Solid Waste Generation Rate Research Articles

Implementation of a multi-variable regression analysis in the assessment of the generation rate and composition of hospital solid waste for the design of a sustainable management system in developing countries.

Forecasting of hospital solid waste generation is a critical challenge for future planning. The composition and generation rate of hospital solid waste in hospital units was the field where the proposed methodology of the present article was applied in order to validate the results and secure the outcomes of the management plan in national hospitals. A set of three multiple-variable regression models has been derived for estimating the daily total hospital waste, general hospital waste, and total hazardous waste as a function of number of inpatients, number of total patients, and number of beds. The application of several key indicators and validation procedures indicates the high significance and reliability of the developed models in predicting the hospital solid waste of any hospital. Methodology data were drawn from existent scientific literature. Also, useful raw data were retrieved from international organisations and the investigated hospitals' personnel. The primal generation outcomes are compared with other local hospitals and also with hospitals from other countries. The main outcome, which is the developed model results, are presented and analysed thoroughly. The goal is this model to act as leverage in the discussions among governmental authorities on the implementation of a national plan for safe hospital waste management in Palestine.

Solid Waste Management in Africa: A Review

As a result of globalization, the quantity and generation rate of solid waste in Africa have increased tremendously and this calls for the need to salvage the situation before it gets out of hand. This article presents the review of solid waste trends in Africa from the pre-colonial era till the present day. It also discusses the composition of solid wastes, collection, transportation and disposal in different African countries. Different types of waste have been generated over the years but the management strategies implemented are inadequate. Waste management in African is faced with numerous challenges and recommendations for improved and efficient solid waste management have been proposed.

Modelling the Effects of Population Dynamics on Solid Waste Generation and Treatment

This paper presents a mathematical model of the effects of population dynamics on solid waste generation and treatment. The model is developed by grouping the population into three age classes and each group considered to have its own solid waste generation rate and natural death rate. The population is assumed to increase due to birth and migration. Both analytical and numerical results confirm that solid waste generation increases with increasing population growth. On the other hand, sensitivity analysis shows that increasing solid waste treatment effort results in significant decreases in solid waste accumulation suggesting that with concerted treatment effort solid waste free environment can be achieved.

Bioelectro Chemical Systems: A Sustainable and Potential Platform for Treating Waste

Rapid urbanization and industrial growth across the globe has increased the generation of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes. This is leading to the contamination of soils, groundwater, surface water and air with hazardous and toxic chemicals. It is predicted from the’business-as-usual’ projections that the solid-waste generation rates will exceed 11 million tonnes per day by 2100, which is three times more than current rate. On the other hand, the increased wastewater production and its direct discharge into rivers is causing major usable water resource crunch. Carbon dioxide from industrial sources is also ultimate waste product which is major contributor to the climate change.In general, the technologies for disposal of solid, liquid and gaseous waste are less efficient and energy intensive. In the recent years a paradigm shift has taken place towards the outlook of waste disposal and thrust is shifting to use it as a resource for production of energy and commodities. Some of the widely practiced interventions in this direction may be cited as utilization of organic waste and sewerage water for production of methane as a fuel. Although the net energy yields in these conversion processes are generally low but many rapid advancements taking place to overcome these limitations.Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) are emerging as an exciting platform to convert chemical energy of organic wastes into electricity or hydrogen or value added chemical commodities. In BES, specific group of electro-active bacteria can be used as catalyst. Compared to traditional treatment-focused, energy-intensive environmental technologies, this emerging technology offers a sustainable solution for integrated waste treatment and energy and resource recovery, because it offers a flexible platform for both oxidation and reduction reaction oriented processes. In this way, BES works on interface of fermentation and electrochemistry. The applications of BES into waste treatment domain may include, current generation, efficient bioremediation of a wide range of organic wastes, desalination, color removal, toxicity reduction, gaseous pollutants treatment and synthesis of commercially viable chemicals and solvents from CO2 reduction. This paper discusses the current state of the technology and emerging innovations on BES application with respect to solid waste management, wastewater treatment and CO2utilization, including the on-going research at IndianOil R&D centre.

