Generation Mobile Communication Systems Research Articles

An architecture for control plane slicing in beyond 5G networks

To accommodate various use cases with differing characteristics, the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile communications system intends to utilize network slicing. Network slicing enables the creation of multiple logical networks over a shared physical network infrastructure. While the problems such as resource allocation for multiple slices in mobile networks have been explored in considerable detail in the existing literature, the suitability of the existing mobile network architecture to support network slicing has not been analysed adequately. We think the existing 5G System (5GS) architecture suffers from certain limitations, such as a lack of slice isolation in its control plane. This work focuses on the future evolution of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 5GS architecture from a slicing perspective, especially that of its control plane, addressing some of the limitations of the 3GPP 5GS architecture. We propose a new network architecture which enables efficient slicing in beyond 5G networks. The proposed architecture results in enhanced modularity and scalability of the control plane in sliced mobile networks. In addition, it also brings slice isolation to the control plane, which is not feasible in the existing 5G system. We also present a performance evaluation that confirms the improved performance and scalability of the proposed system viz-a-viz the existing 5G system.

Signal Propagation and Path- Loss in 6G Mobile Telecommunication System

As previous we know about many types of generation like (2G,3G and 4G network), and also it has been developed to the fifth – generation mobile communication system. Compare with 5G, 6G will be faster and lower latency, in 6G era, the theoretical network speed will reach to 1Tbps. That is 100 times the speed of the 5G, which is 10,000 times the speed of the current 4G. 5G is officially commercialized in 2019, but 5G has no yet covered a large area and have problems with high tariffs and incomplete network coverage ,6G network makes up for these problems. The 6G is through the integration of ground base stations and satellite communications, thus covering the whole world, it is also the real coverage. But also, there’s some issues with 6G networks, like here in this article I will explain the propagation signal for 6G and I will talk about path loss signals because it uses sub-millimeter waves or tera-hertz waves to make faster connection but it will cause so much issues in propagation filed. And explained how to address path-loss challenge.

Generalized index and mode modulated OFDM with improved spectral and energy efficiency

AbstractRecently developed trends in wireless communication encounter extremely high surge in data traffic, which makes it inevitable to employ energy efficient techniques to reduce detrimental consequence of carbon emission over society. This concern has motivated us to upgrade our previous work on index and mode modulated orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (IMM‐OFDM) for achieving dual benefits in terms of spectral and energy efficiency. In this paper, we have proposed a generalized index and mode modulated OFDM scheme with variable number of subcarrier activation. Novelty of this generalized scheme is its capability to act as a unified model for classic OFDM and three other benchmark index modulated OFDM schemes along with our previously proposed IMM‐OFDM scheme. This new scheme outperforms those five descendent schemes in terms of energy efficiency and error performance as indicated by simulation results. Spectral efficiency improvement in this scheme is achieved through optimum sets of active subcarrier number, which are determined to gain most optimized trade‐off between spectral and energy efficiency with least detector complexity. This generalized parent scheme can replace individual models of its five descendent schemes and consequently can be considered to be one of the most promising candidates for next generation mobile communication system.

Sustainability and 6G Development: Case Study of Sustainable Spectrum Management

Sustainable development and sustainability are overarching design aspects for the next generation of mobile communication systems (6G). The notion of sustainability is about ensuring that our actions today do not limit the range of social, economic and environmental options open to future generations, which needs to become the fundamental driver for global 6G R&D. To integrate sustainability principles into 6G, this paper presents an overview of current activities and focuses on a case study of including sustainability principles into spectrum management in 6G. The newly emerged sustainable spectrum management paradigm is further developed in the context of 6G highlighting the role of spectrum sharing as a fundamental enabling technology for making spectrum management decisions that do not limit the range of options open to future generations. Additionally, actions for sustainable spectrum management principles are proposed.

