Reactive Oxygen Generation Research Articles

Potential Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Modulating Protein Homeostasis in Oligodendrocytes to Improve White Matter Injury in Preterm Infants.

Preterm white matter injury (WMI) is a demyelinating disease with high incidence and mortality in premature infants. Oligodendrocyte cells (OLs) are a specialized glial cell that produces myelin proteins and adheres to the axons providing energy and metabolic support which susceptible to endoplasmic reticulum protein quality control. Disruption of cellular protein homeostasis led to OLs dysfunction and cell death, immediately, the unfolded protein response (UPR) activated to attempt to restore the protein homeostasis via IRE1/XBP1s, PERK/eIF2α and ATF6 pathway that reduced protein translation, strengthen protein-folding capacity, and degraded unfolding/misfolded protein. Moreover, recent works have revealed the conspicuousness function of ER signaling pathways in regulating influenced factors such as calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial reactive oxygen generation, and autophagy activation to regulate protein hemostasis and improve the myelination function of OLs. Each of the regulation modes and their corresponding molecular mechanisms provides unique opportunities and distinct perspectives to obtain a deep understanding of different actions of ER stress in maintaining OLs' health and function. Therefore, our review focuses on summarizing the current understanding of ER stress on OLs' protein homeostasis micro-environment in myelination during white matter development, as well as the pathophysiology of WMI, and discussing the further potential experimental therapeutics targeting these factors that restore the function of the UPR in OLs myelination function.

Identification of a Sonically Activated Degrader of Methionine Adenosyltransferase 2A by an in Silico Approach Assisted with the Hole-Electron Analysis.

Small molecules capable of modulating methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A) are of significant interest in precise cancer therapeutics. Herein, we raised the hole-electron Coulombic attraction as a reliable molecular descriptor for predicting the reactive oxygen generation capacity of MAT2A inhibitors, based on which we discovered compound H3 as a sonically activated degrader of MAT2A. Upon sonication, H3 can generate reactive oxygen species to specifically degrade cellular MAT2A via rapid oxidative reactions. Combination of H3 and sonication induced 87% MAT2A depletion in human colon cancer cells, thus elevating its antiproliferation effects by 8-folds. In vivo, H3 had a favorable pharmacokinetic profile (bioavailability = 77%) and ADME properties. Owing to the MAT2A degradation merits, H3 at a dosage of 10 mg/kg induced 31% tumor regression in xenograft colon tumor models. The significantly boosted antitumor potency can potentially alleviate the toxicity of high-dose MAT2A inhibitors to normal cells and tissues, especially to the liver.

Red-light operable photosensitizer with symmetry-breaking charge transfer induced intersystem crossing for polymerization of methyl methacrylate.

We present a red light-activated zincII bis(dipyrrin) symmetry breaking charge transfer (SBCT) architecture, showing a large molar absorption coefficient (ε = 15.4 × 104 M-1 cm-1), high reactive singlet oxygen generation efficiency (ΦΔ ≈ 0.8) and long-lived triplet state (τT = 150 μs) compared to the donor-acceptor analogue dipyrrin-BF2 complex, highlighting the superiority of the SBCT approach. For the first time, we demonstrated the potential of a SBCT scaffold in red-light-induced methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization, using a dual photocatalyst excitation approach.

Enhanced dual-catalytic elimination of NO and VOCs by bimetallic oxide (CuCe/MnCe/CoCe) modified WTiO2 catalysts: Boosting acid sites and rich oxygen vacancy

It remains challenging to remove nitrogen oxides (NOx), benzene (C6H6), and toluene (C7H8) simultaneously under conditions of low oxygen and high SO2 concentration. Herein, CuCe, MnCe, and CoCe doped WTiO2 catalysts were designed. The prepared CuCe-WTiO2 catalyst consistently maintained more than 85% NO, 92% C6H6, and 91% C7H8 removal in 260–420 °C under 3.33% O2 and 1000 ppm SO2. The adequate charge flow between the catalyst surface and the gas molecules was enhanced, promoting SO2 tolerance of CuCe-WTiO2. More NH3, NH4+, and -NH2 were adsorbed with acid sites on the CuCe-WTiO2 surface. The high concentration of adsorption centers and superior redox properties effectively improved the co-catalytic efficiency. The primary intermediates in the reduction processes via the Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal mechanisms were NO2, bridged nitrite (NO2–), and monodentate nitrite (NO2–). The generation of reactive chemisorbed oxygen (Oα) becomes more accessible with the transfer of electrons from Ce4+ to adsorbed O2. C6H6 and C7H8 are progressively oxidized by Oα and eventually completely mineralized to CO2 and H2O. This study is anticipated to offer a new option for co-catalytic removal of NO, C6H6, and C7H8.

