Generation Wireless Technology Research Articles

The Physical Layer Technologies in 5G Mobile Communication System

The continuously increasing demand of wireless communication impels the fast development of the next generation wireless communication technology. The fifth generation wireless mobile communication network (5G) has been proposed and is becoming a hot topic in academic and industrial field. Now, many countries or many corporations have completed the first step of 5G development which according to ITU requirements for future 5G. The 5G era is a highspeed network era of the interconnection of all things; it can load the many terminals access and high data transfer rate. However, the 5G communication technology which is scheduled to be commercialized around 2020 is still in its earlier stage. In order to solve the shortage of current radio waves resources and improve the capacity of system, two key technologies of physical layer (millimeter-wave and massive MIMO) were introduced and remarked. The best characteristics of millimeter wave technique are extremely-short wavelength and extremely-broad bandwidth. Its merits are narrow wave beam, good directivity and high antenna gain, the weakness is propagation on range of visibility. When these merits and weakness are applied to the 5G, it can solve many needs of 5G networks.

Robust resource allocation for heterogeneous wireless network: a worst‐case optimisation

With the development of fifth generation wireless communication technology, how to improve system capacity and spectrum efficiency is a crucial problem in resource sharing of heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Most of existing resource allocation (RA) schemes in HetNets focus on perfect channel state information, however, exact channel information is difficult to obtain under link delay and stochastic channel condition. In order to resolve the RA issues under channel uncertainties, a robust RA algorithm is proposed to maximise the sum data rate of microcell users where the users are subjected to the individual transmission power constraint and the cross-tier interference constraint of macrocell users. The multiuser RA problem in HetNets is formulated under the consideration of bounded channel gain uncertainties where both the cross-tier channel and intra-tier channel are simultaneously considered. The non-linear optimisation problem is converted into a geometric programming problem that is solved by using Lagrange dual methods in a distributed way. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can well restrain the effect of channel uncertainty and achieve a good robustness.

Guest Editorial Physical Layer Security for 5G Wireless Networks, Part I

The unprecedented growth in the number of mobile data and connected machines ever-fast approaches limits of fourth generation technologies to address this enormous data demand. Therefore, the development of the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication technologies is a priority issue currently. The evolution towards 5G wireless communications will be a cornerstone for realizing the future human-centric and connected machine-centric networks, which achieve near-instantaneous, zero distance connectivity for people and connected machines. On the other hand, wireless networks have been widely used in civilian and military applications and become an indispensable part of our daily life. People rely heavily on wireless networks for transmission of important/private information, such as credit card information, energy pricing, e-health data, command, and control messages. Therefore, security is a critical issue for future 5G wireless networks. Physical layer security techniques can be used to either perform secure data transmission directly or generate the distribution of cryptography keys for conventional cryptography techniques in the 5G networks. With careful management and implementation, physical layer security can be used as an additional level of protection on top of the existing security schemes. As such, they will formulate a well-integrated security solution together that efficiently safeguards the confidential and privacy communication data in 5G wireless networks. The main goal of this IEEE JSAC Special Issue on “Physical Layer Security for 5G Wireless Networks” is to bring together leading researchers in both academia and industry from diversified backgrounds to advance the theory and practice of physical layer security for 5G wireless networks.

A novel digital watermarking scheme for data authentication and copyright protection in 5G networks

The next generation wireless technology 5G is aimed at achieving very high data rates. Data authentication (DA) and ownership authentication (OA) are not considered in the previous telecommunication technologies. So, a framework for 5G wireless technology is proposed for DA and OA using watermarking in this article. These two applications (DA and OA) have conflicting features as the watermark needs to be fragile for DA and robust for OA. In the proposed scheme this conflicting issue has been addressed using a single watermark, unlike the existing schemes that use two watermarks. The novelty of this scheme is the instability property of Playfair cipher is used to achieve DA and OA. Our proposed method also provides a solution to the flaw (false positive problem) in singular value decomposition based watermarking. The proposed scheme is tested using the images from the standard datasets and the performance looks promising.

