Generation Cellular Communication Research Articles

Joint uplink-downlink user-cell association for ultra-dense NOMA networks

As wireless communication systems evolve, the transition from homogeneous structures to heterogeneous ones intensifies. The need for continuous connectivity, fairness, and spectrum efficiency, such as in massive Internet of Things (IoT) networks and ultra reliable low latency communications (uRLLC), necessitates the utilization of base stations with diverse capabilities and coverage areas. As a result, the need for advanced interference management, user-cell association, and resource allocation techniques increases. This study proposes an innovative solution for the problem of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) user-cell association in multi-tier ultra-dense heterogeneous networks (UD-HetNet). The proposed network constitutes a general framework that can be applied to next generation cellular communications, massive IoT, non-terrestrial and uRLLC type communications. Differing from previous studies that ignore interference and primarily focus on the received signal powers for user-cell association, this investigation advances the subject by considering the interplay between downlink received signal/interference power and uplink inter-cell interference. Due to the non-convex integer programming nature of the problem, it is proposed to employ an innovative relaxation algorithm to obtain a sub-optimal solution for the total signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). As verified through simulation results, the proposed association method permits concurrent communication participation of multiple users while managing the interference, rendering it as an ideal approach for systems emphasizing fairness and continuous connectivity.

A Study on Microstrip Array Antenna with FSS for Next Generation Cellular Communication

Abstract: Fifth-generation wireless, often known as 5G, is the next version of cellular technology and is intended to provide major improvements to the speed and responsiveness of wireless networks. In addition, the increased bandwidth and improved antenna technologies that come with 5G make it possible for a significant increase in the quantity of data that can be transmitted via a wireless network. In order to build a successful next-generation cellular communication system in the terahertz (THz) regime, it is necessary to create high-directivity antennas, which will enable the signal to travel further than 0.1 km. This will allow the system to function effectively. Concurrently, large bandwidth antennas should be designed in order to facilitate the information's transmission

Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Discontinuous Reception Scheme in 5G NR Communication Systems

The purpose of this work is to analyze the energy saving schemes of user equipment in the first releases (Release 15) of the fifth generation (5G NR) cellular mobile communication systems, as well as to identify possible ways to improve the energy efficiency of these systems. The paper describes the identified drawbacks of the existing discontinuous reception scheme (DRX-scheme) used for user equipment energy saving in 5G NR. The effectiveness of discontinuous reception scheme in reducing user equipment energy consumption was analyzed in detail by simulation study for various traffic models and a key scenario for the deployment of 5G wireless cellular mobile communication systems. Analysis of the simulation results shows that the discontinuous reception scheme does not reach the upper limit of possible energy saving for all the traffic models studied for a number of reasons described in this paper.

Reliability Optimization in the Design and Implementation of 6G Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Systems for Emergency Management in a Smart City Environment

Building on the microcell structure that utilizes carrier frequencies substantially above current 5G cellular networks can pose significant challenges to future generation cellular communication. In particular, the operational reliability of communication systems that support mission-critical services can be greatly affected by variations in vehicle velocity, rain-induced attenuation, and depolarization. The mandatory inclusion of eCall emergency systems in motor vehicles sold across the European Union since 2018 puts tremendous challenges to 6G development in emergency management given the fact that many road accidents occur under heavy rainfall. Addressing the urgent needs of reliability assessment of 6G-based emergency management systems within a smart city, this article takes an in-depth look at technical issues concerning the design and implementation aspects of the underlying vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication systems for optimizing reliability in a smart city environment is studied under the co-existence of both 5G and 6G network backbones.