S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation as modulators of redox-dependent processes in cancer cell

The development of oxidative/nitrosative stress associated with the activation of oncogenic pathways is a consequence of an increase in the level of generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in tumor cells. The action of ROS/RNS is dual: high levels cause cell death and limit tumor growth at certain phases of malignant neoplasm development, while low concentrations allow oxidative/nitrosative modifications of key redox-dependent residues in regulatory proteins. The reversibility of such modifications as S-glutathionylation/S-nitrosylation, which occur through the electrophilic attack of ROS/RNS on the nucleophilic residues of Cys, provides redox switching in the activity of signaling proteins and the ability to control the processes of proliferation and programmed death. The level of S-glutathionylated and S-nitrosylated proteins is controlled by the balance between S-glutathionylation/deglutathionylation and S-nitrosylation/denitrosylation, the ratio of which depends on the cellular redox status. The degree of S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation of protein targets and their ratio largely determines the state and directions of signaling pathways in cancer cells. The review discusses the features of S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation reactions in cancer cells, the balance of systems that control their activity and their relationship with redox-dependent processes and tumor growth.

An AIE Metal Iridium Complex: Photophysical Properties and Singlet Oxygen Generation Capacity

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has garnered significant attention in the fields of cancer treatment and drug-resistant bacteria eradication due to its non-invasive nature and spatiotemporal controllability. Iridium complexes have captivated researchers owing to their tunable structure, exceptional optical properties, and substantial Stokes displacement. However, most of these complexes suffer from aggregation-induced quenching, leading to diminished luminous efficiency. In contrast to conventional photosensitizers, photosensitizers exhibiting aggregation-induced luminescence (AIE) properties retain the ability to generate a large number of reactive oxygen species when aggregated. To overcome these limitations, we designed and synthesized a novel iridium complex named Ir-TPA in this study. It incorporates quinoline triphenylamine cyclomethylated ligands that confer AIE characteristics for Ir-TPA. We systematically investigated the photophysical properties, AIE behavior, spectral features, and reactive oxygen generation capacity of Ir-TPA. The results demonstrate that Ir-TPA exhibits excellent optical properties with pronounced AIE phenomenon and robust capability for producing singlet oxygen species. This work not only introduces a new class of metal iridium complex photosensitizer with AIE attributes but also holds promise for achieving remarkable photodynamic therapeutic effects in future cellular experiments and biological studies.

Bioavailable Phenolic Compounds from Olive Pomace Present Anti-Neuroinflammatory Potential on Microglia Cells.

The neuroinflammatory process is considered one of the main characteristics of central nervous system diseases, where a pro-inflammatory response results in oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Olive (Olea europaea L.) pomace is a by-product of olive oil production that is rich in phenolic compounds (PCs), known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This work looked at the antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the bioavailable PC from olive pomace in cell-free models and microglia cells. The bioavailable PC of olive pomace was obtained through the process of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of fractionated olive pomace (OPF, particles size < 2 mm) and micronized olive pomace (OPM, particles size < 20 µm). The profile of the PC that is present in the bioavailable fraction as well as its in vitro antioxidant capacity were determined. The anti-neuroinflammatory capacity of the bioavailable PC from olive pomace (0.03-3 mg L-1) was evaluated in BV-2 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. The total bioavailable PC concentration and antioxidant activity against peroxyl radical were higher in the OPM than those observed in the OPF sample. The activation of BV-2 cells by LPS resulted in increased levels of ROS and nitric oxide (NO). The bioavailable PCs from both OPF and OPM, at their lowest concentrations, were able to reduce the ROS generation in activated BV-2 cells. In contrast, the highest PC concentration of OPF and OPM was able to reduce the NO levels in activated microglial cells. Our results demonstrate that bioavailable PCs from olive pomace can act as anti-neuroinflammatory agents in vitro, independent of particle size. Moreover, studies approaching ways to increase the bioavailability of PCs from olive pomace, as well as any possible toxic effects, are needed before a final statement on its nutritional use is made.