Theory of Polarization-Selective Coupling and Its Application to Design of Planar Orthomode Transducers

With the rapid and continuous development of new generations of wireless technologies and networks, exploring the underutilized millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band becomes inescapable. Polarization diversity has been an essential factor in the performance and capacity enhancement of various wireless systems including cellular networks. Accordingly, the design and development of dual-polarized antenna feeding structures in the mm-wave band is a must. In this paper, a compact wideband orthomode transducer design in the Ka-band is proposed and explored. The proposed architecture and design are based on a forward mode polarization-selective coupling strategy between two unconventional waveguides. These special waveguides are a combination between two types of guiding structure, namely, nonradiative dielectric waveguide and substrate-integrated waveguide. Polarization-selective coupling can be achieved in these structures due to different mechanisms by which orthogonally oriented modes are guided. Theoretical coupling levels of 0 dB are possible in the designed structure. Analytical analysis and design steps are given in detail. This analysis facilitates a complete control on the single-mode operation for each polarization. This control, besides the structure being planar, represents the main advantages of the proposed structure. Finally, a prototype is implemented and measured where an excellent agreement is achieved with the simulation results.

Design of Intelligent Transportation System Supported by New Generation Wireless Communication Technology

The development of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) will transition into a next level development of variously new requirements coupled with the new generation wireless communication technology. In this paper, the process-oriented structured system analysis is extended on the existing intelligent transportation architecture to establish an intelligent transportation system based on the new generation wireless communication technology, and further in-depth analysis will be performed to discuss the required additional capabilities of network, services and application support in the view of user, function, information, connection and communication. In order to comprehensively understand the technical characteristics and development of the new generation intelligent transportation system, it lays a foundation for implementation of the new generation ITS technology.

5G C-RAN With Optical Fronthaul: An Analysis From a Deployment Perspective

The fifth generation (5G) wireless technology is designed to provide significantly faster Internet access, with lower latency, and ubiquitous mobile coverage compared to its predecessors. However, as there will be hundreds and thousands of wireless cells deployed in the 5G network, transporting the enormous volume of data instigated from high capacity 5G wireless cells to the core network in a cost-effective and greener manner with a low latency still remains one of the major hurdles. Therefore, in this paper, we exploit different optical transport network architectures and technologies that can be used to build an efficient fronthaul network for 5G, in order to carry data between wireless cells and the central office. Particularly, we equitably compare multiple fronthaul architectures in terms of major requirements of 5G fronthaul network such as bandwidth requirements, delay budgets, deployment costs, complexity of radio remote head, and the ability to support advanced wireless functions. In order to analyze the deployment cost of entire 5G transport and wireless networks, we develop a joint optimization framework to optimally deploy fiber-based fronthaul network and 5G wireless network simultaneously. Our framework is also capable of setting limits on the required network coverage and capacity. We analyze the optimal deployment costs under different deployment scenarios and different fronthaul technologies. Our analyses provide insights into modeling future-proof optical transport networks to realize 5G network deployment.

Generation of Wireless Technology - 5G- A Review

Generation of Wireless Technology - 5G- A Review

Numerical analysis for infant's unintentional exposure to 3.5 GHz plane wave radiofrequency electromagnetic fields by field test of fifth generation wireless technologies

AbstractIn this study, the plane wave exposure of an infant to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields of 3.5 GHz was numerically analyzed to investigate the unintentional electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure of fifth generation (5G) signals during field test. The dosimetric influence of age‐dependent dielectric properties and the influence of an adult body were evaluated using an infant model of 12 month old and an adult female model. The results demonstrated that the whole body‐averaged specific absorption rate (WBASAR) was not significantly affected by age‐dependent dielectric properties and the influence of the adult body did not enhance WBASAR. Taking the magnitude of the in situ E field strength into consideration, realistic WBASAR was far below the basic restriction. Age‐dependent dielectric properties could significantly change the tissue specified specific absorption rate (TSSAR) of internal organs. However, the variation was not significant because the absolute values were marginal. Among the factors that influenced TSSAR variation, change in dielectric properties demonstrated a close correlation. In general, at 3.5 GHz, the infant did not absorb more power than the case of EMF exposure to third generation (3G) and fourth generation (4G) signals. The work was helpful for network operators and device manufactures to estimate the potential exposure risk during the field test, especially for the infant.

