Generate Greenhouse Gas Emissions Research Articles

Modeling of Photovoltaic Panel with Matlab@Simulink and Investigation of Behaviour in Outdoor Conditions

Temiz ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından biri olan güneş enerjisi sera gazı emisyonu oluşturmaması, sınırsız kaynak potansiyeli ve kaynak erişilebilirliği gibi olumlu etkileri nedeniyle sıklıkla tercih edilmektedir. Bu nedenle ülkemizde güneş enerjisi santrallerinden elektrik üretimi oldukça yaygındır. Güneş enerjisinden elektrik üretimi, fotovoltaik (FV) hücrelerin güneş ışınımını elektrik enerjisine dönüştürmesi ile gerçekleşmektedir. Bu çalışmada Matlab@Simulink yazılımında modellenen monokristal (c-Si) yapıdaki bir FV panelin laboratuvar ve dış ortam koşullarındaki davranışları karşılaştırılmıştır. Daha sonra Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi çatısına kurulan sistem ile dış ortam koşullarında bulunan FV panelin performans sonuçları incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre model ve deneysel sistemin birbirleriyle uyumlu olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

Putting the green back in greenbacks: opportunities for a truly green stimulus

Can countries reorient their productive capacity to become more environmentally friendly and inclusive? To investigate this question this paper uses a standard Input-Output modeling framework and data from 141 countries and regions to construct a new global dataset of employment, value-added, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (disaggregated into CO2 and Non-CO2 elements), and air pollution (including nine categories of air pollutants such as PM2.5) multipliers from supply side investments. We find that many of the traditional sectors in agriculture and industry have large employment multipliers, but also generate male dominant, lower skill employment, and tend to have higher emission multipliers. It is in economies dominated by these sectors that trade-offs to a ‘greener’ transition will emerge most sharply. However, we find a substantial heterogeneity in outcomes, so even in these economies, there exist other sectors with high employment multipliers and low emissions, including sectors that are more conducive to female employment. In addition, we find a high correlation between industries that generate GHG emissions, which cause long term climate impacts, and those that generate air pollution, which have immediate harmful impacts on human health, suggesting that policies could be designed to simultaneously confer longer climate benefits with immediate health improvements. Our results confirm some of the findings from recent research and shed new light on opportunities for greening economies.

Does witnessing the effects of climate change on glacial landscapes increase pro-environmental behaviour intentions? An empirical study of a last-chance destination.

ABSTRACT Due To the effects of climate change, tourist locations such as glacial landscapes are increasingly becoming last-chance tourism (LCT) destinations. LCT is paradoxical: although visitors to such locations possess high environmental awareness, their travel generates greenhouse gas emissions that threaten these destinations. However, visiting LCT destinations and observing glacial landscapes threatened by climate change may positively affect pro-environmental behaviour. This article aims to explore how experiencing receding glaciers can influence intentions to adopt pro-environmental behaviour. A quantitative survey of 284 visitors to a major glacier tourism site in France (Montenvers-mer-de-Glace) was caried out to test the influence of landscape, emotions, satisfaction, and LCT-related motivations on intentions to adopt pro-environmental behaviours. The results show that landscapes perceived as symbolic of climate change, LCT motivations, and overall satisfaction positively influenced pro-environmental behaviour intentions. To further encourage such intentions, stakeholders should promote practices based on education and experience.

Optimizing Resource Conservation Networks: Overcoming Barriers with Process Systems Engineering

Climate change continues to be the major environmental challenge of this century. Some of its effects may include more severe weather conditions, increased incidence of water scarcity, and the potential of pandemic outbreaks, to name a few. Scientific research has thus looked into various strategies to address this problem. These include reducing the generation of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) through the implementation of low carbon technologies and transitioning towards a more circular economy through improved resource efficiency. The challenge is in identifying which among the available options would yield the best results. The field of process systems engineering (PSE) which is a computational branch of chemical engineering, provides rigorous methods for analyzing systems which can be used to support decision making. These methodologies have been implemented at various scales to identify strategies which can improve the environmental performance of industrial systems. It has been utilized for optimizing operations of industrial processes, managing resources in eco-industrial parks, greening the product supply chain, and even analyzing strategies for reducing national carbon emissions. This work provides an overview of how PSE tools can be utilized for the design of more sustainable systems and showcases how it can be used at various levels of implementation.