Priming methods affected deterioration speed of primed rice seeds by regulating reactive oxygen species accumulation, seed respiration and starch degradation.

Seed priming is a pre-sowing seed treatment that is beneficial for rice seed germination and seedling growth, but the reduced seed longevity after seed priming greatly limited its adoption. The deterioration of primed seeds showed large differences among different studies, and the priming method might play an important role in regulating the deterioration speed of primed seeds. However, whether and how the priming method affected the deterioration of primed rice seeds during storage remains unknown. In this study, two typical seed priming methods, namely hydropriming (HP) and osmopriming (PEG) were compared under artificially accelerated aging conditions, the changes in germination performance, starch metabolism, seed respiration and reactive oxygen species accumulation before and after accelerated aging were determined. Hydroprimed rice seeds exhibited significantly faster deterioration speed than that of PEG-primed seeds in terms of germination speed and percentage. Meanwhile, α-amylase activity and total soluble sugar content in hydroprimed seeds were reduced by 19.3% and 10.0% respectively after aging, as compared with PEG-primed seeds. Such effects were strongly associated with the increased reactive oxygen generation and lipid peroxidation, as the content of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in hydroprimed seeds were 4.4%, 12.3% and 13.7% higher than those in PEG-primed seeds after aging, such effect could be attributed to the increased respiratory metabolism in hydroprimed seeds. In addition, the simultaneous use of N-acetylcysteine with HP and PEG priming greatly inhibited the deterioration of primed rice seeds, suggesting that the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species may be the key factor affecting the speed of deterioration in primed rice seeds during storage.

Size and surface charge of Ag particles influence the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes via transformation

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials have been prepared with diverse sizes and surface properties. However, the influences of these properties on the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are still unclear. Here, two groups of Ag particles were prepared, one group with the same negative charge and different sizes (9, 72 and 1885 nm), the other group with similar sizes (72 and 67 nm) and different charges (−12.7 and +22.6 mV) and their effects on ARGs transformation were investigated. The results revealed that 9 nm Ag at 1000 μg/L induced a 14.56-fold increase in transformation, which was 2.05 and 3.91 times higher than that of 72 nm and 1885 nm Ag particles, respectively. When the size was similar, the positively charged Ag stimulated an 11.59-fold increase in transformation, which is 1.63-fold higher than that of the negatively charged Ag. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms suggested that Ag particles with a smaller size and/or positive charge induced more intercellular reactive oxygen generation and membrane damage than Ag particles with large size and/or negative charge. This study exposed the potential ecological risks of Ag particles with small size and positive charge in accelerating the dissemination of ARGs and highlighted concerns about the management of nanomaterials with varying structural properties.

Food Additive Solvents Increase the Dispersion, Solubility, and Cytotoxicity of ZnO Nanoparticles.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are utilized as a zinc (Zn) fortifier in processed foods where diverse food additives can be present. Among them, additive solvents may strongly interact with ZnO NPs by changing the dispersion stability in food matrices, which may affect physico-chemical and dissolution properties as well as the cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs. In this study, ZnO NP interactions with representative additive solvents (methanol, glycerin, and propylene glycol) were investigated by measuring the hydrodynamic diameters, solubility, and crystallinity of ZnO NPs. The effects of these interactions on cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and intestinal transport were also evaluated in human intestinal cells and using in vitro human intestinal transport models. The results revealed that the hydrodynamic diameters of ZnO NPs in glycerin or propylene glycol, but not in methanol, were significantly reduced, which is probably related to their high dispersion and increased solubility under these conditions. These interactions also caused high cell proliferation inhibition, membrane damage, reactive oxygen (ROS) generation, cellular uptake, and intestinal transport. However, the crystal structure of ZnO NPs was not affected by the presence of additive solvents. These findings suggest that the interactions between ZnO NPs and additive solvents could increase the dispersion and solubility of ZnO NPs, consequently leading to small hydrodynamic diameters and different biological responses.