Español

The panorama mediatic is challenging, confusing and uncertain. Media consumption has changed dramatically in recent decades and has as main transformation factors: digital distribution, increasingly atomized audiences, consumption on demand, greater access to content generation platfforms and Wireless technology (Wireless Fidelity). In the effort to understand this context, the present research addresses the demand for content of adults from 25 to 35 years of age in Huancayo, for which two focus groups were made, one for men and one for women with eight members each, and a survey (directed to 390 people) to explore the needs of this target group, information that was constrasted with the offer presented by the man print media ( Correo y Primicia), radio (Radio Huancayo and 15:50 ) and television (Kdena 15 and Unitel). The results show that the media partially satisfy the demands of the analyzed public that requires new topics such as: environment, education and family among others. But, above all, the research reveals new consumption habits and presences of offers such as Netflix, high penetration of TV cable (more than 50 %) and others that warn a new scenario for the development of media and content proposals for the Huancaina population.

Time-Varying Channel Tracking for Amplify-and-Forward Relay Network in High Doppler Spread

Next generation wireless communication technologies such as wireless metropolitan area network, long-term evolution (LTE), and LTE advanced are designed to deploy cooperative relaying incorporated with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. In addition to the higher data rate, these technologies allow users to have a faster mobility than the previous standards. However, due to the fast movement, Doppler frequency causes the carrier frequency offset resulting in intercarrier interference. Modeling and estimating this type of channel play a vital role to fulfill the data rate requirement of the network. In this paper, we develop a high mobility channel estimation method for amplify-and-forward relay-based network. Specifically, we use basis expansion modeling (BEM) to capture the time variation of the channel. Using pilot symbols, the BEM coefficients are estimated by least square and linear minimum mean square error estimators to reconstruct the channel in both time and frequency domains. In addition to the estimators, Cramer–Rao lower bound has been derived as a benchmark of the estimation performance of the channel estimators. It has been shown that the time-domain channel estimation method is simpler and can approximate the channel more efficiently than frequency-domain estimation in very high Doppler spread scenario.

From LTE to 5G for Connected Mobility

Long Term Evolution, the fourth generation of mobile communication technology, has been commercially deployed for about five years. Even though it is continuously updated through new releases, and with LTE Advanced Pro Release 13 being the latest one, the development of the fifth generation has been initiated. In this article, we measure how current LTE network implementations perform in comparison with the initial LTE requirements. The target is to identify certain key performance indicators that have suboptimal implementations and therefore lend themselves to careful consideration when designing and standardizing next generation wireless technology. Specifically, we analyze user and control plane latency, handover execution time, and coverage, which are critical parameters for connected mobility use cases such as road vehicle safety and efficiency. We study the latency, handover execution time, and coverage of four operational LTE networks based on 19,000 km of drive tests covering a mixture of rural, suburban, and urban environments. The measurements have been collected using commercial radio network scanners and measurement smartphones. Even though LTE has low air interface delays, the measurements reveal that core network delays compromise the overall round-trip time design requirement. LTE's breakbefore- make handover implementation causes a data interruption at each handover of 40 ms at the median level. While this is in compliance with the LTE requirements, and lower values are certainly possible, it is also clear that break-before-make will not be sufficient for connected mobility use cases such as road vehicle safety. Furthermore, the measurements reveal that LTE can provide coverage for 99 percent of the outdoor and road users, but the LTE-M or NarrowBand-IoT upgrades, as of LTE Release 13, are required in combination with other measures to allow for additional penetration losses, such as those experienced in underground parking lots. Based on the observed discrepancies between measured and standardized LTE performance, in terms of latency, handover execution time, and coverage, we conclude the article with a discussion of techniques that need careful consideration for connected mobility in fifth generation mobile communication technology.