Study to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at waste landfill in Medan City

Landfill is a place where waste reaches the final stage. The piles of waste can generate greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming the potential of climate change. The greenhouse gas emission generates from the piles of waste is CH4 emission. The research purpose is to count CH4 emission in the waste landfill in Medan city located in Terjun, projection CH4 emission for ten years later is 2020-2029 and decisive the effort reduction of CH4 emission. The scenarios of reducing CH4 emission in Terjun waste landfill reduce the potential CH4 emission for ten years later. The calculation of CH4 emission from the piles of waste in Terjun waste landfill using FOD method (First Orde Decay) by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2006. In 2019, CH4 emission in Terjun waste landfill was 12,350.750-ton CH4 and had an uplift in 2029 can reach 17,143.087-ton CH4. There are two scenarios for reducing CH4 emission in the Terjun waste landfill; the first is the processing of waste in the source (composting), and the second is reducing the waste by using incineration technology Terjun landfill. The first scenario (composting) can reduce CH4 emission by 14.80%. The second scenario can reduce by 63.37% the CH4 emission in Terjun waste landfill. The chosen alternative scenario for reducing CH4 in the Terjun waste landfill is the first scenario, the processing of waste in the source (composting).

Environmental performance of blue foods.

Fish and other aquatic foods (blue foods) present an opportunity for more sustainable diets1,2. Yet comprehensive comparison has been limited due to sparse inclusion of blue foods in environmental impact studies3,4 relative to the vast diversity of production5. Here we provide standardized estimates of greenhouse gas, nitrogen, phosphorus, freshwater and land stressors for species groups covering nearly three quarters of global production. We find that across all blue foods, farmed bivalves and seaweeds generate the lowest stressors. Capture fisheries predominantly generate greenhouse gas emissions, with small pelagic fishes generating lower emissions than all fed aquaculture, but flatfish and crustaceans generating the highest. Among farmed finfish and crustaceans, silver and bighead carps have the lowest greenhouse gas, nitrogen and phosphorus emissions, but highest water use, while farmed salmon and trout use the least land and water. Finally, we model intervention scenarios and find improving feed conversion ratios reduces stressors across all fed groups, increasing fish yield reduces land and water use by up to half, and optimizing gears reduces capture fishery emissions by more than half for some groups. Collectively, our analysis identifies high-performing blue foods, highlights opportunities to improve environmental performance, advances data-poor environmental assessments, and informs sustainable diets.

The Future of Nuclear Energy: Electrochemical Reprocessing of Fuel Takes Center Stage

Nuclear power plants use energy-dense fuel and provide dependable baseload energy without generating greenhouse gas emissions. Despite these advantages, the long-term management of used nuclear fuel (UNF) remains a key challenge due to its lifetime (hundreds of thousands of years) and radiotoxicity. The components of UNF that contribute the most to this challenge are the actinide elements. A potential solution to this issue is to separate these radioisotopes from the bulk of the UNF and recycle them as fuel in advanced nuclear reactors. These separations can be achieved using electrochemical reprocessing, which employs electrochemical conversion and electrodeposition in a high-temperature molten salt electrolyte medium to separate the actinides from UNF. In this short perspective, we review the current status, fundamental challenges, and future prospects of electrochemical reprocessing as they relate to UNF recycling.

Economic growth in contrast to GHG emission reduction measures in Green Deal context