Effects of Nitro-Oxidative Stress on Biomolecules: Part 1-Non-Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Plasma medicine, or the biomedical application of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), is an expanding field within plasma research. CAP has demonstrated remarkable versatility in diverse biological applications, including cancer treatment, wound healing, microorganism inactivation, and skin disease therapy. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the effects of CAP remain incompletely understood. The therapeutic effects of CAP are largely attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which play a crucial role in the biological responses induced by CAP. Specifically, RONS produced during CAP treatment have the ability to chemically modify cell membranes and membrane proteins, causing nitro-oxidative stress, thereby leading to changes in membrane permeability and disruption of cellular processes. To gain atomic-level insights into these interactions, non-reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have emerged as a valuable tool. These simulations facilitate the examination of larger-scale system dynamics, including protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions. In this comprehensive review, we focus on the applications of non-reactive MD simulations in studying the effects of CAP on cellular components and interactions at the atomic level, providing a detailed overview of the potential of CAP in medicine. We also review the results of other MD studies that are not related to plasma medicine but explore the effects of nitro-oxidative stress on cellular components and are therefore important for a broader understanding of the underlying processes.

Hypochlorite activatable ratiometric fluorescent probe based on endoplasmic reticulum stress for imaging of atherosclerosis

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can induce reactive oxygen (ROS) generation which is directly associated with the emergence of atherosclerosis. Foam cells could promote atherogenesis by inducing ER stress. To understand hypochlorite (ClO−) levels in foam cells under ER stress, novel ER-targeted ClO− activatable ratiometric fluorescence probes Rx-NE and Rx-NCE were designed using a classical rhodamine dye and coumarin dye bridge moiety as the fluorescent skeleton. Both Rx-NE and Rx-NCE demonstrated ratiometric detection capabilities for ClO−, with Rx-NCE showing better sensitivity compared to Rx-NE. The probe Rx-NCE could detect the upregulation of ClO− in foam cells under ER stress and clearly outline delineation of the boundary of atherosclerotic plaques by dual-color imaging. Importantly, the hypochlorite-activated ratiometric probe Rx-NCE had been innovatively applied to the distinction of atherosclerotic blood vessels in atherosclerosis-bearing transgenic (tg) (flk1: eGFP) zebrafish. The probe Rx-NCE is of significant value for investigating the pathological role of ER stress and atherosclerotic diseases, as well as offering new insights into the identification of atherosclerosis.

(Invited) Reactive Oxygen Generation from Photoexcited Fullerene-Peptide Conjugates

Fullerenes have been considered as excellent candidates for photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Fullerenes are reported to generate reactive oxygen species (ROSs), through energy transfer (singlet oxygen 1O2, Type II reaction) and electron transfer (reduced active oxygen radicals such as superoxide anion radical O2-• and hydroxyl radical •OH, Type I reaction) in an effective way (Figure 1a).1,2 In our previous study, we reported the synthesis of fullerene-PEG conjugates and demonstrated their ability for photoinduced DNA damage and ROS generation upon visible light irradiation.2 In this work, we report the synthesis of a highly water-soluble fullerene-peptide conjugate. The fullerene-peptide conjugates are well-dispersed in aqueous media in comparation to fullerene-PEG conjugates, as indicated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement as well as cryo-TEM microscopy. The ROSs generation capacity of fullerene-peptide conjugate, detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), DNA damage and in vitro photocytotoxicity tests will also be presented. Figure 1

Novel photoactivated Indole–pyridine chemotherapeutics with strong antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity toward Staphylococcus aureus

The challenge of antibiotic resistance worldwide has brought an urgent need to explore novel drugs for bacterial infections. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy has been proven to be a potential antimicrobial modality but is limited by biofilms. In this study, we synthesized three cationic photosensitizers with strong photoinduced antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities toward gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The indole–pyridine compounds illustrated multiple type I/II photosensitization and coenzyme NAD(P)H photocatalytic activity upon excitation. A mechanistic study showed that intracellular reactive oxygen generation and NAD(P)H oxidation caused membrane damage, leading to protein/nucleus acid leakage. This research provides insights into the development of novel chemotherapeutics with synergetic photodynamic and photocatalytic reactivity.