Beam-Selection for 5G/B5G Networks Using Machine Learning: A Comparative Study

A challenging problem in millimeter wave (mmWave) communications for the fifth generation of cellular communications and beyond (5G/B5G) is the beam selection problem. This is due to severe attenuation and penetration losses that are inherent in the mmWave band. Thus, the beam selection problem for mmWave links in a vehicular scenario can be solved as an exhaustive search among all candidate beam pairs. However, this approach cannot be assuredly completed within short contact times. On the other hand, machine learning (ML) has the potential to significantly advance 5G/B5G technology, as evidenced by the growing complexity of constructing cellular networks. In this work, we perform a comparative study of using different ML methods to solve the beam selection problem. We use a common dataset for this scenario found in the literature. We increase the accuracy of these results by approximately 30%. Moreover, we extend the given dataset by producing additional synthetic data. We apply ensemble learning techniques and obtain results with about 94% accuracy. The novelty of our work lies in the fact that we improve the existing dataset by adding more synthetic data and by designing a custom ensemble learning method for the problem at hand.

Joint uplink–downlink resource allocation for energy efficient D2D underlaying cellular networks with many-to-one matching

Energy efficiency (EE) is an important parameter for the next generation cellular communications which is not limited to voice and text messages only. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is being viewed as a promising technology to support heterogeneous applications involved in future cellular networks. Due to its short range communication, less amount of power is sufficient to make a successful transmission. By exploiting this feature of D2D, this paper proposes an energy-efficient resource allocation scheme for joint uplink/downlink (UL/DL) D2D considering many-to-one matching criterion for channel reuse among users. In this paper, total EE of D2D pairs (DPs) is taken as a performance metric to be optimized subject to quality of service (QoS) satisfaction for cellular users (CUs) within the power budgets of all the users. An iterative scheme is designed for joint channel and power optimization problem. Simulation results show the convergence of joint iterative algorithm and verify significant performance improvement over other schemes.

An adaptive channel estimation scheme based on redundancy minimization for filtered OFDM networks

Filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (F-OFDM), a technology which is being considered as a promising platform for beyond 4G era is expected to help deliver the new features at millimeter wave in the new 5 th generation of cellular communication. Some of its key features notably better spectral utilization, enhanced throughput and immunity to interference can be enabling for the new cellular standards. These features of filtered OFDM comes with strict requirements of filter design, guard tone managements, and efficient channel state information harness. This paper is intended to propose an intuitive channel estimation scheme which will allow efficient acquisition of channel state information (CSI) through exploiting the redundant steps of the conventional pilot training-based algorithms and by also using an adaptive weight to expedite the minimization of the error between the estimated values and the actual values. Various simulations will follow to demonstrate the superiority of the scheme over traditional pilot-based algorithms and thus prove its utility in the current 5G cellular era.

Adaptive Beamforming Model for 5G High Speed Networks using Millimeter Wave Communication in Uplink

Future generation cellular communications will require increased data rates and transmission using millimeter waves (MMWs), which are an emerging concept to meet this need. The MMW frequencies offer the potential for orders of magnitude capacity improvements. However, MMW network connections are more susceptible to blocking, and they suffer from rapid quality differential. The major limitation of offering multiconnectivity in MMWs is the necessity of tracking the direction of every link with its suitable timing and power. Beamforming enables wireless communications, even with higher frequency bands such as the MMW frequency band. The main purpose of this article is to develop an adaptive beamforming approach for 5G millimeter-wave networks. MMW communication efficiency is improved by enhancing the narrowband weights of adaptive beamforming. Here, the Shark Smell Optimization (SSO) and Bird Swarm Algorithm (BSA) are combined to improve the weight update approach of the new Salp-Bird Swarm Optimization (S-BSO) to achieve adaptiveness in beamforming. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested Salp-Bird Swarm Optimization (S-BSO), an experimental comparison is carried out with the current models.

Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) Allocation Scheduling Method Using Combinatorial Optimization by Quantum Computing

Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) significantly improves the energy utilization efficiency in 6th generation cellular communication systems. Here, we consider a system with multiple IRS and users, with one user communicating via several IRSs. In such a system, the user to which an IRS is assigned for each unit time must be determined to realize efficient communication. The previous studies on the optimization of various parameters for IRS based wireless systems did not consider the optimization of such IRS allocation scheduling. Therefore, we propose an IRS allocation scheduling method that limits the number of users who allocate each IRS to one unit time and sets the reflection coefficients of the IRS specifically to the assigned user resulting in the maximum IRS array gain. Additionally, as the proposed method is a combinatorial optimization problem, we develop a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization formulation to solve this using quantum computing. This will lead to the optimization of the entire system at a high speed and low power consumption in the future. Using computer simulation, we clarified that the proposed method realizes a more efficient communication compared to the method where one IRS is simultaneously used by multiple users.