Predictive Modeling of Biogas Production from Anaerobic Digestion of Mixed Kitchen Waste at Mesophilic Temperature

Growth of population is directly influencing the municipal solid waste generation rate. Although, kitchen waste is disposed of mostly in developing countries and its potential of biogas production is not explored well. Anaerobic digestion provides opportunity of twofold benefits i.e. pollution abutment for environmental protection and biogas generation for sharing energy load. Present study was intended to understand the biogas production process at mesophilic temperature (37°C). The organic waste from kitchen was used to make up substrate, which was anaerobically digested in an experimental continues stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Inhibition phase was detected when the graph was plotted for first 60 days and about 28th day it was inhabited. Biogas production from recovered condition was subjected to statistical analysis. Simple regression yielded a good predictive model that gave a correlation of 0.995 despite of including the inhibition phase in complete analysis. An acceptable agreement between observed and modeled biogas production (BGP) rates has vetted sanctity of regression based predictive model. Such models can also be used to keep check on digestion process for optimization of biogas yield and deciding the substrate feeding rate and concentration on time scale.

APPRAISAL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (MSWM) IN JIMETA-YOLA ADAMAWA STATE OF NIGERIA: THE NEED FOR INNOVATIVE, PPP STRATEGIES

This study try to investigate rates of generation, of municipal solid waste (MSW) in different constituencies of Jimeta-Yola, and examine the strategies use for solid waste management in the metropolis., Over the recent times Jimeta-Yola has witness an influx of population due to the increased in urbanisation and this had led to increase in consumption of goods and services with consequence increased in rate of generation (MSW) of municipal solid waste .The research used quantitative research techniques to evaluate data on solid waste generation rates in Jimeta. The findings revealed that the waste generation rate varies according to the constituencies ranging. Between, 0.42- 0.78/capita/days cutting across low, medium and high density wards. The analysis of waste management profile in the study area shows, there is inadequate management of municipal solid waste in the metropolis. This paper implies evaluation of the generation rates of municipal solid wastes (MSW) as the basic tool in planning for improve management of solid waste in the Metropolis, with balancing the aim of privatizing of solid waste management, sustainability in service coverage and recycling the solid waste into energy generation.

ROUTE OPTIMIZATION OF COMMUNITY SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SELECTED WARDS OF BANGALORE CITY USING GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

Community solid waste management is an important issue in India due to the inherent challenge it is posing as urbanization is on the rise. Currently in India as well as in many urban cities and its activities the population growth has resulted in an increased community solid waste generation rate. Bangalore is the largest city and business capital of Karnataka state. The population of the city as per the 2011 census is 8,443,675 with the total number of houses 2,101,831 A part from infrastructural development going on for sustainable development MSW management should also be taken care off. In the present study community solid waste management collection, transportation and disposal cost plays an important role about 65-75% of total cost. Hence, in Bangalore city four wards were selected to study the community solid waste management system and also optimizations of routing system, collection procedure, transport and transfer activities. Geographical Information System is a device introduced to plan for waste management and also quickly implemented to overcome community solid waste management limitation. This paper attempts to analyze the existing status of transportation of location of municipal waste along with the various secondary routes followed for the solid waste collection of selected wards of Bangalore under BBMP. In the present study, using Arc GIS, a proper optimizing the waste transportation routes and segregation of waste for efficiency in distance travelled and time taken. The clusters are made by taking the time into account, which may be plus or minus the total working hours for the day. In addition, a simple optimal routing system is proposed to achieve the minimum cost/distance/time efficient collection and transport path for community solid waste management as well as social and environmental implications.

Prediction of municipal solid waste generation using nonlinear autoregressive network.

