Generation Biodiesel Research Articles

CO2 Footprint of the Seeds of Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) as a Biodiesel Feedstock Source

Crude rubber seed oil (CRSO) is a promising but currently underutilized biodiesel feedstock alternative, extracted by pressing the seeds of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Rubber trees are cultivated across more than 11.4 million hectares worldwide, mainly in Southeast Asia. Despite their suitability as a biodiesel feedstock source, rubber seeds are currently treated as waste in the monocultural plantation system. To date, no assessments have been performed to examine the potential impact of rubber seed-based biodiesel production on GHG emissions. This study analyses the global warming potential of rubber seed methyl ester (RSME) production in Southeast Asia. The functional unit used is 1 MJ of biodiesel. A sensitivity analysis assesses the influence of key parameters (e.g., rubber seed yield) on the GHG mitigation potential. A scenario analysis evaluates the effect of using RSME by-products for energy generation. In comparison to fossil diesel, RSME has a carbon mitigation potential of 67 g CO2.eq. MJ−1, based on allocation by mass. On the condition of compliance with international sustainability standards that call for deforestation-free value chains, the generation of RSME biodiesel on rubber tree plantations in Southeast Asia would have a total mitigation potential of around 2.8 million tonnes of CO2 eq. per year.

Enhancement of the energy yield from microalgae via enzymatic pretreatment and anaerobic co-digestion

Microalgae have been considered as one of the most promising biomass resources for the generation of biodiesel, whereas algal residues (AR) after lipid extraction need to be utilized to enhance its economy and sustainability. This study proposed an integrated biochemical method for microalgae Chlorella sp. processing to achieve a high energy yield (12.33 KJ g−1VS). The microalgae were first pretreated with mixed enzymes for lipid extraction. After that, the AR obtained from the lipid extraction of microalgae was co-digested with energy grass (GR) Pennisetum hybrid for methane production. Results indicated that the lipid yield from microalgae was enhanced by 54.45% with mixed enzymes pretreatment of cellulase, xynalase and pectinase compared to that without enzymatic pretreatment. The maximal methane yield (207.35 ± 15.66 mLCH4 g−1VS) of AR and GR co-digestion was obtained with the AR and GR VS ratio at 1:3. Energy yields evaluation based on the biodiesel and methane yields indicated that the energy yield for this two-step combined method was 169% higher than that for biodiesel alone. Thus, the proposed integrated approach was verified to be applicable for microalgae processing for energy production.

Mild Pyrolysis of Manually Pressed and Liquid Nitrogen Treated De‐Lipid Cake of Nannochloropsis Oculata for Bioenergy Utilisation

AbstractDue to the damaging impacts of continued use of fossil fuels, there is global interest in developing sustainable biofuel production to reduce society's dependency on carbon based energy resources. Microalgae cultivation can contribute to CO2 fixation from the atmosphere, while simultaneously producing a source of lipids from the biomass for third generation biodiesel fuel production. The residual de‐lipid cake left after lipid extraction can be treated with thermochemical techniques (such as mild pyrolysis) to produce solid biochar as an end product with a higher energy density and lower moisture content offering advantages for downstream processing or carbon sequestration. De‐lipid cake was produced by solvent extraction from Nannochloropsis oculata that had been manually pressed and/or treated with liquid nitrogen (LN2). The de‐lipid cake was thermally treated at 200 °C or 300 °C under partial vacuum in an oxygen free atmosphere. The solid biochar produced had a reduced moisture content (MC) resulting in a mass reduction of 25 and 66 wt % of de‐lipid cake without LN2 and treatment at 200 °C and 300 °C, respectively, while with LN2 treated cake the mass reduction was 23 and 67 wt % at 200 °C and 300 °C. The higher heating value of the control sample (without any manual pressing or LN2 treatment) was 23.35 MJ kg−1, while for the control sample it was enhanced to 26.82 and 30.56 MJ kg−1 with treatment at 200 °C and 300 °C, respectively. With LN2 treated samples with pressing the HHV was 21.98 MJ kg−1 for control sample as compared to 25.90 and 28.72 MJ kg−1 at 200 and 300 °C respectively, where the lower values were observed because of the lipid removal. The measured gas pressure developed, likely due to the production of CO2 and CH4 as major gases,, was 0.19 and 0.53 bars without LN2 treatment samples, while it was 0.13 and 0.58 bars with LN2. The torrefaction process (mild pyrolysis) energy analysis showed that the ER (energy ratio) without LN2 treatment sample with 0.485 at 200 °C was the highest and the lowest 0.407 energy ratio was found with LN2 treated sample at the higher treatment temperature (300 °C).

