Generation Of Different Types Research Articles

Atmospheric Pressure Multijet Plasma Sources For Cancer Treatments

Single plasma jets have allowed significant advances in in vivo or directly on human experiments (e.g. [1],[2]). The results are particularly promising, but ultimately likely to be limited in the future due to the fact that the treatment times are rather long due to the very small treated surface area resulting from the produced plasma. There is a real challenge to develop sources that allow treatment over larger areas while remaining practical and at a reasonable cost. There are already flexible or rigid surface DBDs but that require an extremely small distance between the reactor and the treated tissues, which limits their use in many situations, particularly when the treated surfaces exhibit large variations in the surface morphology leading to points of attachment of streamers and therefore very inhomogeneous treatment. The jets are very useful in this type of situation because they adapt to all types of surfaces whether they are smooth or highly structured, or even if they have holes or cavities difficult to reach in the case of a surface plasma. On the other hand, floating DBDs are very sensitive to the nature of the treated substrate and the presence of seeps can prevent their operation. Ideal sources are therefore sources with the flexibility of a jet and surfaces comparable to large DBDs. It is in this spirit that we have developed a new generation of applicators based on a single Plasma Gun system to generate a multitude of jets (from tens up to few hundreds) from a primary plasma jet, as shown in the photos below. Download : Download high-res image (263KB) Download : Download full-size image Before proceeding to in vivo treatments, we qualified the sources through in vitro experiments of decontamination on both colonies grown on agar plates in traditional Petri dishes, to check the equivalence of each of the jets generated, and colonies grown on very large agars scanned with our systems to treat very large surfaces in an easy way. The results are extremely encouraging and demonstrated the effectiveness of the multijet system, which allows both large-scale targets to be processed, as well as reducing processing times that can quickly become prohibitive with single-jet systems. At the same time as experimental results obtained on generation of different types of multijets, we will present results obtained with those on the decontamination of multi-resistant bacterial colonies grown from inpatient samples.

ПОНЯТТЯ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ БІОМАСИ В АГРАРНОМУ ТА ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОМУ ПРАВІ УКРАЇНИ

Bioenergetics is the exploitation of biomass energy (organisms produced by photosynthesis). «Green fuel» is sometimes the name given to plant fuel that is derived from biomass. However, the more people talk about bioenergetics, the more often the term «biofuel» is understood as a rare biofuel (biodiesel, bioethanol and methanol) and forget about solid and gas-derived - biogas, synthesis gas, pyrolysis waste, agricultural and domestic products, wood processing residues. Energy crops, which are grown to produce energy or fuel, will compete with gas and diesel in the near future. These include food plants (wheat and durum wheat) and non-food plants (energy birch, poplar and bagatore grasses, rapak, soybeans, sunflower, maize, lion, etc.). Biomass as a source of energy can be used for the indirect combustion of wood, straw, sapropel (organic bottom sediments) as well as in the milled form as a rare (epheres of rapak oil, alcohol) or gas fuel (biodiesel). Biomass-to-energy conversion can be achieved by physical, chemical and biological methods; the latter are the most promising. At present, bioenergetics is a choice that has a global perspective for the further successful development of civilization. The new energy strategy for the development of energy security of agricultural production in the conditions of transition of the Ukrainian economy to the principles of a «golden growth» requires the search for new approaches to assessment of resource and energy potential and reorientation of agricultural enterprises to more accessible and less costly sources of energy. The world is increasingly demanding energy for the generation of different types of energy and biomass is becoming the main energy source characterized by renewability and environmental friendliness. Biomass is a relatively CO2-neutral fuel, so its use does not contribute to a global greenhouse effect. It does not create risks of postponement typical for traditional energy carriers, does not depend on price factors of geopolitical character, which sometimes destabilize the situation on the energy markets.

Growth modeling of the green microalga Scenedesmus obliquus in a hybrid photobioreactor as a practical tool to understand both physical and biochemical phenomena in play during algae cultivation.

In recent years, numerous studies have justified the use of microalgae as a sustainable alternative for the generation of different types of fuels, food supplementation, and cosmetics, as well as bioremediation processes. To improve the cost/benefit ratio of microalgae mass production, many culture systems have been built and upgraded. Mathematical modeling the growth of different species in different systems has become an efficient and practical tool to understand both physical and biochemical phenomena in play during algae cultivation. In addition, growth modeling can guide design changes that lead to process optimization. In the present work, growth of the green microalga Scenedesmus obliquus was modeled in a hybrid photobioreactor that combines the characteristics of tubular photobioreactors (TPB) with thin-layer cascades (TLC). The system showed productivity greater than 8.0 g m-2 day-1 (dry mass) for CO2 -fed cultures, and the model proved to be an accurate representation of experimental data with R2 greater than 0.7 for all cases under variable conditions of temperature and irradiance to determine subsystem efficiency. Growth modeling also allowed growth prediction relative to the operating conditions of TLC, making it useful for estimating the system given other irradiance and temperature conditions, as well as other microalgae species.