Most of the developing countries have solid waste management problems. Solid waste strategic planning requires accurate prediction of the quality and quantity of the generated waste. In developing countries, such as Malaysia, the solid waste generation rate is increasing rapidly, due to population growth and new consumption trends that characterize society. This paper proposes an artificial neural network (ANN) approach using feedforward nonlinear autoregressive network with exogenous inputs (NARX) to predict annual solid waste generation in relation to demographic and economic variables like population number, gross domestic product, electricity demand per capita and employment and unemployment numbers. In addition, variable selection procedures are also developed to select a significant explanatory variable. The model evaluation was performed using coefficient of determination (R(2)) and mean square error (MSE). The optimum model that produced the lowest testing MSE (2.46) and the highest R(2) (0.97) had three inputs (gross domestic product, population and employment), eight neurons and one lag in the hidden layer, and used Fletcher-Powell's conjugate gradient as the training algorithm.

Verifying the performance of artificial neural network and multiple linear regression in predicting the mean seasonal municipal solid waste generation rate: A case study of Fars province, Iran

Predicting the mass of solid waste generation plays an important role in integrated solid waste management plans. In this study, the performance of two predictive models, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) was verified to predict mean Seasonal Municipal Solid Waste Generation (SMSWG) rate. The accuracy of the proposed models is illustrated through a case study of 20 cities located in Fars Province, Iran. Four performance measures, MAE, MAPE, RMSE and R were used to evaluate the performance of these models. The MLR, as a conventional model, showed poor prediction performance. On the other hand, the results indicated that the ANN model, as a non-linear model, has a higher predictive accuracy when it comes to prediction of the mean SMSWG rate. As a result, in order to develop a more cost-effective strategy for waste management in the future, the ANN model could be used to predict the mean SMSWG rate.

Characterization and quantification of solid waste generation in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: a case study of Ogbe-Ijoh community in Delta State

In this study, the composition, characteristics and generation rates of solid waste (SW) in Ogbe-Ijoh community were investigated to provide reliable data that would foster the effective management of solid wastes in the sub-region for the achievement of Millennium Development Goals. Results from the study show that majority of the solid waste was organic (77 % by weight). The recyclable waste (paper, plastic and metal) comprised 14 % by weight of the waste composition. Household attitudes to solid waste management (SWM) as obtained from questionnaire survey have a positive correlation with results from the waste characterization study and show that the community lacks effective SWM programs. The solid waste stream in Ogbe-Ijoh community is similar to the solid waste stream of developing countries in Asia and Africa, but somewhat unique in composition and generation rate. An estimated solid waste generation rate of 1.04 kg/person/day was obtained for Ogbe-Ijoh community. Negative and positive correlations were obtained, respectively, for household size, and income in relation to solid waste generation.

Potential of Utilizing Solid Waste Generated in UNIMAS West Campus

The purpose of this study is to identify the solid waste generation and compositions that are generated from UNIMAS West Campus area and also to calculate potential energy and profit that can be harvested from the solid waste. This study was conducted at UNIMAS west campus where the samples of solid waste were collected from different types of source of generation namely residential colleges, faculties, Centre Teaching Facilities (CTF) and cafeteria. The solid wastes collected are weighed, mixed, quartered and the compositions of the samples are determined. From the analysis, the solid waste generation rate is 499 kg per day and the major composition of solid waste produced from this study area is food waste with the value of 54% followed by plastic bottle with 9%, mixed plastic with 8%, mixed paper with 7%, box and polystyrene are with 5% and the less percentage of solid waste composition is aluminium with 4%. For the total estimation potential energy that generated by UNIMAS West Campus is about 12819.9 kJ/kg per day and the profit can be achieved when the solid wastes are recycles is about RM 126.43 per day. The analysis shows that solid waste generated in UNIMAS West Campus has a good potential in recycling and give more benefit to UNIMAS. With the data of the solid waste generated in this study area, proper management strategies can be planned by top management of UNIMAS and put it into action in the future. In long term, it will make UNIMAS a green campus which eventually reduces the amount of solid waste generation.