Comprehensive use of 6G cellular technology accounting activity costs and cyber security

The purpose of this study was in the research of prospects for simultaneous use of 6G generation cellular communications for the purposes of automatization of cost accounting of the activity of enterprises of various branches and cybersecurity of accounting information. The theoretical and methodological aspects of the use of 6G cellular network technologies for accounting and cybersecurity purposes have been studied on the basis of general research methods – institutional and innovative; economic and mathematical methods of analysis using Excel spreadsheets were used to predict the pace of implementation of cellular communication of new generations; to determine perspective areas of use of 6G technology – methods of bibliographic and comparative analysis using the information resource "ResearchGate". The methods of permanent collection and transmission of accounting data about the production process and the procedure for monitoring the stay of employees or outsiders at the workplace using production equipment connected to the 6G cellular network has been developed. The procedure for combining the functional abilities of Global Positioning System (GPS) and cellular positioning (mobile subscribers) for accounting of transport costs and control over the movement and economic use of vehicles has been proposed.The procedure for combining unmanned aerial vehicles in a cluster on the basis of 6G communication with the purpose of aerovisual surveillance of agricultural and construction activities for automated accounting of production costs and prevention of unauthorized getting into an enterprise of persons (drones). The methods for determining the cost of rental space from the lessor based on counting the popularity among visitors and identifying offenders (thieves of information and material resources) through automated monitoring of the location of 6G cellular subscribers. The practical implementation of the developments presented in the article on the use of 6G cellular technologies will contribute to reliable costing and accounting of production costs of production, agricultural, construction, trade activities in combination with effective cyber protection of enterprises in preventing and detecting violators of information and territorial security. Further research is needed on the methods of management of business entities on the basis of accounting information obtained with the use of 6G cellular network technology.

Security of 5G Networks – A Complex Issue –

"The history of mobile telecommunications is not very old. It has been a bit more than 40 years since the first generation of cellular communications (1G) was launched on the market, offering the possibility of making and receiving phone calls while on the go, even accompanied by a number of technological limitations, including network and system security. Each new generation of technologies that followed this stage brought significant diversification and improvements in services. Today, there is more and more talk of the fifth generation of mobile communications technologies (5G). The security aspects of 5G networks are a hot topic worldwide, both among major state and nonstate actors. This article highlights the main characteristics of 5G technologies and why security of 5G networks is essential and complex."

Securitatea rețelelor 5G – o problemă complexă

"The history of mobile telecommunications is not very old. It has been a bit more than 40 years since the first generation of cellular communications (1G) was launched on the market, offering the possibility of making and receiving phone calls while on the go, even accompanied by a number of technological limitations, including network and system security. Each new generation of technologies that followed this stage brought significant diversification and improvements in services. Today, there is more and more talk of the fifth generation of mobile communications technologies (5G). The security aspects of 5G networks are a hot topic worldwide, both among major state and nonstate actors. This article highlights the main characteristics of 5G technologies and why security of 5G networks is essential and complex."