Sixth Generation 6G to the Waying Seventh 7G Wireless Communication Visions and Standards, Challenges, Applications

The increasing need for next-generation wireless networks becomes apparent as the Internet of Everything (IoE) gains prominence in smart services, projecting widespread popularity in the future. While sixth generation (6G) networks have the capability to support a diverse range of IoE services, their potential limitations in meeting the demands of innovative applications prompt consideration for seventh generation (7G) wireless systems. This article seeks to compare the characteristics of 6G and the planned 7G wireless systems. The commercial development of fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems is currently underway, introducing new services and enhancing user experiences. Despite these advancements, 5G encounters challenges that require on-going improvements. With the International Telecommunication Union Radio communication Sector (ITU-R) actively envisioning 6G and anticipating a consensus on 7G by October 2024, numerous unresolved questions persist in global discussions. This paper delivers a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of 7G, exploring the vision, technical requirements, and application possibilities. It presents a critical evaluation of the 7G network architecture and essential technologies. Furthermore, the article provides an in-depth examination of advanced 7G verification platforms and existing test beds, unveiling these aspects for the first time. Future research directions and lingering issues are emphasized to contribute to the on-going global discourse on 7G networks. Discussions on lessons learned from 7G networks culminate in the suggestion that 7G systems signify the pinnacle of mobile communication technology. The ongoing research on 7G, an intelligent cellular technology, holds promise for the future of wireless communication.

Resource Allocation with Graph Neural Networks-Multi Agent Reinforcement Learning for 6G HetNets

The sixth generation (6G) mobile communication system is expected to meet the different service needs of modern communication scenarios. In this paper, the spectrum sharing problem in the 6G HetNets is addressed by combining multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) with Graph Neuronal Networks (GNN) for graph-structured problems. A problem is formulated to maximize the sum of the data rate of all the links in the network. In particular, GNN extracts the characteristics of the different types of communication links that coexist in the network taking into account the network topology and the observations of the neighbors. Then, we model the spectrum access of the multiple links as a multi-agent problem and exploit recent progress of multi-agent Reinforcement Learning to develop a distributed spectrum that guarantees good quality of service QoS, with low levels of interference and good data rate. Extensive simulation demonstrates that the proposed method is near-optimal compared with other relevant previous research work.

Network slice allocation for 5G V2X networks: A case study from framework to implementation and performance assessment

Empowered by the capabilities provided by fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is heading from concept to reality. Given the nature of high-mobility and high-density for vehicle transportation, how to satisfy the stringent and divergent requirements for V2X communications such as ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliable connectivity appears as an unprecedented challenging task for network operators. As an enabler to tackle this problem, network slicing provides a power tool for supporting V2X communications over 5G networks. In this paper, we propose a network resource allocation framework which deals with slice allocation considering the coexistence of V2X communications with multiple other types of services. The framework is implemented in Python and we evaluate the performance of our framework based on real-life network deployment datasets from a 5G operator. Through extensive simulations, we explore the benefits brought by network slicing in terms of achieved data rates for V2X, blocking probability, and handover ratio through different combinations of traffic types. We also reveal the importance of proper resource splitting for slicing among V2X and other types of services when network traffic load in an area of interest and quality of service of end users are taken into account.

Intelligent Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications: Security and Flexibility

With the prosperity of emerging applications, the 6 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>th</i></sup> Generation mobile communication systems (6G) is coming at an unimaginable speed. It is expected to provide more intelligent, flexible, and secure services. As an essential pillar of 6G networks, ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (uRLLC) has promoted the vigorous development of intelligent communications. However, the existing networks cannot fully satisfy the strict and various requirements of uRLLC services, including delay, reliability and security. Considering the interaction between the physical layer and the upper layer, we propose a Cross-layer Flexible Security Solution (CFSS), which includes initiative waiting strategy, flexible transmission time interval scheduling strategy, and flexible pre-backup transmission strategy. While considering secure communication, CFSS could flexibly provide customized services to the users through cross-layer parameters configuration and resource allocation. In addition, we extend the Stochastic Network Calculus (SNC) modeling to the security field, and use Finite Blocklength Coding (FBC) to analyze the service process of uRLLC. Two cases of FBC are considered comprehensively, namely, given decoding error probability and given transmission rate. Finally, Experienced Meta-Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (EM-A3C) algorithm is proposed to solve the complex optimization problem, the establishment of experience pool effectively improves the algorithm efficiency.