The effects of 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel exhaust exposure on hematological and biochemical blood indices of Fisher344 male rats – The FuelHealth project

Diesel exhaust emissions (DEE), being one of the main causes of ambient air pollution, exert a detrimental effect on human health and increase morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate potential adverse effects of exhausts emissions from B7 fuel, the first-generation biofuel containing 7% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and SHB20 fuel, the second-generation biofuel containing 20% FAME/hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), after a whole-body exposure with and without diesel particle filter (DPF).The experiment was performed on 95 male Fischer 344 rats, divided into 10 groups (8 experimental, 2 control). Animals were exposed to DEE (diluted with charcoal-filtered room air to 2.1–2.2% (v/v)) for 7 or 28 days (6 h/day, 5 days/week) in an inhalation chamber. DEE originated from Euro 5 engine with or without DPF treatment, run on B7 or SHB20 fuel. Animals in the control groups were exposed to clean air. Our results showed that the majority of haematological and biochemical parameters examined in blood were at a similar level in the exposed and control animals. However, exposure to DEE from the SHB20 fuel caused an increase in the number of red blood cells (RBC) and haemoglobin concentration. Moreover, 7 days exposure to DEE from SHB20 fuel induced genotoxic effects manifested by increased levels of DNA single-strand breaks in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, inhalation of both types of DEE induced oxidative stress and caused imbalance of anti-oxidant defence enzymes.In conclusion, exposure to DEE from B7, which was associated with higher exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, resulted in decreased number of T and NK lymphocytes, while DEE from SHB20 induced a higher level of DNA single-strand breaks, oxidative stress and increased red blood cells parameters. Additionally, DPF technology generated increased number of smaller PM and made the DEE more reactive and more harmful, manifested as deregulation of redox balance.

Incorporation of Ce3+ ions into dodecatungstophosphoric acid for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil

A series of cerium-exchanged dodecatungstophosphates CexH3-3xPW12O40 (CexH3-3xPW, x = 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0) were designed and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), pyridine adsorption IR spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD). The activity of these catalysts was evaluated for the generation of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) with 27 wt% of free fatty acids (FFAs) and 1 wt% of water. Compared to theri parent H3PW12O40, CexH3-3xPW showed higher activity for esterification of FFAs and transesterification of triglyceride to mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids (FAMEs) in one-pot. The acidic properties of CexH3-3xPW depended on the amount of Ce3+ ions in the secondary structure of Keggin heteropolyacids, while conversion of triglycerides and FFAs depended on their increasing acid contents. Among CexH3-3xPW, Ce0.7H0.9PW showed significant activity due to its high Brønsted acidity and Lewis acidity with 98% conversion of WCO and almost 100% selectivity to FAME at the molar ratio of methanol to WCO = 21:1 and 65 °C for 12 h. The reaction adhered to first-order kinetics with the activation energy (Ea) of 71 kJ/mol and the frequency factor (A) of 1.8 × 108 min−1, while the reaction rates were not influenced by the internal mass transport. The catalyst behaved as a heterogeneous catalyst, which can achieve the regeneration and be used more than five runs but without obvious decrease in activity. The characteristics of the WCO methyl ester were found to be close to the engine requirement.

Gene expression changes in rat brain regions after 7- and 28 days inhalation exposure to exhaust emissions from 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel fuels - The FuelHealth project