English

The population growth in many urban cities and its activities in developing countries have resulted in an increased solid waste generation rate, an important issue. In the process of solid waste management system; collection and transport play a leading role in waste collection and disposal in which, collection activities contributed the most of total cost that is paid for solid waste collection activities by city‟s citizen and transport activities are required 60-70% of total cost that is the total expenditures spent on the transport, transfer, disposal and treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) by city authorities. Hence optimizations of routing system, systematization of collection, transport and transfer activities are the important components for an effective MSW management system. This project describes the current problems and the improvement of the waste management activities in a city of Davanagere. An integrated solid waste management assessment model is proposed and used as a decision support tool by municipal solid waste management authorities for daily efficient operations such as collection/transport path management, load balancing within vehicles, fuel consumption management by using GIS application. In addition, a simple optimal routing model is proposed to achieve the minimum cost/distance/time efficient collection and transport path for municipal solid waste management

Household solid waste generation rate and physical composition analysis: case of Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis in the western region, Ghana

Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis, one of the rapidly expanding cities of Ghana has been facing serious problems with solid waste management. This is mainly due to the lack of available information about the types and quantity of solid waste generation in the area. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the rate of household solid waste generation and its composition in the aforesaid city. The methodology and procedures for this study were derived from the Standard Test Method for Determination of the Composition of Unprocessed MSW (ASTM D 5231-92). All samples were hand sorted into 6 waste categories (paper, plastic, organics, metals, glass, and other waste). The study revealed that by weight, organic wastes constitutes the largest proportion of household solid waste (38%) followed by 19% plastics, 7% papers, 4% metals, 4% glass and 28% other wastes (comprising of sand, stones, ash, inert substances). The rate of daily waste generation per capita in the low, middle and high income households were 0.27±0.19, 0.4±0.19 and 0.58±0.24 kg/cap/day, respectively. The study revealed that there is no waste treatment or recovery facility established within the metropolis hence no significant waste recovery and reuse activities exist. The study showed that more than 38 % of the waste generated in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis is decomposable organic matter that can be re-used through composting as well as 34% of the waste having recycling potential thereby considerably mitigating the solid waste problem. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12644 International Journal of Environment Vol.4(2) 2015: 221-235

Characterizing and quantifying solid waste of rural communities

Solid waste management and disposal are a global challenge. Also, in spite of rapid urbanization over recent decades, about 47 % (3.31 billion) of the world’s population and 31 % (23.59 million) of Iran’s population are still living in rural areas. Nevertheless, survey on characterization, quantification, and management of rural communities’ household solid waste is rare in both developed and developing countries. Therefore, determining the quantity and quality (composition) of household solid waste of rural communities in the northwest of Iran was the main objective of the present work. The result showed that the average daily per capita of household waste generation was 0.259 kg/cap-day. About 50.98 % of total generated waste in the studied villages was organic and food waste, while paper and cardboard, plastics, metals, rubber, textiles, glass, woods, and other waste materials constituted 6.07, 13.58, 0.47, 1.57, 12.53, 2.09, 0.44, and 12.27 %, respectively. Bulk density of the waste was determined as 211.31 kg/m3. In addition, moisture content and chemical characteristics (food and organic fraction) of the generated waste including the amount of carbon, nitrogen, phosphor, and ash were 57.05, 54.02, 1.74, 0.34, and 34.07 %, respectively. According to the results of this study and the survey in the available related literature, it could be concluded that solid waste generation rates in rural communities are less than that in urban areas and the composition and density of generated waste vary not only between rural and urban areas, but also between different rural communities with various geographical, economic, cultural, social, etc., conditions.