Constructions for orthogonal designs using signed group orthogonal designs

Craigen introduced and studied signed group Hadamard matrices extensively and eventually provided an asymptotic existence result for Hadamard matrices. Following his lead, Ghaderpour introduced signed group orthogonal designs and showed an asymptotic existence result for orthogonal designs and consequently Hadamard matrices. In this paper, we construct some interesting families of orthogonal designs using signed group orthogonal designs to show the capability of signed group orthogonal designs in generation of different types of orthogonal designs.

Hard inbreeding under extreme environmental conditions is the most important factor of microevolution and speciation

The ideas on the evolutionary value of hard inbreeding under conditions of extreme environmental conditions (especially temperatures) for the processes of the formation of adaptive genetic polymorphism and speciation are substantiated. The main manifestations of the paradoxical effect of hard inbreeding include (1) structural and functional reorganization of the genome of generative (reproductive) system and (2) activation of mobile genetic elements. This can lead to the generation of different types of mutations (gene, chromosomal, genomic, and systemic) and heterochromatin modifications.

Critical Issues on Probabilistic Earthquake Loss Assessment

ABSTRACTProbabilistic loss modeling can be used to develop risk reduction measures, such as the identification of regions more prone to human and economic losses, or to develop financial mechanisms to transfer the earthquake risk from local governments to the private sector. This study addresses several critical issues in probabilistic loss modeling, and provides recommendations depending on the intended final use of the risk results. Modeling issues related to convergence in probabilistic event-based analysis; consideration of epistemic uncertainties within a logic tree; generation of different types of loss exceedance curves; and derivation of risk maps are thoroughly investigated. The Metropolitan Area of Lisbon is used to explore these issues, and it is demonstrated that different assumptions in the loss modeling process can lead to considerably different risk results. Furthermore, the findings and recommendations of this study are also relevant for institutions that promote the assessment of earthquake hazard and risk, such as the Global Earthquake Model Foundation.

Dynamic Behavior Study and State Estimator Design for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells in Hybrid Power Systems

In this paper, an application-oriented tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) mathematical model is presented. Its dynamic behaviors in complex power systems which consist of synchronous generators of different types are then investigated where SOFC transience is studied on a small (second) timescale. Based on the mathematical model of the entire power system, SOFC dynamic states estimator is designed to track and predict the behaviors of unmeasurable states inside SOFC during normal operating and electrically faulty conditions, using stochastic filtering algorithms. The proposed estimator operates on a holistic level with all generators, transmission lines and loads taken into consideration, whereas only SOFC local electrical data are needed for the dynamic state estimation. The success of estimating SOFC internal states will lead to a higher possibility of designing state-related controllers so as to regulate the behaviors of SOFC during electric faults.

Generation of different types of surface acoustic waves by shock wave-Stone interaction

The generation of different types of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) in lithotripsy is investigated by numerical simulations using COMSOL, considering either the case of a weakly focused shock wave as an incident plane wave (in the focal plane) in shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) or a spherically divergent shock wave produced by a spark discharge in Nano Pulse Lithotripsy (NPL). The interaction of these two types of shock waves with an artificial kidney stone immersed in water may generate three different types of SAWs: namely, Scholte wave, acoustic surface evanescent wave (ASEW), and leaky Rayleigh wave (LRW). In particular, we examined the generation of SAWs on a flat, cylindrical, or spherical surface under different incident angles. It was found that the geometry and acoustic properties of the stone could significantly influence the types of SAWs generated and the resultant peak tensile stress produced at the stone-water boundary. Comparison with experimental measurements (i.e., Schlieren and photoelastic imaging) and stone fracture will also be made. [Work supported by NIH through 5R37DK052985-20.]

Metodología de representación de software orientada al desarrollo ágil de aplicaciones: Un enfoque arquitectural

La generación de aplicaciones web representa la ejecución de tareas repetitivas, este proceso involucra la determinación de estructuras de información, la generación de diferentes tipos de componentes y finalmente tareas de despliegue y puesta a punto de las aplicaciones. En muchas aplicaciones de este tipo los componentes generados son coincidentes entre aplicación y aplicación. Las tendencias actuales de la ingeniería de software como MDE, MDD o MDA pretenden automatizar la generación de aplicaciones sobre la base de la estructuración de un modelo que permita aplicar transformaciones con la consecución de la aplicación. Este documento pretende plasmar una base arquitectural que facilite la generación de estas aplicaciones apoyándose en la arquitectura dirigida por modelos, pero sin desconocer la existencia y actualidad de modelos arquitecturales preexistentes a las tendencias mencionadas en este resumen.