While the impact of emissions from combustion of fossil fuel on human health has been extensively studied, current knowledge of exhaust exposure from combustion of biofuels provides limited and inconsistent information about its neurotoxicity. The objective of the present work was to compare the gene expression patterns in rat frontal cortex and hippocampus after exposure to diesel exhaust emissions (DEE) from combustion of two 1st generation fuels, 7% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) (B7) and 20% FAME (B20), and a 2nd generation 20% FAME/hydrotreated vegetable oil (SHB20: synthetic hydrocarbon biofuel), with and without diesel particulate filter (DPF). The Fisher 344 rats (n = 7/treatment) were exposed to DEE for 7 days (6h/day), and for 28 days (6h/day, 5 days/week) in whole body exposure chambers. The controls were breathing room air. Brain histological examinations did not reveal any adverse exposure-related effects of DEE in frontal cortex or in hippocampus. Gene expression analysis showed that several genes associated with antioxidant defenses and inflammation were statistically differently expressed in DEE exposed animals versus control. In addition, the gene expression changes between the exposure groups were compared, where the observed rank order in frontal cortex was B7 > B20 > SHB20 after 7 days of exposure, and SHB20 > B7 = B20 after 28 days of exposure. In the hippocampus, the rank order was B7 > SHB20 > B20. Effect of DPF treatment was observed for Tnf only. Overall, moderate increases in bio-components in diesel blends do not appear to result in dramatic alterations in gene expression or adverse histopathological effects.

Valoración económica del consumo y producción de materias primas para la fabricación de biodiésel en Guatemala

Objetivo: realizar la valoración económica del consumo y producción de materias primas para la elaboración de biodiésel en Guatemala. Metodología: se utilizó fue el Método de Valoración Contingente para estimar el valor económico-ambiental que los consumidores y productores le otorgan a la producción de las materias primas Higuerillo (Ricinus communis) y Piñón (Jatropha curcas) para generación de biodisel. Para el caso de la Palma Africana (Elaeis guinnensis), se utilizó el método de valoración denominado Cambio de Productividad para establecer el excedente del productor y el método de valoración contingente para determinar el excedente de los consumidores. Resultados: los resultados del análisis de valoración económica ambiental reportan bienestar o excedentes para el consumo de biodiésel y la producción de las tres materias primas a valor presente en el orden de los US $71 millardos de dólares para un periodo de quince años y con la meta de sustituir el 80% del diésel por biodiésel con el cultivo y producción de 374,832 hectáreas. De este excedente total, el 99.76% está dado por el excedente de los consumidores por lo que el bienestar de los productores de las materias primas a valor actual se estimó en US $169 millones. Limitaciones: son las propias de la metodología de valoración económica que se utilizó, ya que al generar mercados hipotéticos se pueden caer en sesgos de la información los cuales se reducen por las técnicas estadísticas utilizadas. Conclusiones: se recomienda que la asignación de recursos se debe orientar a la demanda de los compradores que más valoran el consumo de biodiésel, es decir aquellos que muestran una mayor disposición a pagar (DAP).

Influence of second generation biodiesel on engine performance, emissions, energy and exergy parameters

The present study compares diesel engine performance, emissions, energy and exergy parameters of three non-edible biodiesels blends and a reference diesel. The three biodiesel blends were prepared so as to keep the blend oxygen percentage at around 3.3 wt%. Considering the economy and availability, waste cooking and macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) biodiesels were chosen for all the engine experiments. A commercial diesel was used as a reference fuel to compare the performance and emissions with those of the biodiesel blends. To keep the oxygen percentage of the blends approximately the same as for the reference diesel, around 30% waste cooking biodiesel was added to 70% reference diesel to make the first blend. Similarly, around 30% macadamia biodiesel was mixed with 70% reference diesel to make the second blend. In addition, 10% macadamia biodiesel and 20% waste cooking biodiesel were mixed with the 70% reference diesel to make the third blend with similar oxygen content. The macadamia blend is designated as MaD, the waste cooking blend is termed WcD, and the blend with macadamia and waste cooking biodiesel is abbreviated as MaWcD. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the fuel-oxygen on engine performance, emissions, energy and exergy parameters. A well-instrumented, 4-cylinder, 4-stroke, naturally aspirated direct injection (DI) diesel engine was used for the experiments. The engine was loaded and coupled with an eddy current dynamometer. Performance, emissions, energy and exergy parameters for the three biodiesel blends were compared with those of the reference diesel. Without significant reduction in engine performance, a significant reduction in total unburnt hydrocarbon (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM) emissions with a penalty of increased nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were realised with all three biodiesel blends.