Cross-Networks Energy Efficiency Tradeoff: From Wired Networks to Wireless Networks

The tremendously large number of increasing Internet protocol (IP) packets call for quality of service (QoS) guaranteed packets transmission with low-delay, high throughput, and high energy efficiency (defined as the transmitted bits per unit energy consumption) in the fifth-generation (5G) networks. For this motivation, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks and the next generation of wireless technologies are two major methods in the wired and wireless networks, respectively. However, the existing energy efficient switch fabric and wireless technologies have focused on either wired or wireless networks, only separately. The joint cross-networks optimization for energy efficiency in 5G remains unexplored. This does not fully facilitate the QoS guaranteed packets transmission and energy efficient networks planning from the viewpoint of cross networks. In this paper, we formulate a joint optimization model to enhance the performance of energy efficiency in 5G. In particular, each base station is equipped with a set of parallel tunable lasers for simultaneous transmission of multiple packets from the uplink users in the cell as well as the data center networks. We propose a novel joint cross-networks scheduling and routing (JCNSR) algorithm according to the wireless channel quality of users, user data rate, and the topology constraint. The IP packets are then delivered to the targeted cells via a transport layer in the WDM network and further transmitted to the targeted users via wireless channels under the constraint of delay. Based on the idea of the cross-networks tradeoff between the delay and the energy efficiency, JCNSR can achieve high-energy efficient transmission with performance guarantee. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is verified by extensive simulations.

Multicarrier Waveform Harmonization and Complexity Analysis for an Efficient 5G Air Interface Implementation

The coexistence of multiple air interface variants in the upcoming fifth generation (5G) wireless technology remains a matter of ongoing discussion. This paper focuses on the physical layer of the 5G air interface and provides a harmonization solution for the joint implementation of several multicarrier waveform candidates. Waveforms based either on cyclic prefix-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) or on filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) are first presented through a harmonized system model. Complexity comparisons among five different waveforms are provided. Then, the complexity of a proposed configurable hardware implementation setup for waveform transmission and reception is evaluated. As a result, the harmonized transmitter and receiver exhibit 25–40% and 15–25% less complexity in floating-point operations, respectively, in comparison to two standalone implementations of the most complex waveform instances of the CP-OFDM and FBMC families. This highlights the similarities between both families and illustrates the component reuse advantages associated with the proposed harmonized solution.

AN ONLINE COMPARATIVE STUDY ON 4G TECHNOLOGIES SERVICE PROVIDERS IN INDIA

The rapid development of wireless and communication technology is valid proof for the existence of 4G technology, which is proliferated through its lower generations as 3G, 2G and 1G. The evolution goal of 4G technology lies in high-speed multimedia, internet services including on-demand video service, faster web browsing and downloading, which is customized, ubiquitous and flexible services. 5G technology is new generation wireless communication technology with greater services in all aspects and already evolved in some developed countries like U.S.A. In India even though many service providers launched 4G services, that are having some drawbacks like coverage or range only in a few major cities, high cost and problems in speed compared to services provided in western countries. This paper discusses the different service provider’s services in terms of some characteristics like frequency spectrum, speed and network coverage etc. This paper analyses 4G services using ABCD analysis techniques based on different applications.Based on the analysis, this paper makes some recommendations to improve the 4G services in India. The widespread growth of 4G technology in India having application in diverse fields like entertainment, education, military and defense and health care. This paper could play active, supportive and a referential role in actual comparisons and research of 4G services in India.

Low-complexity factor-graph-based MAP detector for filter bank multicarrier systems

FBMC (Filter Bank Multicarrier) modulation is considered one of the waveform candidates in fifth generation wireless communication technology because of its several improved features compared to conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing schemes. A soft-input-soft-output factor-graph-based maximum-a-posterior detector is applied to FBMC systems. The detector achieves better performance than simple linear equalizers such as minimum mean square error and zero forcing in coded systems while exhibiting only a linear growth in complexity with the number of simultaneous interfering symbols. Furthermore, the proposed detector can be easily extended to cases where FBMC modulation is combined with multiple-input-multiple-output processing. The complexity of the detector is analyzed and the simulation results demonstrated its superior performance.

