.

GENERATIONAL COHORT ANALYSIS OF MALAYSIAN DOMESTIC TOURISTS

As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, the Malaysian economy has suffered considerably. With the closure of international borders to travellers and the implementation of restricted travel movement, the tourism industry has been one economic sector heavily affected. To encourage a rebound in the tourism industry the Malaysian government has taken steps to focus on the domestic tourism market. Since the domestic tourism market involves quite a diverse range of segments, an understanding of the generational cohort in tourist behaviour is crucial to facilitate the effective prediction of tourism trends. This paper attempts to review and analyses the generational shifts in Malaysian travel characteristics between four cohorts, namely, baby boomers, generation X, millennials and generation Z that have been discussed in the literature. First, the travel characteristics of each cohort were identified, and comparisons were made between the cohorts. As a result of a literature review, findings indicate that each cohort has distinctive characteristics that differentiate them from their older counterparts and these characteristics lead to a diverse demand for tourism products and services. Therefore, it is important for tourism stakeholders to better understand the travel characteristics of their target customers based on generational cohort before preparing the right packages, products and services that match and fulfil their customers’ needs and preferences.

Is Gen Z really that different? Environmental attitudes, travel behaviours and sustainability practices of international tourists to Canterbury, New Zealand

Age has a significant influence on environmental attitudes and behaviour but there is no consensus on the effect that generational cohort has on these attitudes and behaviour. Using the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) as the theoretical lens, this study evaluates whether Gen Z is similar or different to three other generations (Gen X, Y and Baby Boomers) on their environmental attitudes toward travel. The sustainability practices that these generational cohorts undertake during their travel are also evaluated. Based on 615 useable surveys of international visitors to the Canterbury region of New Zealand, we identify segments of visitors based on environmental attitudes and behaviour toward travel and generational cohort using a two-step clustering procedure. The results confirm inter-generational differences in environmental attitudes and travel behaviours but also highlight intra-generational differences. Gen Z tourists are more likely to belong to “Environmental” or “Mixed-Bag Environmental” segments that are more likely engage in sustainable practices related to resource saving and buying local food compared to other generations. The findings have implications for destination marketing and management.

Development and Validation of a Symptom-based Scoring System for Bowel Dysfunction After Ileoanal Pouch Reconstruction.

To utilize items identified as priorities by the Patient-Reported Outcomes after Pouch Surgery Delphi consensus study to create a validated tool for quantifying pouch function. The Patient-Reported Outcomes After Pouch Surgery Delphi consensus study identified 7 symptoms and 7 consequences as key domains for evaluating and analyzing ileoanal pouch function. Pouch patients were recruited at inflammatory bowel disease centers and via patient advocacy websites. They were administered a questionnaire-based survey eliciting responses regarding the frequency of a variety of bowel symptoms. Associations between items and quality of life were computed in a score generation cohort of 298 patients by logistic regression modeling. Individual score values were designated to items to create an additive score titled the "Ileoanal Pouch Syndrome Severity Score." Validity was tested in a subsequent cohort of 386 patients using receiver operating characteristic area under the curve. In addition, test-rest validity, convergent validity, and clinical validity were evaluated. After the determination of item weights, the range of possible scores was 0 to 145. Score ranges were then determined as cutoff values for "ileoanal pouch syndrome." The score was then validated on the second patient cohort, with a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.83. Importantly, worsening severity of Ileoanal Pouch Syndrome score significantly correlated with higher rates of poor quality of life. Lastly, the questionnaire was rigorously validated to show test-retest validity, convergent validity compared with other bowel function scores, and clinical validity. This study developed a patient-centered, clinically useful scoring system that can quantify the range and severity of symptoms experienced by ileoanal pouch patients and their correlation with quality of life.

Generational Cohort Analysis of Sports Spectators:

Generational Cohort Analysis of Sports Spectators:

Investigating Smartphone Brand Loyalty for Millennials and Gen Z

The purpose of this paper is to examine smartphone users' brand loyalty decisions across and within generation cohorts, Gen Z and Millennials, based on customer value theory. The study discovers value perceptions for the cohorts, utilizes these for identifying distinct consumer segments within the cohorts, and finally, investigates the impact of these value perceptions, on loyalty, for each of the sub-segments. A four-stage analysis involving exploratory factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA, and MANOVA was undertaken. Three distinctive clusters were obtained within both Gen Z and the Millennials, and for each of these sub-segments, the influence of the identified value perceptions, when investigated on attitudinal and behavioral components of loyalty, threw striking differences. The paper extends the current understanding of smartphone brand management, particularly from the perspective of identifying value perception-based consumer segments, within the cohorts and mapping the influence of these identified perceptions on both attitudinal and behavioral components of loyalty.