Расчет ослабления сигнала сетей сотовой связи 5G для частот диапазона FR1

The paper presents a model for the propagation of a radio signal of a fifth-generation cellular communication system, taking into account the unevenness of the terrain. The aim of the study is to assess the signal power level on the receiving side of the fourth and fifth generation cellular communication system when the signal propagates over uneven terrain in the frequency bands FR1 (2.6 GHz), FR1 (4.9 GHz). When estimating the power of the radio signal on the receiving side in the model, the values of the height map of the of Tomsk city, obtained in the course of the SRTM3 program, were used as uneven terrain. The presented radio signal propagation model is the Longley Rice ITM (Irregular Terrain Model). For this model, the main expressions are given that determine the resulting signal attenuation, as well as expressions that describe the geometry of the propagation path. The article reflects the main factors that determine the propagation of centimeter waves characteristic of the fifth generation cellular communication system, presents the results of modeling the propagation of the fifth 5G and fourth 4G generation cellular signal using the example of various scenarios for the location of a subscriber terminal and a base station in the Tomsk city. The simulation was carried out for two frequency bands FR1 (4.9 GHz) of the 5G network and FR1 (2.6 GHz) of the 4G network. As a result of the simulation, the values of the attenuation of the signal power level during propagation along the given paths were obtained, and also, taking into account the parameters of the transceiver equipment, the values of the signal power on the receiving side were calculated. Based on the data obtained, a comparative assessment of the communication range for 4G and 5G systems was made.

Dual-Band Single-Layer Fractal Frequency Selective Surface for 5G Applications

Due to the global growth in popularity of Fifth Generation (5G) cellular communications, the demand for shielding against it has risen for a variety of applications, mainly related to cybersecurity but also to isolation, calm areas and so on. This research paper aims to provide a suitable dual-band fractal FSS (Frequency Selective Surface) for the 5G lower band frequencies: 750 MHz and 3.5 GHz. The unit cell is in the shape of a bow tie, where each of the triangular parts are Sierpiński triangles. One major addition to the unit cell is a central metal strip to make the manufacturing of the FSS more feasible and to tune the operation frequencies and bandwidths. As with each different stage of a fractal antenna, the different stages of the fractal FSS design behave differently. For this application, stage 2 is sufficient, as we are able to cover frequency bands among those included in the FR1 5G spectrum. Some equations were derived using linear regression in order to provide specific design tools for building an FSS. These equations have high accuracy and can be used to adapt the proposed design to other frequencies. Some other parameters, which are not represented in the aforementioned equations, can also be adjusted for minor tweaking of the final design. This design performs well except under large incidence angles. This should be taken into account when proposing the installation of a structure based on it. A good agreement between simulation and measurement results is observed.

Performance Analysis of Different Hybrid Precoding Schemes in 5G mmWave massive MIMO Systems

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is most likely to appear as a aspiring technology in the upcoming generation of cellular communication (5G). To confront several challenges (e.g., system complexity, energy consumption etc.), hybrid precoding is largely investigated in mmWave massive MIMO systems due to its low energy consuming nature and reduced system complexity.

On the Performance of LDPC-Coded Massive MIMO Schemes with Power-Ordered NOMA Techniques

This article studies the power-ordered Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) techniques associated with Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes, adopted for use in the fifth generation of cellular communications (5G). Both conventional and cooperative NOMA are studied, associated with Single Carrier with Frequency Domain Equalization (SC-FDE) and massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). Billions of Internet of Things (IoT) devices are aimed to be incorporated by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, requiring more efficient use of the spectrum. NOMA techniques have the potential to support that goal and represent strong candidates for incorporation into future releases of 5G. This article shows that combined schemes associated with both conventional and cooperative LDPC-coded NOMA achieve good performance while keeping the computational complexity at an acceptable level.

Design of Minkowski Array Microstrip Fractal Antenna at 3.5 GHz Frequency for 5G Communication System

Technological developments in the field of telecommunications are experiencing rapid progress, especially the presence of 5G technology as a fifth generation cellular communication system that has many advantages at the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) in 2015, 5G candidate frequency bands below 6 GHz have been widely discussed, and the range the following frequencies have been suggested: 470–694, 1427–1518, 3300–3800, and 4500–4990 MHz. One of recommendation of resonant frequency is 3.5 GHz, as it is acceptable in most countries. Therefore, a reliable communication network is needed, especially in the 3.5 GHz frequency band for fifth generation applications. Antena is one of the important communication components in radio communication system. Mikrostrip Antena is a type of Antena that is currently growing because it has the advantage of having a light weight and low profile. This paper proposed development of mikrostrip Antena using the fractal method, increase the gain using the Array method, and achieve the target return loss ≤ -10 dB, VSWR ≤ 2, and gain ≥ 5 dB at frequency of 3.5 GHz for 5G communication sytsem. Proposed Antena is designed using a duroid R5880 substrate with a dielectric constant value of 2.2, a dielectric loss (tan loss) of 0.0009 and a substrate thickness (h) of 1.57 mm. This study resulted in a reduction in Antena dimensions until 53.76% with return loss of -42.48 dB, VSWR 1.02, and a gain of 8.46 dB. The results obtained in this design meet the specifications of the predetermined targets.