Análise da evolução e estimativa futura da massa coletada de resíduos sólidos domiciliares no município de João Pessoa e relação com outros indicadores de consumo

Este artigo teve como objetivo geral analisar a variação espaço-temporal da massa coletada dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares (RSD) dos bairros de João Pessoa entre 2003 e 2010. Foram realizadas a análise preliminar de consistência dos dados de RSD, a determinação de massa de RSD per capita, de taxas de variação anual dos valores absolutos e per capita, a análise de correlações para o ano de 2010 entre massa de RSD per capita e variáveis relativas a renda, educação, consumo de energia e água per capita, e traçados três cenários futuros de massa coletada de RSD até 2030. Foi encontrado um aumento de 32,4% na massa coletada de RSD no período de 2003 a 2010, alcançando, em 2010, um equivalente a 0,806 kg.hab-1.dia-1, valor coerente com estudo anterior que monitorou três residências unifamiliares no município. Tal crescimento é consequência não apenas do aumento populacional (15,1%), mas também de intensificação de padrões de consumo de bens. A relação entre geração de RSD e padrão de consumo ficou evidente também nas correlações fortes obtidas entre massa de RSD per capita coletada e consumo de energia per capita, índice de alfabetização e índice de renda domiciliar. Isso corrobora a necessidade de mudança cultural em termos de consumo, desperdício e descarte de resíduos visando a sustentabilidade ambiental. Se o ritmo de geração de resíduos continuar aumentando de acordo com o cenário futuro adotado, projeta-se de 0,85 a 1,78 kg.hab-1.dia-1por volta de 2030, aumentando o desafio em termos de coleta, gestão do aterro e necessidade de medidas mitigadoras de potenciais impactos ambientais.

Status of municipal solid waste generation and disposal in Nigeria

Purpose – This paper examined the current status of municipal solid waste management across Nigeria. The core aspects covered are generation, characterization, collection, scavenging, open dumping, disposal and environmental implications of poor solid waste management. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive overview of the current state of municipal solid waste management in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – This study was executed by a combination of an extensive literature search and field study. Solid waste generation rates for 31 Nigerian cities were obtained from literature. In addition, characteristics of municipal solid waste from 26 Nigerian cities were also obtained from literature. Other aspects such as characterization of solid waste obtained from final dumpsite and heavy metals accumulation in solid waste dumpsites were undertaken first hand. Findings – Solid waste generation rate was found to vary from 0.13 kg/capita/day in Ogbomosho to 0.71 kg/capita/day in Ado-Ekiti. Factors affecting solid waste generation rates were identified. Typically, food waste was found to constitute close to 50 percent of overall municipal solid waste in Nigerian cities. This study shows that the rate of generation of plastics, water proof materials and diapers has assumed an upward trend. Due to the dysfunctional state of many municipal waste management authorities, many cities have been overrun by open dumps. For instance, more than 50 percent of residents of Maiduguri in northern Nigeria and Ughelli in southern Nigeria dispose of their waste in open dumps. Indiscriminate disposal of waste has also resulted in the preponderance of toxic heavy metals in agricultural soils and consequent bioaccumulation in plants as well as groundwater contamination. Research limitations/implications – The main limitation of this research is municipal waste management authorities do not have relevant data. Hence, there was heavy reliance on published materials. The status of waste management in Nigeria is very deplorable and therefore poses serious threats to public and environmental health. There is urgent need for both government and individuals to adopt holistic and sustainable waste management strategies in order to safeguard public/environmental health. Practical implications – Findings from this paper can form a veritable resource for the formulation and implementation of sustainable municipal solid waste management framework and strategies in Nigeria. Originality/value – While most studies on municipal solid waste management in Nigeria are focussed on selected cities of interest, this particular study cuts across most cities of Nigeria in order to present a broader and holistic view of municipal solid waste management in Nigeria. The paper has also unraveled core municipal solid waste management challenges facing Nigerian cities.

Welding Waste In Vocational College: Should It Be Properly Managed?