The global economy is on the verge of one of the greatest transitions in modern history. The ability to ensure sustainable economic development and prosperity while significantly reducing consumption of energy resources and generated greenhouse gas emissions is a global challenge that affects every country in the world. To assess whether economies are ready for this challenge, there is an urgent need to examine this dual relationship between economic growth and climate change measures. European Green Deal strategy has set the ambitious goal of Europe becoming the first climate-neutral continent by 2050, boosting competitiveness and long-term prosperity of the economy. Kaya identity and LMDI decomposition is applied to examine how European Union countries have been coping with these countereffects historically. The decomposition analysis is conducted for the EU-28 (including the UK) countries for a 10-year study period from 2010 to 2019. This study analyses the main drivers of changes in GHG emissions in European Union and estimates the progress made in implementing the Green Deal targets. The results show that in the EU, energy efficiency improvements have twice the effect on reducing GHG emission compared to RES strategies. The effect of economic growth was the main offsetting factor hindering the achievement of larger GHG emission reductions. More in-depth ex-ante and ex-post investigation is performed for the Baltic States. A novel forecasting technique is applied to project GHG emissions under three different development scenarios, such as the scenario with existing measures, the scenario with additional measures, and the business-as-usual scenario. The results show that the current climate policies in the Baltic States are not sufficient to achieve the 2030 emission reduction targets and that greater efforts should be made to enforce climate mitigation measures in the economies.

Structuring an influential model for Indonesian pulp and paper circular supply chain practices

ABSTRACT Less than 65% of wastepaper can be recycled, and the remaining wastepaper may end up polluting groundwater and generating greenhouse gas emissions if disposed improperly by using traditional approaches. The concept of circular supply chain practices, which integrates circular thinking into supply chain practices that aim to reach zero waste by exploring novel business models and supply chain functions, has been proposed to address this issue. However, previous studies implementing this concept lacked appropriate methods for structuring an influential model to guide resource allocation, which caused difficulty in developing circular supply chain practices. Thus, a hybrid method is proposed to integrate factor analysis with fuzzy synthetic and decision-making and trial evaluation laboratory methods to enable visual analysis and boost understanding. The results reveal that awareness and engagement are the most influential factors in attempts to achieve zero waste, rather than the recycling, reuse and reduction practices emphasised by previous studies.

Assessing the Economic Structure, Climate Change and Decarbonisation in Europe

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions coming mainly from fossil fuel combustion for energy use are causing air temperature increases resulting in climate change. This study employs an environmentally extended input–output model to conduct an economy-wide assessment of GHG emissions in the European Union (EU). Model results indicate that the assumed growth of economic activity by 2030 will lead to a large increase in GHG emissions by 89%, assuming no technological change and no additional policy mitigation efforts. The electricity sector and agriculture create the highest direct and indirect GHG emissions per unit of economic output across the 27 EU member states (EU-27); for every 1-million-euro-increase in the final demand for the products and services of the electricity sector and agriculture, 2198 and 1410 additional tons of GHG emit, respectively. Regional climate projections under a low-decarbonisation pathway (RCP8.5), in accordance with our economic analysis, indicate a further increase of regional warming, combined with pronounced changes in the hydrological cycle. Contrariwise, following a strong mitigation pathway (RCP2.6) will result in warming levels lower than 1.5 °C with respect to the 1986–2005 reference period. Our findings reveal the importance of both direct and indirect contribution of economic sectors in the generation of GHG emissions, taking into consideration the size of the sectors and the assumed growth rates. The design and implementation of sectoral emission reduction policies from the perspective of the whole production supply chain can effectively contribute to GHG emission reduction commitments.

Nutritional contributions and non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from human-inedible byproduct feeds consumed by dairy cows in the United States