Photocatalytic selective C-C bond cleavage of biomass-based monosaccharides and xylan to co-produce lactic acid and CO over an Fe-doped GaN catalyst

The utilization of photocatalysis for the simultaneous production of valuable fine chemicals and fuels from biomass-derived feedstocks holds significant promise; however, its practical implementation remains constrained. In this study, we present the development of an Fe-doped gallium nitride (GaN) catalyst treated by calcination (Fe@GaN-X) for the selectively conversion of biomass-based monosaccharides and xylan into lactic acid and carbon monoxide (CO). Fe@GaN-400 exhibited broader visible light absorption, lower resistance, and reduced photoluminescence intensity in comparison to pristine GaN, thereby affording exceptional photocatalytic activity (lactic acid yield: 71.38%; CO evolution rate: 385.74 μmol g−1 h−1). When monosaccharides and xylan were used as substrates, the Fe@GaN-400 system demonstrated outstanding photocatalytic activity, particularly in the case of xylan system (CO evolution rate = 923.21 μmol g−1 h−1). Additionally, the experimental results revealed the generation of distinctive reactive species, encompassing holes (h+), superoxide anion (·O2-), hydroxyl radical (·OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) within this catalytic system. Remarkably, the ·O2- and h+ exhibit heightened selectivity towards CO and lactic acid, respectively. This work establishes a novel pathway for the co-production of fine chemicals and fuels through the photocatalytic conversion of biomass.

BTK inhibition potentiates anti-PD-L1 treatment in murine melanoma: potential role for MDSC modulation in immunotherapy.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) have been linked to loss of immune effector cell function through a variety of mechanisms such as the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the production of inhibitory cytokines. Our group has shown that signaling through Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is important for MDSC function. Ibrutinib is an orally administered targeted agent that inhibits BTK activation and is currently used for the treatment of B cell malignancies. Using a syngeneic murine model of melanoma, the effect of BTK inhibition with ibrutinib on the therapeutic response to systemic PD-L1 blockade was studied. BTK was expressed by murine MDSC and their activation was inhibited by ibrutinib. Ibrutinib was not directly cytotoxic to cancer cells in vitro, but it inhibited BTK activation in MDSC and reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and production of nitric oxide. Ibrutinib treatments decreased the levels of circulating MDSC in vivo and increased the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment. Gene expression profiling showed that ibrutinib decreased Cybb (NOX2) signaling, and increased IL-17 signaling (upregulating downstream targets Mmp9, Ptgs2, and S100a8). These results suggest that further exploration of MDSC inhibition could enhance the immunotherapy of advanced melanoma.PrécisInhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, a key enzyme in myeloid cellular function, improves therapeutic response to an anti-PD-L1 antibody in an otherwise fairly resistant murine melanoma model.

Understanding of the synergy effect of DBD plasma discharge combined to photocatalysis in the case of Ethylbenzene removal: Interaction between plasma reactive species and catalyst

Hybrid non-thermal plasma combined with photocatalysis is an efficient technology for the degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and leads to a synergetic boosting effect of the degradation process. Herein, the degradation of ethylbenzene (EB) in a hybrid lab-scale reactor was performed. In the combined mode (plasma DBD and photocatalysis [TiO2 + UVA]), the degradation of EB was synergetically boosted, and a higher degradation efficiency was reached. In this study, the behavior of the synergetic effect was investigated whilst varying several operational conditions, including the UV light source (UVA and UVC), the TiO2 weight (7.5–22.51 g·m-²), the addition of metallic dopants to the TiO2 at different weight ratios (x%Cu-TiO2 and x%MnO2-TiO2, where x = 1, 3, 5 and 10 for the weight ratios of Cu:TiO2 and MnO2:TiO2) and the catalyst support (glass fiber tissue [GFT] and nickel foam [NF] with different thicknesses [0.3–3.3 mm]). Moreover, the oxygen content (0–100%) in the reactor atmosphere was examined. The results showed an enhancement of the synergetic effect under UVC (TiO2 + UVC + DBD), which may be a consequence of intensive ozone decomposition under UVC and the generation of reactive atomic oxygen. The improvement of the synergetic effect under 1% Cu-TiO2 and 10% MnO2-TiO2 catalysts is assumed to reflect the role of metallic species in the production of oxygen species on the TiO2 surface via the ozone depletion mechanism. Furthermore, TiO2/NF (3.3 mm) showed the highest synergetic effect, likely due to the conductive character and the 3D porous structure of NF. Finally, the rich oxygen composition had an apparent impact on the synergetic effect.