Computer-aided heat integration of biodiesel production from Chlorella Vulgaris microalgae

Background: Microalgae have gained certain attention globally as feedstock for biodiesel production due to its fast growth rate and high potential yield of bio-fuel. Objectives: This work is focused on applying heat integration by thermal pinch point technique to a third generation biodiesel production process using Chlorella vulgaris as feedstock. Methods/Analysis: This case of study was simulated through commercial industrial process simulation software. A Cascade Diagram (CD) was constructed by defining temperature intervals and performing heat balance around them. The CD provided information about minimum cooling and heating utilities usage and maximum integrated heat exchange. In addition, a HEN was sensitized to achieve utilities targets. Findings: It was found that heat integration reduced cooling utilities and heating utilities by 38.67 and 100%, respectively, which reduces total operating costs when compared to base case. Novelty/Improvement: These results suggested that operating cost of biodiesel production from microalgae can be reduced by performing heat integration that represents an attractive process improvement for making biodiesel cost-competitive with other energy sources. Keywords: Biodiesel, Heat Integration, Pinch Point, Utilities, CAPE

Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of an unmodified diesel engine fueled with Manilkara Zapota Methyl Ester and its diesel blends

This research article highlights the results of analyses conducted to examine the combustion, performance and exhaust emission characteristics of an unmodified diesel engine fueled with a new third generation biodiesel derived from Manilkara zapota seed oil (MZO) and its blends with fossil diesel. Biodiesel was produced by the alkaline catalyst transesterification process using methanol along with KOH as catalyst. Five different test fuels were prepared and tested in a single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine at a rated speed of 1500 rpm. Test fuel B50 (50% biodiesel + 50% diesel) produced 17% higher brake thermal efficiency and 14.34% reduced brake specific fuel consumption along with a reduction of 34.21% and 4.32% in CO and unburnt hydrocarbon emission respectively as compared to fossil diesel. Although B50 produced 38.91% higher CO2 emission than that of diesel, equivalent amount of CO2 would have been sequestered during the growth of biodiesel plants, keeping the environment balance of CO2 level.

Synthesis, optimization and characterization of biochar based catalyst from sawdust for simultaneous esterification and transesterification

Abstract The development of a benign environmental catalyst for the generation of biodiesel is an area of importance to reduce the overall usage of fossil fuels. In the current work, biochar was produced by slow pyrolysis of Irul wood sawdust. The optimization for biochar generation was carried out for different reaction temperatures and heating durations. The biochar was used to prepare solid acid catalysts by sulfonation process. The characterization of biochar and the sulfonated catalyst were carried out using Elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Surface area analyzer (BET). The characterization results showed that sulfonation of biochar resulted in biochar based solid acid catalyst containing various functional acidic groups like weak acidic OH groups, strong acidic COOH and SO3H groups. The total acid density and sulfonic acid group density of catalyst were estimated and showed excellent acidic sites concentration which gives a good catalytic activity for biodiesel production through simultaneous esterification and transesterification. The enhanced catalytic activity is due to the high acid density of SO3H groups and the reactant accessibility towards acidic sites as well as the strong affinity between the hydrophilic reactants and the neutral OH groups which are bonded with the polycyclic aromatic carbon rings. The performance of biochar catalyst for the production of biodiesel was evaluated by comparing the yield obtained. The FTIR and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS) were also carried out for the analysis of biodiesel produced.

Mixed Culture Microalgae-Based Coconut Biodiesel as Fuel to Improve DI CI Engine Performance, Emission Characteristics

The depleting Fossil fuels reserves are caused to look into new Renewable energy sources to fulfill Diesel fuel demand in developing countries such as India. Increasing urbanization is lead to the search for new alternative sources like biodiesel. In India demand of diesel fuel in Industry and Transportation sector. To resolve all the above problems, researchers, scientists were produced biodiesel from first, second and third generation biodiesel sources. Among all the sources Algae was the most Oil rich sources. The byproducts in algae to biodiesel conversion process are most valuable than other. In the present work author tried to work in a new approach, i.e. the mixed culture algae particles are emulsified in pure Coconut biodiesel fuel by using TritonX-100 as a surfactant to prepare an emulsified fuel. This fuel sample was applied to DI CI engine to improve performance, emission characteristics. The experimental results were shown that there is the improvement in diesel engine performance; emission characteristics especially break thermal efficiency and NOx emission reduction than diesel fuel due to its clean combustion.