Dairy cattle recycle nutrients found in human-inedible byproduct (BP) feeds to make nutritious milk, eliminating the need for disposal by alternative methods. Dairy nutrition consultants and feed industry representatives in the US were surveyed to quantify milking cow BP consumption. Survey data described 33.5% of US lactating cows and 35.7% of US milk production in 2019 in the most comprehensive BP feeds dataset collected so far. On a daily basis, US dairy cattle consumed 12 kg AF (8.2 kg DM) BP per milking cow (including dry cows and replacement heifers) and 0.32 kg AF (0.22 kg DM) BP per kg milk produced. This equates to 32 to 41 million Mt (AF) (22–28 million Mt DM) total BP consumed by US milking cows in 2019. Regional and US BP usage by type were calculated as well as the nutritional contributions BP feeds make to dairy cow diets. On average, 32% (DM basis) of the US lactating cow diet (excluding dry cows and replacement heifers) is BP feed, supplying 54, 61, 46, and 27% of the protein, sugar, fat, and fiber necessary for milk production. Dairy cows generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a consequence of enteric and manure fermentation. Published equations were used to describe and compare non-CO2 GHG emissions from feeding BP to milking cows or disposing by other means. On average, US milking cows produced 225 g/d of enteric methane (eCH4) from BP in 2019, with 27.4 g eCH4/kg of BP DM, and an eCH4 intensity of 207 g carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (CO2-eq) from BP/kg of milk. Manure from BP fed to US milking cows yielded 138 g/d manure methane (mCH4) and 3.02 g/d manure nitrous oxide (mN2O), with 16.76 g mCH4/kg of BP DM and 0.368 g mN2O/kg of BP DM, and a mCH4 intensity of 151 g CO2-eq from BP/kg of milk. Feeding BP to US milking cows to partially replace non-BP feeds such as forages and whole grains, generates 70 CO2-eq/BP (g/kg DM) of non-CO2 GHG emissions while landfill disposal, composting, and combustion emit 3448, 328, and 31 CO2-eq/BP (g/kg DM), respectively. Feeding BP to dairy cows represents an effective vehicle to recycle valuable nutrients that are either indigestible by humans or undesirable for direct human consumption into milk and dairy foods. Since BP replace forages and grains that would otherwise be included in the dairy cow's diet, minimal or even less long-term non-CO2 GHG emissions are generated by feeding BP to dairy cows.

Influence of the Water Source on the Carbon Footprint of Irrigated Agriculture: A Regional Study in South-Eastern Spain

Curbing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to combat climate change is a major global challenge. Although irrigated agriculture consumes considerable energy that generates GHG emissions, the biomass produced also represents an important CO2 sink, which can counterbalance the emissions. The source of the water supply considerably influences the irrigation energy consumption and, consequently, the resulting carbon footprint. This study evaluates the potential impact on the carbon footprint of partially and fully replacing the conventional supply from Tagus–Segura water transfer (TSWT) with desalinated seawater (DSW) in the irrigation districts of the Segura River basin (south-eastern Spain). The results provide evidence that the crop GHG emissions depend largely on the water source and, consequently, its carbon footprint. In this sense, in the hypothetical scenario of the TSWT being completely replaced with DSW, GHG emissions may increase by up to 50% and the carbon balance could be reduced by 41%. However, even in this unfavourable situation, irrigated agriculture in the study area could still act as a CO2 sink with a negative total and specific carbon balance of −707,276 t CO2/year and −8.10 t CO2/ha-year, respectively. This study provides significant policy implications for understanding the water–energy–food nexus in water-scarce regions.

Extending urban stocks and flows analysis to urban greenhouse gas emission accounting: A case of Odense, Denmark

AbstractCities generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions both in the construction phase of their built environment stocks and durable goods and in their operation phase with energy and material flows. Existing urban GHG accounting methods, however, focus largely on emissions related to energy and material flows and have rarely considered the role of urban stocks. In this article, we have extended urban stocks and flows analysis to urban GHG accounting, using bottom‐up and high‐resolution urban stocks and flows information for a case of Odense, Denmark. We introduced a complementary indicator of carbon replacement value (CRV) to account for emissions embodied in the urban stocks and determined the CRV of Odense as 10.7 megatons of CO2 equivalent (or 53 metric tons per capita) in 2017, equivalent to 13 years of Odense's operational emissions. The comparison between CRV and operational emissions across urban activities facilitates a better understanding of the carbon profile of the city and opportunities for decarbonization. Such urban metabolic based GHG accounting and inclusion of stocks can help to estimate the amount of GHG emissions to be expected from the further urbanization in developing countries as their urban stocks continue to increase and inform their potentials for leapfrogging in emission reduction.