Knowledge Generation Strategies: Empirical Analysis of Industrial Enterprises

The aim of the research is to develop theory and practice of strategic planning in the field of knowledge generation as competitiveness factors of economic entities. The paper presents results of empirical researches of knowledge generation strategies that the Russian industrial enterprises realise. This study focuses on analysis of microdata (enterprise level) as the key instrument to reveal facts and hypotheses describing the innovation activities depending on different types of changed resource, quantity of new products made by the company, structure of costs for different types of knowledge, profit growth. The idea locates about strategies generation of different types of knowledge (operational, structural, functional) considerably differ. The authors prove that effective innovative company development, particularly in the difficult economic condition, stresses the importance of organising optimal cost structure for different types of knowledge. It is strategic knowledge management based on company strategy, its aims and growth trends that gives the most significant effect in the field of providing competitiveness.

A Dynamic Neural Network with Feedback for Trajectory Generation

Abstract A Dynamic Neural Network (DNN), comprising of a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and two Feedforward Neural Networks (FFNN), is detailed in this paper. This neuro-dynamic system is used to adaptively solve the problem of trajectory generation; planning a path connecting a locus of points as a function of time. The RNN is designed to exhibit a desired dynamic behavior which drives the output FFNN to generate a specific trajectory. To make the system adaptive, a feedback FFNN is introduced to generate inputs to the RNN based on the outputs of the output FFNN. Simulations conducted for generation of different types of trajectories show the capabilities of the DNN with feedback in solving the trajectory generation problem.

Microirradiation techniques in radiobiological research.

The aim of this work is to review the uses of laser microirradiation and ion microbeam techniques within the scope of radiobiological research. Laser microirradiation techniques can be used for many different purposes. In a specific condition, through the use of pulsed lasers, cell lysis can be produced for subsequent separation of different analytes. Microsurgery allows for the identification and isolation of tissue sections, single cells and subcellular components, using different types of lasers. The generation of different types of DNA damage, via this type of microirradiation, allows for the investigation of DNA dynamics. Ion microbeams are important tools in radiobiological research. There are only a limited number of facilities worldwide where radiobiological experiments can be performed. In the beginning, research was mostly focused on the bystander effect. Nowadays, with more sophisticated molecular and cellular biological techniques, ion microirradiation is used to unravel molecular processes in the field of radiobiology. These include DNA repair protein kinetics or chromatin modifications at the site of DNA damage. With the increasing relevance of charged particles in tumour therapy and new concepts on how to generate them, ion microbeam facilities are able to address unresolved questions concerning particle tumour therapy.

Hyperhomocysteinemia: Impact on Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases are the diseases of the central nervous system with various aetiology and symptoms. Dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and autism are some examples of neurodegenerative diseases. Hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) is considered to be an independent risk factor for numerous pathological conditions under neurodegenerative diseases. Along with genetic factors that are the prime cause of homocysteine (Hcy) imbalance, the nutritional and hormonal factors are also contributing to high Hcy levels in the body. Numerous clinical and epidemiological data confirm the direct correlation of Hcy levels in the body and generation of different types of central nervous system disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and others. Till now, it is difficult to say whether homocysteine is the cause of the disease or whether it is one of the impacts of the diseases. However, Hhcy is a surrogate marker of vitamin B deficiency and is a neurotoxic agent. This Mini Review will give an overview of how far research has gone into understanding the homocysteine imbalance with prognostic, causative and preventive measures in treating neurodegenerative diseases.