Implementation of MIMO data reordering and scheduling methodologies for eight‐parallel variable length multi‐path delay commutator FFT/IFFT

The IEEE 802.11ac is the recently ratified standard developed for the fifth generation wireless fidelity technology, in which the multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) technique is adopted for the high data rate communication. In an MIMO-OFDM System, the forward/inverse fast Fourier transform (FFT/IFFT) processor is a key component. On proper reception, the reordering and scheduling of data is important for the optimal utilisation of butterfly resources in the pipelined FFT/IFFT processor. In this study, a mathematical model for an eight-parallel multimode (N = 512/256/128/64) multi-path delay commutator-based FFT/IFFT processor which is suitable for the IEEE 802.11ac compliant MU-MIMO-OFDM system is presented. On the other hand, the data reordering, scheduling methodologies and its architectures are proposed for the pre-, post-FFT/IFFT process are proposed. The design implementations are done using TSMC 65 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology at 160 MHz. The power and area metrics with and without clock gating are compared. The clock gated implementation reports show that the power consumption is 17.44 mW for the pre-transformed data reordering and 11.64 mW for the post-transformed data reordering with an area occupation of 0.7694 mm2 and 0.5111 mm2, respectively.

An Approach for Security Measures of Black Hole Attack in MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a major next generation wireless technology which is mostly used in future. MANET is a collection of communication devices or nodes that wish to communicate without any fixed infrastructure and predefine organization of available links. In a MANET mobile node will be increases and moveable, so that attacker will be attack by a malicious node which brings great challenges to the security of Mobile Ad Hoc network. The Black hole attack is one of such security issue in MANET. Our focus is specifically is on ensuring the security against the Black hole attack with the help of the popular routing protocol which is mostly used in MANET. Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) are the extension of the wireless networks. They plays important role in real life applications such as military applications, home applications etc. these networks are exposed by a lot of security attacks such as alteration, Denial of service attack, Fabrication attack etc. Black hole attack is one of the dangerous active attacks on the MANET. In this research paper an efficient approach for the detection and removal of the Black hole attack in the Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) is described. The algorithm is implemented on AODV (Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector) Routing protocol. The algorithm can detects both the single Black hole attack and the Cooperative Black hole attack. The beauty of the algorithm described in this paper is that it not only detects the black hole nodes in case when the node is not idle but it can also detect the Black hole nodes in case when a node is idle as well.

A Taxonomy of Physical Layer Attacks in MANET

In recent days, Mobile Adhoc Networks have emerged as a major next generation wireless network technology. The wireless and distributed nature of MANETs paves way for the intruder to degrade the functionality of MANET. MANETs are vulnerable to numerous attacks at all layers, because the design of most MANET routing protocols assumes as if there is no malicious intruder node in the network. MANET is a collection of self configurable mobile nodes where each node acts as a router for other nodes, which allows data to travel, utilizing multi-hop network paths. In this paper, we made an exhaustive survey on various attacks in MANET and we try to categorize various attacks on the physical layer.

A survey of security issues in Cognitive Radio Networks

In the last decade, cognitive radio (CR) has emerged as a major next generation wireless networking technology, which is the most promising candidate solution to solve the spectrum scarcity and improve the spectrum utilization. However, there exist enormous challenges for the open and random access environment of CRNs, where the unlicensed secondary users (SUs) can use the channels that are not currently used by the licensed primary users (PUs) via spectrum-sensing technology. Because of this access method, some malicious users may access the cognitive network arbitrarily and launch some special attacks, such as primary user emulation attack, falsifying data or denial of service attack, which will cause serious damage to the cognitive radio network. In addition to the specific security threats of cognitive network, CRNs also face up to the conventional security threats, such as eavesdropping, tampering, imitation, forgery, and noncooperation etc‥ Hence, Cognitive radio networks have much more risks than traditional wireless networks with its special network model. In this paper, we considered the security threats from passive and active attacks. Firstly, the PHY layer security is presented in the view of passive attacks, and it is a compelling idea of using the physical properties of the radio channel to help provide secure wireless communications. Moreover, malicious user detection is introduced in the view of active attacks by means of the signal detection techniques to decrease the interference and the probabilities of false alarm and missed detection. Finally, we discuss the general countermeasures of security threats in three phases. In particular, we discuss the far reaching effect of defensive strategy against attacks in CRNs.