The Current Status, Potential Benefits and Future Prospects of the Australian Biogas Sector

Anaerobic digestion technology provides a new approach to treat organic waste while generating greenhouse gas (GHG) savings. Moreover, the methane gas produced during the process can be used to generate electricity. In order to ensure that Australia stays on its trajectory towards a carbon neutral future, the use of anaerobic digestion technology to treat its abundant organic waste streams should be considered. Thirty million tonnes (Mt) of organic waste was produced in 2017. The use of anaerobic digestion to treat 1 tonne of waste could result in 0.143 tonne of CO2-e in GHG savings. In contrast, other more widely employed waste disposal methods such as landfilling, composting and incineration may generate GHG emissions. Additionally, the use of methane for electricity production also generates the least GHG emissions per MWh. This is approximately 3 times lower than crude oil, 4 times lower than black coal and 5 times lower than brown coal. However, the adoption and implementation of anaerobic digestion technology in Australia face several immediate constraints. Firstly, anaerobic digestion technology is deemed unprofitable, incurring high initial capital cost, operating costs and extremely long payback periods. Secondly, there is a lack of government support in terms of a national target for biogas production via anaerobic digestion. This review will provide an in-depth analysis into the current state of the Australian biogas sector. In addition, the review discusses the opportunities to make anaerobic digestion technology more financially viable and to accelerate the growth of the Australian biogas sector.

El alimento como tecnología, obesidad y cambio climático

This article draws on the effect that the production, distribution and consumption of food has for the generation of greenhouse gas emissions and public health, and argues, through a critical approach to western metaphysics and the example of obesity as a global health problem, that food has been produced as an ‘instrument’. In so doing, food has become a technology that halts the production of shared ecological and political knowledge, thus diminishing what they were intended to enhance—public health and the environment. Informed by tseltal and tojolabal knowledge, the article proposes that beings are not to be objectified as ‘food’, as this abstraction compromises the interaction and shared knowledge that are fundamental for health and care and the balance between a multiplicity of beings that co-inhabit the planet.

Estimasi Jejak Karbon dari Aktivitas Kampus Universitas Batanghari

Every individual or agency activity will generate greenhouse gas emissions which could be countable and expressed as equivalent to carbon dioxide. One of the activities that produce carbon emissions is activities carried out on the campus, one of which is Batanghari University. Batanghari University consists of 5 faculties, namely the Faculty of Teacher Training and Science, Faculty of Law, Faculty of Economics, Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Agriculture with a total population of Batanghari University of 5,582 people including 5,278 students, 210 lecturers and 94 education staff. This study aims to analyze the amount of carbon emissions generated from activities of the Batanghari University and to compare the percentage of total carbon emissions produced from each scope. Calculation of carbon emissions using the method of The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol), by dividing it into 3 scopes, including calculating the carbon footprint from transportation activities, emission form the used of gas, and emissions from electricity used and the used of paper. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions calculated by using the IPCC (International Panel On Climate Change) method. The results showed that the total carbon footprint produced at the Batanghari University for 6 months was 790.24 ton.CO2-eq. The distribution of emissions based on the scope as follows : scope 1 activity of electricity consumption was 162,705 ton.CO2-eq; scope 2 activities of using LPG was 0.609 ton.CO2-eq; and the scope 3 transportation activities of lecturers, students and education staff was 625.91 ton.CO2 -eq and paper usage activity are 1.0247 ton.CO2-eq. The largest carbon footprint was generated from transportation activities at 79.2% and the smallest was the use of LPG at 0.07%.

Greenhouse gas emissions from riparian zone cropland in a tributary bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China.

BackgroundA huge reservoir was formed by the Three Gorges Dam in China, which also formed a riparian zone along the bank of the reservoir. In the period of low water-level, the riparian zone in tributary bays of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) was always unordered cultivated, owing to its gentle slope and high soil fertility. This land-use practice creates high potential of generating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with periodic water level fluctuation.MethodsTo evaluate potential GHG emissions from the soil-air interface, the static opaque chamber method was adopted to evaluate the effect of elevations (180 m, 175 m, 170 m and 165 m) and land use types (dry lands, paddy fields and grass fields) from April to September in 2015 and 2016.ResultsThe results showed that carbon dioxide (CO2) was the main contributor of GHG emission in riparian zone most likely because of high organic carbon from residues. Furthermore, high soil water content in paddy fields resulted in significantly higher methane (CH4) flux than that in dry lands and grass fields. Compared to grass fields, anthropogenic activities in croplands were attributed with a decrease of soil total carbon and GHG emissions. However, inundation duration of different elevations was found to have no significant effect on CH4 and CO2 emissions in the riparian zone, and the mean nitrous oxide (N2O) flux from dry lands at an elevation of 165 m was significantly higher than that of other elevations likely because of tillage and manure application. The high N2O fluxes produced from tillage and fertilizer suggested that, in order to potentially mitigate GHG emissions from the riparian zone, more attention must be paid to the farming practices in dry lands at low elevations (below 165 m) in the riparian zone. Understanding factors that contribute to GHG emissions will help guide ecological restoration of riparian zones in the TGR.