Effect of hydroxy and hydrogen gas addition on diesel engine fuelled with microalgae biodiesel

Owing to high growth rate, being non-edible, and environmental friendliness; microalgae is a promising third generation biodiesel raw material. In this study, hydrogen and hydroxy gas aspirated compression ignition engine which was fuelled with microalgae biodiesel and low sulphur diesel fuel blend were investigated in order to evaluate their combined effect. The results showed that the brake power and torque output of the test engine decreased with microalgae biodiesel usage. Moreover, microalgae biodiesel addition results in lower carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emissions, and higher carbon dioxide. The introduction of hydrogen and hydroxy gas compensated the decrement of torque and power output and increment of carbon dioxide emission. The study enlightened that usage of microalgae biodiesel with hydrogen and hydroxy gas addition is a very promising combination from the environmental viewpoint.

Energy and Exergy Analysis of Diesel Engine Run on Different Second Generation Biodiesels

Energy and Exergy Analysis of Diesel Engine Run on Different Second Generation Biodiesels

Study on Suitable Light Conditions and Efficient Lipid Extraction Technologies for Biodiesel Production Based on Microalgae

As a new generation biodiesel feedstock, microalgae have most potential to replace fossil fuel. However, the limited scale and high cost are two bottleneck problems. Efficient microwave-assisted lipid extraction technologies and suitable light conditions for Chlorella Sorokiniana need further study for lowering the cost. In this study, three photoperiod groups(24L:0D, 12L:12D, 0L:24D), three illumination intensity groups (1800 lux, 3600 lux, 5400 lux)and four light spectrum groups (Red, green, blue, and white) were used to culture Chlorella Sorokiniana to investigate those effects on algae growth rate and biomass accumulation. The suitable microwave treatment was also studied to achieve an optimizing quantum fracturing technology. 400 w, 750 w and 1000 w microwave power were set and 60 °C, 75 °C, 90 °C microwave conditions were investigated. The results showed that Chlorella Sorokiniana under 24L:0D photoperiod with 5400 lux white light can achieve better growth rate. The 90 °C / 1000w microwave treatment was identified as the most simple, easy, and effective way for lipid extraction from Chlorella Sorokiniana. As the raw material of biodiesel production, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 have accounted for important components of fatty acid in Chlorella Sorokiniana. Therefore, Chlorella Sorokiniana is a good raw material for the production of good quality biodiesel under suitable and efficient technologies.

Anaerobic co-digestion of swine manure and crude glycerol derived from animal fat—Effect of hydraulic retention time

Crude glycerol (CG), an abundant by-product of bio-diesel production, has been identified as a suitable co-substrate for improving the biogas production of livestock manure through anaerobic digestion (AD). In this study, the potential of utilizing CG generated from the esterification of animal fats for biogas production was studied in both batch and continuous AD experiments, with emphasis on the importance of the hydraulic retention time (HRT). Batch experiments showed that the limiting step in the methane production rate during CG mono-digestion was the 1,3-propanediol uptake. Additionally, biochemical methane potential tests indicated that the addition of 1% w/w CG to swine manure-AD is more efficient in terms of percent of theoretical amount of methane obtained than the addition of 3% w/w. However, in continuous experiments, co-digestion of manure with 3% w/w CG did not exhibit any sign of inhibition within the HRTs tested (17–22 days). Moreover, a 222% increase of biogas productivity was observed with 3% CG supplementation at an HRT of 17 days, in contrast to a 146% increase at an HRT of 22 days. Based on this, and on the similar efficiency of soluble COD removal among the processes (ca. 93%), it was shown that it is possible to reduce the HRT without affecting negatively the efficiency of conversion of manure. Moreover, it was shown that CG from 2 nd generation biodiesel based on animal fat, is a suitable feedstock for boosting the methane production of manure-based biogas plants.

Synthesis and Catalysis of Mixed Oxides on Mesoporous Mayenite for Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil (Ricinus communis)

