Existing intelligent fault diagnosis approaches demand substantial data for training diagnostic models. However, factors such as the inherent characteristics of bearings, operating conditions, and privacy security make collecting comprehensive fault-bearing data very difficult. Although generating synthetic data through generative adversarial networks (GANs) is feasible, the data generation of GANs is a time-consuming process. To address these challenges, a fault diagnosis framework based on GAN and deep transfer learning (DTL) is proposed, termed the simplified fast GAN triple-type data transfer learning (SFGAN-TDTL) method. Initially, an SFGAN is proposed as a replacement for traditional GANs. The time-frequency image data generated by SFGAN serve to augment the training dataset, offering faster and higher-quality data generation compared to traditional GANs. To further reduce time consumption for GAN-based methods, the TDTL method is proposed. Differing from DTL, which utilizes synthetic data to construct a pre-trained model and conducts targeted fine-tuning with real data, TDTL employs open-source data, synthetic data, and real data to fill the weights of the task-insensitive layer, task-sensitive layer, and fully connected layer, respectively. Numerical results demonstrate that SFGAN-TDTL maintains higher diagnostic accuracy while significantly reducing time consumption.