A lysosomes and mitochondria dual-targeting AIE-active NIR photosensitizer: Constructing amphiphilic structure for enhanced antitumor activity and two-photon imaging.

Development of lysosomes and mitochondria dual-targeting photosensitizer with the virtues of near-infrared (NIR) emission, highly efficient reactive oxygen generation, good phototoxicity and biocompatibility is highly desirable in the field of imaging-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. Herein, a new positively charged amphiphilic organic compound (2-(2-(5-(7-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-4-yl)thiophen-2-yl)vinyl)-3-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-3-ium iodide) (ADB) based on a D-A-π-A structure is designed and comprehensively investigated. ADB demonstrates special lysosomes and mitochondria dual-organelles targeting, bright NIR aggregation-induced emission (AIE) at 736​nm, high singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yield (0.442), as well as good biocompatibility and photostability. In addition, ADB can act as a two-photon imaging agent for the elaborate observation of living cells and blood vessel networks of tissues. Upon light irradiation, obvious decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), abnormal mitochondria morphology, as well as phagocytotic vesicles and lysosomal disruption in cells are observed, which further induce cell apoptosis and resulting in enhanced antitumor activity for cancer treatment. In vivo experiments reveal that ADB can inhibit tumor growth efficiently upon light exposure. These findings demonstrate that this dual-organelles targeted ADB has great potential for clinical imaging-guided photodynamic therapy, and this work provides a new avenue for the development of multi-organelles targeted photosensitizers for highly efficient cancer treatment.

PLASMA BIOMEDICINE: MODERN STATE-OF-ART AND PERSPECTIVES IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE

Abstract The purpose of the review was a comprehensive analysis of the biological effects and applications of cold plasma. First of all, physical principles of cold atmospheric plasma, including generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as intermediates, were discussed. The analysis of the specialized literature on plasma medicine as an innovative interdisciplinary direction allowed us to show the physical mechanisms of biological effects of cold plasma associated with the modulation of free radical processes in the biological objects. That is why correction of oxidative stress and other disorders of redox balance was determined as direct target of the effect of studied factor. Among the most significant aspects of the biological action of cold plasma, antibacterial and pro-regenerative activity, as well as modulation of apoptosis, should be cited. On this basis, the factor in question determines its application in oncology, surgery, dermatology and other fields of medicine. One of the most important effects of cold plasma was its antibacterial and antifungal activity, which in useful for wound healing, sterilization etc. Special attention was paid to possibilities of cold plasma therapy in combustiology. Molecular, tissue and systemic mechanisms of sanogenic effects of cold plasma was demonstrated and analyzed. Results of own studied in this field was observed. Further discovery of the biological effects of cold plasma can significantly expand the range of its medical applications.

Understanding the Photodynamic Therapy Induced Bystander and Abscopal Effects: A Review.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved minimally/non-invasive treatment modality that has been used to treat various conditions, including cancer. The bystander and abscopal effects are two well-documented significant reactions involved in imparting long-term systemic effects in the field of radiobiology. The PDT-induced generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and immune responses is majorly involved in eliciting the bystander and abscopal effects. However, the results in this regard are unsatisfactory and unpredictable due to several poorly elucidated underlying mechanisms and other factors such as the type of cancer being treated, the irradiation dose applied, the treatment regimen employed, and many others. Therefore, in this review, we attempted to summarize the current knowledge regarding the non-targeted effects of PDT. The review is based on research published in the Web of Science, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar databases up to June 2023. We have highlighted the current challenges and prospects in relation to obtaining clinically relevant robust, reproducible, and long-lasting antitumor effects, which may offer a clinically viable treatment against tumor recurrence and metastasis. The effectiveness of both targeted and untargeted PDT responses and their outcomes in clinics could be improved with more research in this area.