Selective Mapping scheme based on Modified Forest Optimization Algorithm for PAPR reduction in FBMC system

Filter Bank Multicarrier(FBMC)is considered as one of the most standardized waveform for fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system application FBMC endures lot of nonlinear effects which occurs because of high Peak Average Power Ratio (PAPR). High value of PAPR due to the large dynamic range of multicarrier signal is one of the most significant issues in FBMC multicarrier based modulation technique. This paper presents one investigated PAPR reduction technique named as Selected Mapping (SLM) to minimize high PAPR by utilizing the complex signal divide into real and imaginary parts and then select minimum PAPR signal based on Modified Forest Optimization Algorithm (MFOA)to achieve good PAPR which can maintain the FBMC based system performance with a required Bit Error Rate (BER). The associated method was produced with the aim of optimize the phase factors so that the phase rotation operation is accomplished to minimize PAPR by fixing the MFOA into the conventional SLM. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique gives better performance in terms of BER and PAPR compared to other SLM based optimization techniques.

Highly-Efficient Low-Latency HARQ Built on NOMA for URLLC: Radio Resource Allocation and Transmission Rate Control Aspects

Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) is an essential technology that efficiently reduces the transmission error rate. However, for ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) in the 5th generation mobile communication systems and beyond, the increase in latency due to retransmission must be minimized in HARQ. In this paper, we propose a highly-efficient low-latency HARQ method built on non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) for URLLC while minimizing the performance loss for coexisting services (use cases) such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB). The proposed method can be seen as an extension of the conventional link-level non-orthogonal HARQ to the system-level protocol. This mitigates the problems of the conventional link-level non-orthogonal HARQ, which are decoding error under poor channel conditions and an increase in transmission delay due to restrictions in retransmission timing. In the proposed method, delay-sensitive URLLC packets are preferentially multiplexed with best-effort eMBB packets in the same channel using superposition coding to reduce the transmission latency of the URLLC packet while alleviating the throughput loss in eMBB. This is achieved using a weighted channel-aware resource allocator (scheduler). The inter-packet interference multiplexed in the same channel is removed using a successive interference canceller (SIC) at the receiver. Furthermore, the transmission rates for the initial transmission and retransmission are controlled in an appropriate manner for each service in order to deal with decoding errors caused by error in transmission rate control originating from a time varying channel. We show that the proposed method significantly improves the overall performance of a system that simultaneously provides eMBB and URLLC services.

5G mobile communication systems application in smart cities

5G, the fifth generation of mobile communication systems, is expected to bring about a revolution in the world of wireless communication. Its key features include high data transmit rates, low latency, and high system capacity, which make it ideal for supporting a range of advanced technologies and applications. One of the most promising areas of application for 5G is in the development of smart cities. In this article, we provide an overview of the development of mobile communication systems from 1G to 5G, highlighting the key features and benefits of each generation. We also explore the specific features and applications of 5G that make it an ideal technology for building smart cities, including smart driving, smart healthcare, smart energy, and more. Additionally, we explain why 5G is critical for meeting the requirements of smart cities, such as the need for high-speed and reliable connectivity. Finally, we discuss the importance of 5G in constructing smart cities in the future, and the potential benefits that it could bring to society as a whole. With the potential to transform the way we live, work, and interact with our environment, 5G is set to play a critical role in shaping the cities of tomorrow.