Exploring the antecedents of masstige purchase behaviour among different generations

Abstract The present study proposes the conceptual model, which traces the role of consumers’ high-quality consciousness, perceived brand equity, and luxury value perceptions on the intention to purchase masstige brands and tests it for the moderating role of generational cohort membership (X-ers, Y-ers, and Z-ers). To explore the relationship between variables of interest, we used a quantitative survey-based research design and emphasised a single product category – consumer electronics and a single masstige brand – Apple. The online survey questionnaire was developed on the Google platform and distributed among residents of Bosnia and Herzegovina using a snowball sampling technique. In the end, we received 354 usable responses. We used structural equation modelling and multigroup analysis to test the proposed conceptual model. Our findings suggest that quality consciousness is the most significant predictor of consumers’ intentions to buy a masstige brand, followed by perceived brand equity. Also, our results indicate that the relationships between independent variables (consumer-based brand equity, quality consciousness, overall luxury value) and dependent variables (intention to purchase a masstige brand) are contingent on generational differences. The present study deepens our scholarly understanding of masstige consumption and contributes to the theoretical notion of generation cohort theory in the context of masstige consumption.

Examining the role of team climate, transactive memory system, and team leader humility in teams: an empirical study of Indian generational cohorts

PurposeThe study aims to define the term “generation” by proposing an integrated design based on age-period-cohort effects and by proposing an Indian generational cohort framework categorizing Indian generational cohorts into four categories, namely, Baby Boomers, GenX, GenY, and GenZ. The study further aimed to capture the existing generational differences between GenY and GenZ cohorts in the Indian teams on team climate, transactive memory system, and team leader humility.Design/methodology/approachFor the first two objectives a literature review methodology along with the author's proposition was adopted. An integrated design was proposed by reviewing the relevant sociological literature to define generations. Thereafter, an Indian cohort framework was proposed categorizing them into four groups Baby Boomers, GenX, GenY, and GenZ. Following that, for the last objective, i.e. to identify the differences between cohorts, empirical data were collected by a structured questionnaire that was disseminated to GenY and GenZ Indian working professionals. A total of 229 responses were used for observing the differences or similarities between GenY and GenZ cohorts on the study variables by employing an independent samples t-test.FindingsThe study proposed an integrated design (age, period, and cohort effect). Following that, an Indian generational cohort's framework has been outlined categorizing Indian cohorts based on their birth years, age groups, developmental stages, formative years, major Indian historical events, and various characteristics possessed by them. Moreover, the empirical findings support the existing generational disparities and depict that GenZ holds a higher inclination towards transactive memory systems and team climate whereas GenY holds more inclination toward leader humility.Practical implicationsThe study put forth its contribution to research scholars by categorizing Indian generational cohorts in a rationalized manner based on an integrated design (age-period-cohort) effect. The study would further assist concerned authorities and managers in formulating HR policies to deal with the underlying generational differences highlighted by the study.Originality/valueAs there lies a paucity of generational frameworks in the Indian context, this study is the first attempt in this direction which categorizes Indian generational cohorts based on a unique integrated design including age-period-cohort effects. In addition, the study also investigated these cohorts in Indian organizations to observe the existing variations.

Teaching fromHome and Emotional Wellbeing duringthe Covid-19 Pandemic: Digital Native and Digital Immigrant Lecturers in Malaysia’s Perspectives

The Covid-19 global pandemic has significantly affectedtheeducation sector globally. This study explores the Malaysian higher education lecturers’ emotional wellbeing whenteaching from home during the Covid-19 pandemic and the differences between the generational cohorts of digital native and digital immigrant lecturers. A qualitative online interview approach was employed on13 higher education lecturers throughoutMalaysia. The study revealed theemotional wellbeing of higher education lecturers was mainly good despite the initial challenges of teaching from home during the pandemic. Stereotypicaldifferences between digital natives and digital immigrants were somewhat evident in the study. Several recommendations were proposed to manage the emotional wellbeingof lecturers while teaching from home.

Millennials and automated mobility: exploring the role of generation and attitudes on AV adoption and willingness-to-pay

ABSTRACT Results from a recent travel behavior survey are used to examine the impacts of generational and attitudinal factors on autonomous vehicle (AV) adoption and willingness to pay (WTP). Initial exploratory data analysis confirmed generational differences in various aspects of travel behavior. A structural equation model (SEM) was developed to capture the causal effects of different variables on AV adoption/WTP. In particular, Interaction effects with generational cohorts were analyzed. Generally, it could be inferred that WTP significantly and positively affects adoption levels, so do technology savviness, the desire for driving assistance/higher safety features, and mobility for non-drivers. The WTP is also affected by income, employment status, and previous technology experience. Further, our model suggests that millennials who appreciate the on-demand aspect of AVs are more likely to adopt a fully or partially automated vehicle. The middle-aged cohort (35–39 years old) as well as transit-user millennials are likely to have higher WTP values.