This article outlines the study findings on solid waste composition and generation rates in six vocational college welding workshops in Malaysia. Our data indicated that vocational college welding waste was composed of scrap metal, metal dust, welding electrodes, and grinding disks which constituted 92.89, 3.64, 3.07 and 0.4 percent of the total welding waste, respectively. The total welding waste generation rates were varied from 59.57 to 117.63 kgw-1 across the study workshops with the average of 83.42 kgw-1. Per capita generation rates were varied from 0.60 to 1.90 kgw-1st-1 with the average of 1.23 kgw-1st-1. These data illustrate the potential environmental impact of welding waste due to its amount and hazardous nature of the constituents as some components were known to contain various metal oxides. These data are important in determining the dimensions of solid waste management in vocational educational institutions.

Solid Waste Management Practices in the Informal Sector of Gweru, Zimbabwe

This paper contributes to the debate on the role of the informal sector in solid waste management by examining the effectiveness of informal sector solid waste management practices in transforming waste into nonwaste in the city of Gweru in Zimbabwe. The study focused on 589 informal enterprises that were surveys using questionnaire interviews and focus group discussions with key informants. Analysis of solid waste management in the informal sector of Gweru has revealed that large amounts of waste are generated indicating poor material efficiency in the enterprises, especially in food market areas where huge amounts of biodegradable material and vegetable wastes are generated and disposed of haphazardly. Analysis of the key factors that include solid waste generation rates, collection frequencies and transportation, waste minimisation, and reduction practices showed that the current waste management system is unsustainable in the long run. The municipality of Gweru needs to provide more resources for financing, training, and manpower to enable effective provision of an environmentally friendly solid waste management system in the city, including the informal sector.

Assessment of key parameters in municipal solid waste management: a prerequisite for sustainability

Municipal solid waste management was studied for 1 year in a representative urban area of Lahore city for environmental sustainability. The effects of financial status of the household and the seasonal variations on generation rate and compositions of municipal solid waste (MSW) were determined. MSW generation rate and the economic status of the households were positively correlated (p < 0.05). Seasonal variations observed were significant only for organics (p = 0.001), plastics (p = 0.008) and food waste fractions (p = 0.009) in MSW. Response surface regression model developed and analysed by Minitab-15® showed that the interaction of season and different economic zones of the town on the MSW generation rate was non-significant (p = 0.334). Elemental and heating value analyses of the mixed organic fractions in kitchen waste had carbon 47.93%, hydrogen 6.20%, nitrogen 2.24%, sulphur 0.23%, oxygen 39.01%, and C and N ratio 27.78. Findings concluded that food waste was 56% of total MSW with 71.03% moisture content and a modest heating value of 5566 J/g. Existing temporary storage capacity of MSW is 51% of the total MSW generated considering the weighted MSW generation rate of 0.57 kg/person/day calculated in this study. Composting could be a possible final disposal option due to high moisture and organic content and can be studied in future research. Development of a transfer station, introduction of home composting programmes and awareness towards proper segregation and reduction of waste at the household level is suggested to attain sustainability in the MSW management system.

Household-level determinants of residential solid waste generation rates: a study from Nablus-Palestine

In this work, we elucidate the relation of various household-level socioeconomic and demographic attributes with the residential per capita solid waste generation rate in the Nablus district of Palestine. The data collection phase entailed an extensive survey of 992 dwellings, thus probing and quantifying key socioeconomic and demographic indicators of each household. Meticulous estimation of the amount of waste generated by each household was conducted at the waste generation point. Relevant statistical tests (ANOVA and Pearson tests) were performed to identify the significant relationships between the socioeconomic/demographic variables and the residential per capita solid waste generation rate, as well as amongst the variables themselves. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the waste generation rate decreased as the family’s income decreased, as parents tended to spend more time at home, as the number of individuals living in the household increased, and as the household tended to purchase its grocery needs in just the needed quantities. Age of dwelling residents was also significant. By showing how these variables affect the waste generated per capita, an argument was made to support their consideration when designing future waste management systems, not only for Nablus, but also for many other cities with similar profiles.