A Flexible Multiband Dendritic Structure Fractal Antenna for 4G/5G/WLAN/Bluetooth Applications

In this study, a flexible multiband fractal antenna mimicking dendrite structure is proposed and designed by combining bionics and fractal theory. The dendritic structure of neurons is extracted and simplified into a simple and clear geometric structure. The initial antenna model is obtained by fractal operation on the geometric structure, and finally, four effective bands are obtained. The antenna is printed on a 50 ∗ 70 ∗ 0.1 mm3 polyimide dielectric board and fed by a coplanar waveguide. This paper discusses the effect of the human body on the performance of the antenna and the robustness of the antenna in the bending regime. The gain, efficiency, and cross-polarization of the antenna were tested using a microwave anechoic chamber. The measured antenna covers 1.37 GHz-1.93 GHz (relative bandwidth 35%), 2.25 GHz-2.51 GHz (relative bandwidth 10.7%), 3.13 GHz-3.81 GHz (relative bandwidth 19.3%), and 4.46 GHz-5.5 GHz (relative bandwidth 21.1%) four operating frequency bands. The maximum gain is 6.05 dBi and the maximum efficiency is 91.05%. The antenna can be used for Bluetooth WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), 4G (4th Generation Communication System), 5G (5th Generation Mobile Communication System), WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), etc. The test results are in good agreement with the simulation results, which proves that the antenna can meet various wireless communication requirements.

Clustered Cell-Free Networking: A Graph Partitioning Approach

By moving to millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies, base stations (BSs) will be densely deployed to provide seamless coverage in sixth generation (6G) mobile communication systems, which, unfortunately, leads to severe cell-edge problem. In addition, with massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna arrays employed at BSs, the beamspace channel is sparse for each user, and thus there is no need to serve all the users in a cell by all the beams therein jointly. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to develop a flexible clustered cell-free networking scheme that can decompose the whole network into a number of weakly interfered small subnetworks operating independently and in parallel. Given a per-user rate constraint for service quality guarantee, this paper aims to maximize the number of decomposed subnetworks so as to reduce the signaling overhead and system complexity as much as possible. By formulating it as a bipartite graph partitioning problem, a rate-constrained network decomposition (RC-NetDecomp) algorithm is proposed, which can smoothly tune the network structure from the current cellular network with simple beam allocation to a fully cooperative network by increasing the required per-user rate. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed RC-NetDecomp algorithm outperforms existing baselines in terms of average per-user rate, fairness among users and energy efficiency.

Transfer learning for resource allotment in dynamic hybrid WiFi/ LiFi communication systems

The demand of newer technologies for fifth generation mobile communication systems is high in the current arena. A hybrid form of Free Space Optical (FSO) Communication, also called Light Fidelity (LiFi) Communication, and Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) Communication technologies, has emerged as a promising candidate to fulfill it. Such a system is termed as hybrid WiFi/LiFi Communication System. The joint optimization problem of bandwidth, user association and power for data rate maximization in these hybrid systems is non-concave. Deep Q Network (DQN) Learning based algorithms offer solution to non-concavity. However, existing DQN learning based solutions are often restricted to static networks. They face complexity issues in dynamic networks. In this paper, we address the dynamic hybrid WiFi/LiFi Communication system with DQN transfer learning algorithm. Transfer learning is used to gather information about a newly entering mobile user in the network, thereby improving the overall throughput of the network. Simulations show that the proposed algorithms perform well than the existing optimization algorithms in throughput maximization.

Investigations on Filtered OFDM with Selective Mapping Method and Partial Transmit Sequence Technique for Future Generation Mobile Communication Systems

Future generation mobile communication system requires asynchronous transmission of data, reduced out-of-band power emission, low peak-to-average power ratio, low latency, high data transmission rate, better spectrum, energy, and power efficiency, etc. Investigations on suitable waveform candidates for future-generation mobile communication have been reported in this paper. Filtered Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (F- OFDM), F- OFDM with Selective Mapping Method (SLM), and F- OFDM with Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) technique, have been investigated. Its performances have been evaluated in terms of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), bit error rate (BER), and out-of-band power emissions. F–OFDM is a suitable candidate for future-generation mobile communication systems that can be used with single-rate or multirate filters. It can also be used in combination with other PAPR reduction techniques. F-OFDM with PTS technique requires a smaller number of IFFT operations than F-OFDM with SLM. The result obtained from my present investigations reveals that F-OFDM with the PTS technique has 4.3 dB less PAPR than that of OFDM at the cost of marginal increase in the BER value.