Human dendritic cell differentiation from monocytes

Dendritic cells (DCs) induce, sustain, and regulate immune responses and are essential mediators of immunity and tolerance. These cells are specialized to capture antigens, process and present them to T cells to initiate immune responses towards pathogens and tumours. DCs are heterogeneous for origin, anatomical localization, phenotype and function. They differentiate from haematopoietic stem cells-derived precursors, migrate from sites of antigen uptake to lymphoid organs, mature and interact with lymphocytes. Langerhans cells (LCs) are immature DCs, are located in stratified squamous epithelia of the epidermis and mucosae. LCs express CD1a, langerin/ CD207, E-cadherin and have intracytoplasmic Birbeck granules. We wonder if the PPAR (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor)-gamma stimulation can give rise to LCs in vitro starting from CD14+ monocytes, as occurs with CD133+ haematopoietic precursors (1). Circulating CD14+ monocytes have been isolated by immunomagnetic separation and cultured with GM-CSF, IL-4, TNF-α and TGF-β for 7 days. The complete maturation was induced by further culture for 48 h with the same cytokines, but the concentration of the TGF-β was increased (2). Rosiglitazone was used to stimulate PPAR-γ from the start of the culture. The cells were analysed by phase contrast, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and mixed lymphocyte reaction. All cultures generated mature cells that expressed MHCII intensely, both with and without rosiglitazone, and had lymphocyte stimulating activity. The obtained DCs express the DC-SIGN, such as connective tissue DCs, more intensely with than without rosiglitazone. Some of these cells were CD1a+ and among them a small part was CD207+, i.e. they were LC-like, however they never contained Birbeck granules. The percentages of cells CD1a+ and CD207+ were slightly higher without rosiglitazone. The results indicate that upon addition of rosiglitazone the in vitro differentiation of monocytes to LCs is hampered, at variance with what happens with cultures of CD133+ precursors. For this reason, experiments have been planned with CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells, because the generation of different types of DCs is a necessary step to gain control on these cells for medical purposes.

Archiving and Managing Remote Sensing Data using State of the Art Storage Technologies

Abstract. Integrated Multi-mission Ground Segment for Earth Observation Satellites (IMGEOS) was established with an objective to eliminate human interaction to the maximum extent. All emergency data products will be delivered within an hour of acquisition through FTP delivery. All other standard data products will be delivered through FTP within a day. The IMGEOS activity was envisaged to reengineer the entire chain of operations at the ground segment facilities of NRSC at Shadnagar and Balanagar campuses to adopt an integrated multi-mission approach. To achieve this, the Information Technology Infrastructure was consolidated by implementing virtualized tiered storage and network computing infrastructure in a newly built Data Centre at Shadnagar Campus. One important activity that influences all other activities in the integrated multi-mission approach is the design of appropriate storage and network architecture for realizing all the envisaged operations in a highly streamlined, reliable and secure environment. Storage was consolidated based on the major factors like accessibility, long term data protection, availability, manageability and scalability. The broad operational activities are reception of satellite data, quick look, generation of browse, production of standard and valueadded data products, production chain management, data quality evaluation, quality control and product dissemination. For each of these activities, there are numerous other detailed sub-activities and pre-requisite tasks that need to be implemented to support the above operations. The IMGEOS architecture has taken care of choosing the right technology for the given data sizes, their movement and long-term lossless retention policies. Operational costs of the solution are kept to the minimum possible. Scalability of the solution is also ensured. The main function of the storage is to receive and store the acquired satellite data, facilitate high speed availability of the data for further processing at Data Processing servers and help to generate data products at a rate of about 1000 products per day. It also archives all the acquired data on tape storage for long-term retention and utilization. Data sizes per satellite pass range from hundreds of megabytes to tens of gigabytes The images acquired from remote sensing satellites are valuable assets of NRSC and are used as input for further generation of different types of user data products through multiple Data Processing systems. Hence, it is required to collect and store the data within a shared, high speed repository concurrently accessible by multiple systems. After the raw imagery is stored on a high-speed repository, the images must be processed in order for them to be useful for value-added processing or for imagery analysts. The raw image file has to be copied on to data processing servers for further processing. Given the large file sizes, it is impractical to transfer these files to processing servers via a local area network. Even at gigabit Ethernet rates (up to 60 MB/s), a 5 GB file will take at least 83 seconds. For this reason, it is useful to employ a shared file system which allows every processing system to directly access the same pool where raw images were stored. Concurrent access by multiple systems is ensured for processing and generation of data products. With the above reasons, it was chosen to have high speed disk arrays for acquisition and processing purposes and tape based storage systems for long-term huge data (Peta Bytes) archival in a virtualized multitier storage architecture. This paper explains the architecture involved in a virtualized tiered storage environment being used for acquisition, processing and archiving the remote sensing data. It also explains the data management aspects involved in ensuring data availability and archiving Peta bytes sized, remote sensing data acquired over the past 40 years.