Sustainable and green transportation for better quality of life case study greater Cairo – Egypt

ABSTRACT Transportation is a process that moves people from one place to another. It is an essential issue in our lives and people cannot live without it. Transport provides access for people from their home to their work, education, health services, shops, and other services. Transportation system in developing countries is suffering from many problems such as: traffic congestion, lack of reliable and safe public transportation, road accidents, and difficulties for non-motorized transport. Transportation sector is the highest sector responsible for negative environmental impacts in the cities. It is responsible for high air and noise pollution and generating greenhouse gas emissions. Transportation master plans are essential, they are not less important than urban master plans and many cities lack the preparation of these plans. Establishing a sustainable and green urban transport system with an integrated approach to policymakers and decision-makers is essential. This system will change the direction of urban transport and mobility toward a more sustainable and green future by providing and developing affordable, economically viable, people-oriented and environment-friendly transport systems. This research studies the current situation and problems facing the transportation system in developing countries in general and in Egypt specifically. It also presents the Egyptian Government intervention in solving mobility and transportation problems. Finally, the research examines the strategies and methods that transportation professionals must use to address sustainable and green transportation.

Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste management in Depok, Indonesia

Almost every waste management step generates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; hence, it is imperative to design appropriate treatment methods from sources to disposal sites for reducing their environmental impact. In this study, to provide guidelines for developing a suitable waste management strategy for Depok, Indonesia, emissions from four waste management scenarios for the city are calculated. These scenarios involve treatments such as the application of Waste Treatment Unit (WTU), incinerator, anaerobic digester, composting, and landfill. The best scenario affords the treatment of 150 tons/day of municipal solid waste (MSW) via composting, 80 tons via WTU, and 500 tons/day via anaerobic digestion, and 390 tons/day, which are sent to a controlled landfill in Depok. This best scenario generates net GHG emissions of 202,800 kg CO2-eq/day, accounting for 1900 kg CO2-eq/day from transportation; 4 kg CO2-eq/day from WTU; 25,700 kg CO2-eq/day from composting; 46,200 kg CO2-eq/day from anaerobic digestion; and 129,000 kg CO2-eq/day from a controlled landfill. By contrast, the worst scenario corresponds to the city's current waste management approach, producing net GHG emissions of 299,602.6 kg CO2-eq/day from the treatment of 600 tons/day of MSW via landfill, 70 tons/day via open burning, 60 tons/day via MRF, 340 tons/day via anaerobic digestion, and 40 tons/day via composting.

Production of biohydrogen from gasification of waste fuels: Pilot plant results and deployment prospects

Hydrogen is seen as a key element of the future energy mix because it does not generate greenhouse gas emissions at the point of use. Understanding the technologies that can generate low carbon hydrogen is essential in planning the development of future gas networks and energy generation via fuel cells. One promising approach is hydrogen production by gasification of waste, referred to as biohydrogen. This paper summarises work undertaken to design a commercial Waste-to-Hydrogen (WtH2) plant, which includes an assessment of future markets for hydrogen, the identification of an appropriate scale for the plants, and development of specifications for process design and output streams. An experimental programme was undertaken to demonstrate bioH2 production from refuse derived fuel (RDF) at pilot scale and provided experimental data to underpin commercial designs. On this basis, a reference design for small commercial plants was developed for bioH2 production for heating and transport utilisation. A preliminary carbon assessment shows that carbon savings for biohydrogen in a commercial scale are more than four times greater than alternative technologies.