Polarization characteristics of human body scattering in THz waves

As the 6th generation mobile communication system is expected to use the terahertz wave band, it is essential to clarify the human body blocking and scattering characteristics as many small cells for indoor and outdoor use will be needed. In addition, since it is important to use high-gain antennas with orthogonal polarization to realize efficient MIMO transmission, it is necessary to clarify the polarization characteristics of human body blocking and scattering. Experiments conducted to investigate human body scattering in the terahertz wave band show that the scattering characteristics are polarization dependent.

&lt;b&gt;Verification of the Applicability of Fifth Generation Mobile Communication Systems to Railway Operations&lt;/b&gt;

&lt;b&gt;Verification of the Applicability of Fifth Generation Mobile Communication Systems to Railway Operations&lt;/b&gt;

Iterative Signal Processing for Integrated Sensing and Communication Systems

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), with sensing and communication sharing the same wireless resources and hardware, has the advantages of high spectrum efficiency and low hardware cost, which is regarded as one of the key technologies of the fifth generation advanced (5G-A) and sixth generation (6G) mobile communication systems. ISAC has the potential to be applied in the intelligent applications requiring both communication and high accurate sensing capabilities. The fundamental challenges of ISAC system are the ISAC signal design and ISAC signal processing. However, the existing ISAC signal has low anti-noise capability. And the existing ISAC signal processing algorithms have the disadvantages of quantization errors and high complexity, resulting in large energy consumption. In this paper, phase coding is applied in ISAC signal design to improve the anti-noise performance of ISAC signal. Then, the effect of phase coding method on improving the sensing accuracy is analyzed. In order to improve the sensing accuracy with low-complexity algorithm, the iterative ISAC signal processing methods are proposed. The proposed methods improve the sensing accuracy with low computational complexity, realizing energy efficient ISAC signal processing. Taking the scenarios of short distance and long distance sensing into account, the iterative two-dimensional (2D) fast Fourier transform (FFT) and iterative cyclic cross-correlation (CC) methods are proposed, respectively, realizing high sensing accuracy and low computational complexity. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed ISAC signal processing methods are verified by simulation results.

The Generalized-Fisher composite fading model for the next generation of mobile communication systems

The new generation of communication systems is moving towards using a millimeter-wave spectrum. Since the shadowing effects are undeniable in this type of propagation, the proposed Generalized Fisher (GF) distribution can be useful in modeling shadowed fading channels, considering the non-linearity and the multi-cluster nature of the diffusion medium. After introducing the model, its main statistics, including Probability Density Function (PDF), Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF), Moment Generating Function (MGF), and the distribution of the sum of an arbitrary number of independent and non-identically distributed (i.n.i.d.) random variables with GF distribution are calculated. Subsequently, some wireless communication application criteria such as ergodic and outage capacities, are computed. Finally, considering the classic Wyner's wiretap model and passive eavesdropping scenario, specific security criteria, such as the probability of non-zero secrecy capacity and secrecy outage probability, are also determined. These expressions are measured in terms of either univariate or multivariate Fox's H-function.

Machine Learning in 6G Wireless Communications

Mobile communication systems are not only the core of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure but also that of our social infrastructure. The 5th generation mobile communication system (5G) has already started and is in use. 5G is expected for various use cases in industry and society. Thus, many companies and research institutes are now trying to improve the performance of 5G, that is, 5G Enhancement and the next generation of mobile communication systems (Beyond 5G (6G)). 6G is expected to meet various highly demanding requirements even compared with 5G, such as extremely high data rate, extremely large coverage, extremely low latency, extremely low energy, extremely high reliability, extreme massive connectivity, and so on. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), AI/ML, will have more important roles than ever in 6G wireless communications with the above extreme high requirements for a diversity of applications, including new combinations of the requirements for new use cases. We can say that AI/ML will be essential for 6G wireless communications. This paper introduces some ML techniques and applications in 6G wireless communications, mainly focusing on the physical layer.