CANCER NANOTHERANOSTICS: A NEW PARADIGM OF SIMULTANEOUS DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY

Despite improvements in our understanding of cancer and the emerging concept of personalized medicine for the treatment of this disease, it is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although, in recent years, significant advances have been achieved in cancer therapy, many tumors are still challenging to treat and novel strategies are required to effectively combat this deadly disease. Nanotheranostics is a burgeoning field which makes use of nanotechnology for diagnosis and therapy of cancer. The recent advancement in the area of nanotechnology has enabled a new generation of different types of nanomaterials composed of either inorganic or polymer based nanoparticles to be useful for nanotheranostics applications such as to diagnose and treat diseases and monitoring the therapeutic response in vivo at molecular level; to enhance the control, evaluation and optimization of drug delivery and release; to target the drug by conjugating theranostic nanoplatformes with biological ligands. This review, therefore, summarizes the various nanocarriers developed so far for the simultaneous imaging and therapy, strategies for their targeted delivery, their potential applications and the challenges in their development and application for cancer therapy.  Key words: Cancer; Cancer therapy; Nanoparticles; Nanotheranostics.

State-of-the-art of Metamaterials: Characterization, Realization and Applications

Metamaterials is a large family of microwave structures that produces interesting ε and μ conditions with huge implications for numerous electromagnetic applications. Following a description of modern techniques to realize epsilon-negative, mu-negative and double-negative metamaterials, this paper explores recent literature on the use of metamaterials in hot research areas such as metamaterial-inspired microwave components, antenna applications and imaging. This contribution is meant to provide an updated overview of complex microwave engineering for the generation of different types of metamaterials and their application in topical electromagnetic scenarios.

Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Brown and White Adipocytes: Role of Pax3

Identification of molecular mechanisms involved in generation of different types of adipocytes is progressing substantially in mice. However, much less is known regarding characterization of brown (BAP) and white adipocyte progenitors (WAPs) in humans, highlighting the need for an in vitro model of human adipocyte development. Here, we report a procedure to selectively derive BAP and WAPs from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Molecular characterization of APs of both phenotypes revealed that BMP4, Hox8, Hoxc9, and HoxA5 genes were specifically expressed in WAPs, whereas expression of PRDM16, Dio2, and Pax3 marked BAPs. We focused on Pax3 and we showed that expression of this transcription factor was enriched in human perirenal white adipose tissue samples expressing UCP1 and in human classical brown fat. Finally, functional experiments indicated that Pax3 was a critical player of human AP fate as its ectopic expression led to convert WAPs into brown-like APs. Together, these data support a model in which Pax3 is a new marker of human BAPs and a molecular mediator of their fate. The findings of this study could lead to new anti-obesity therapies based on the recruitment of APs and constitute a platform for investigating in vitro the developmental origins of human white and brown adipocytes.

Mechanical and Geometrical Constraints Control Kinesin-Based Microtubule Guidance

Proper organization of microtubule networks depends on microtubule-associated proteins and motors that use different spatial cues to guide microtubule growth [1-3]. For example, it has been proposed that the uniform minus-end-out microtubule organization in dendrites of Drosophila neurons is maintained by steering of polymerizing microtubules along the stable ones by kinesin-2 motors bound to growing microtubule plus ends [4]. To explore the mechanics of kinesin-guided microtubule growth, we reconstituted this process invitro. In the presence of microtubule plus-end tracking EB proteins, a constitutively active kinesin linked to the EB-interacting motif SxIP effectively guided polymerizing microtubules along other microtubules both in cells and invitro. Experiments combined with modeling revealed that at angles larger than 90°, guidance efficiency is determined by the force needed for microtubule bending. At angles smaller than 90°, guidance requires microtubule growth, and guidance efficiency depends on the ability of kinesins to maintain contact between the two microtubules despite the geometrical constraints imposed by microtubule length and growth rate. Our findings provide a conceptual framework for understanding microtubule guidance during the generation of different types of microtubule arrays.

Rapid Generation of Amyloid from Native Proteins <em>In vitro</em>

Proteins carry out crucial tasks in organisms by exerting functions elicited from their specific three dimensional folds. Although the native structures of polypeptides fulfill many purposes, it is now recognized that most proteins can adopt an alternative assembly of beta-sheet rich amyloid. Insoluble amyloid fibrils are initially associated with multiple human ailments, but they are increasingly shown as functional players participating in various important cellular processes. In addition, amyloid deposited in patient tissues contains nonproteinaceous components, such as nucleic acids and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These cofactors can facilitate the formation of amyloid, resulting in the generation of different types of insoluble precipitates. By taking advantage of our understanding how proteins misfold via an intermediate stage of soluble amyloid precursor, we have devised a method to convert native proteins to amyloid fibrils in vitro. This approach allows one to prepare amyloid in large quantities, examine the properties of amyloid generated from specific proteins, and evaluate the structural changes accompanying the conversion.