Adaptive relay selection based on channel gain and link distance for cooperative out-band device-to-device networks

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is one of the key enabling technologies for 5G to support many connections efficiently. In a cooperative out-band D2D communication network, relay nodes have an essential role in receiving and forwarding information signals from source (S) to destination (D), making the system more reliable and with higher energy efficiency. Therefore, the relay selection method is very important in determining the best relay among existing relays to achieve maximum performance. This paper proposes a new Adaptive Relay Selection (ARS) scheme for cooperative out-band D2D networks based on channel gain value and transmission link distance. Firstly, the best relay is adaptively selected among N available relays (R) based on the maximum channel gain values between S to R if the channel gain-based signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is greater than the distance-based SNR. Otherwise, the best relay is selected based on the minimum distance between S to R. We also analyzed an exact closed-form throughput and the total energy consumption required for a cooperative out-band D2D communication system using the Quantization-and-Forward (QF) protocol. The numerical results show that the proposed ARS scheme has a higher throughput than the two previous schemes: maximum channel gain and minimum distance. Furthermore, the proposed ARS can reduce the total energy consumption, which indirectly impacts the resulting energy efficiency level. The proposed ARS scheme achieves higher energy efficiency than the previous schemes, either by link distance or power allocation. So, the proposed ARS scheme for an out-band D2D communication network is an appropriate solution for the next generation of cellular communications.

Implementation of 5G NR Primary and Secondary Synchronization

The 5th generation cellular communication system (5G) is oriented towards a new generation of cell conversation device. Similar to all cellular broadband for highly reliable communique with networks consisting of very low latency, synchronization within the respective time frame and frequency domain plays an essential role by allowing the user devices (UE) to acquire data accordingly and transfer it. The paper gives an overview of the 5G signal receiving systems framework required to obtain a physical mobile identification. The physical alerts anticipated with the aid of the 3GPP (third Generation Partnership Project) 5G New Radio specification for synchronization and cellular seek in 5th-era Wi-Fi broadband get entry to structures is provided in this paper. The statistics required to determine the 5G NR physical layer that is carried with the aid of. Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) and Primary Synchronization Signal. Subsequently, this paper affords implementation of low power, High speed Synchronization signal detection in Xilinx Kintex FPGA. An excessive-Performance Synchronization Signal detection is derived.

Power-Ordered NOMA with Massive MIMO for 5G Systems

The aim of this article is to study the conventional and cooperative power-order Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) using the Single Carrier with Frequency Domain Equalization (SC-FDE) block transmission technique, associated with massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), evidencing its added value in terms of spectral efficiency of such combined scheme. The new services provided by Fifth Generation of Cellular Communications (5G) are supported by new techniques, such as millimeter waves (mm-wave), alongside the conventional centimeter waves and by massive MIMO (m-MIMO) technology. NOMA is expected to be incorporated in future releases of 5G, as it tends to achieve a capacity gain, highly required for the massive number of Internet of things (IoT) devices, namely to support an efficient reuse of limited spectrum. This article shows that the combination of conventional and cooperative NOMA with m-MIMO and SC-FDE, tends to achieve capacity gains, while the performance only suffers a moderate degradation, being an acceptable alternative for future evolutions of 5G. Moreover, it is shown that Cooperative NOMA tends to outperform Conventional NOMA. Moreover, this article shows that the Maximum Ratio Combiner (MRC) receiver is very well fitted to be combined with NOMA and m-MIMO, as it achieves a good performance while reducing the receiver complexity.