Environmental concern has been driving the search for substitutes to the fossil based energy sources and has been pushing forward research for bolstering second generation biodiesel production processes. However, various challenges emerge from the use of such feedstocks, eg. in transesterification processes. The high content of free fatty acids and moisture in the precursor triglycerides are the major restraints for the transesterification reaction. For instance, Ricinus oil can be exploited by the use of a heterogeneous catalyst capable of maintaining high activity. This study shows the development of lithium and tin oxides catalysts supported on mayenite (Ca12Al14O33) for the transesterification of Ricinus oil with methanol (CH3OH). A basic characterization procedure was carried out to establish the quality of the obtained ricinus oil. Once the ricinus oil properties were assessed it was used for the transesterification reaction by catalysts synthesized with mixtures of Li2O, CaO, and SnO2 in different mass ratios. The best performance for the binary mixtures was obtained with 70/30 and 90/10% wt of CaO/SnO2 mass ratios at a temperature of 60°C with a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1 and a catalyst load of 5% wt in respect to oil. Furthermore, catalysts with Li2O and SnO2 were synthesized in mass ratios from 50/0 to 0/50% wt on a mesoporous mayenite. The synthesized catalysts were analysed by surface characterization techniques, such as N2-physisorption, NH3-desorption, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, a central composite design with a response surface methodology was used to optimize the yield. The response surface methodology led to a maximum biodiesel yield of 85% with bare SnO2 on mayenite with 6% wt of a catalyst load in respect to oil, 60°C of a temperature, and 4:1 of a methanol to oil molar ratio. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to determine the state of the catalysts after carrying out the aging test of the catalysts in CH3OH.

Assessment of biomass and lipid productivity and biodiesel quality of an indigenous microalga Chlorella sorokiniana MIC-G5

ABSTRACTGeneration of biodiesel from microalgae has been extensively investigated; however, its quality is often not suitable for use as fuel. Our investigation involved the evaluation of biodiesel quality using a native isolate Chlorella sorokiniana MIC-G5, as specified by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), after transesterification of lipids with methanol, in the presence of sodium methoxide. Total quantity of lipids extracted from dry biomass, of approximately 410–450 mg g−1 was characterized using FTIR and 1H NMR. After transesterification, the total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were 43% and 57%, respectively. The major FAMEs present in the biodiesel were methyl palmitate (C16:0), methyl oleate (C18:1), and methyl linoleate (C18:2), and the 1H NMR spectra matched with criteria prescribed for high-quality biodiesel. The biodiesel exhibited a density of 0.873 g cm–3, viscosity of 3.418 mm2 s−1, cetane number (CN) of 57.85, high heating value (HHV) of 40.25, iodine value of 71.823 g I2 100 g−1, degree of unsaturation (DU) of 58%, and a cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of –5.22°C. Critical fuel parameters, including oxidation stability, CN, HHV, iodine value, flash point, cloud point, pour point, density, and viscosity were in accordance with the methyl ester composition and structural configuration. Hence, C. sorokiniana can be a promising feedstock for biodiesel generation.

Effect of Non-Edible Biodiesel Physical and Chemical Properties as Microturbine Fuel

The world is facing critical energy concern, in view of depleting fossil fuel reserves and increasing environment pollution. Biodiesel can potentially substitute fossil fuel, and is produced through the transesterification of vegetable oils. This paper will emphasize on the transition from first generation derived from waste cooking oil, to second generation biodiesel derived from calophyllum inophyllum, which is a non-edible plant. The objective of this paper is to optimize the performance of biodiesel blends with diesel in a 30 kW microturbine. The characterization of chemical fuel properties of distillate and biodiesel blends will be conducted to determine if it meets international standards for power generation. Temperature profiles, pressure, and flame imaging will be closely monitored to detect possible problems in operability of the combustor caused by the differences in fuel characteristics. The findings may provide useful information towards optimization of microturbine performance, considering the wide range of biodiesel feedstock that exist. The paper outcome will show the potential of non-edible biodiesel blends to be used as alternative fuel in microturbines for power generation.

Biodisel dari Mangrove Jenis Nyamplung (Callophylum inophyllum) sebagai Alternatif Pengganti Bahan Bakar Minyak Fosil

Resources of fossil fuel continue to decrease and cannot be renewed so that replacement alternative is needed. Biofuels (biodiesel) become one of the alternatives because it can be renewed and environmentally friendly. First-generation biodiesel from food sources and second generation of food waste can disrupt the availability of food. Those are inefficient because it requires extensive land for its provider. Seed of nyamplung (Callophylum inophyllum) is very potential as biodiesel raw material because of its oil content 40-70% is high compared to other types of plants, such as jatropha range of 40-60% and palm of 46-54%, raw materials saving and having twice of fuel as much as kerosene. The general purpose of this research is to produce third generation biodiesel from nyamplung as material to overcome fossil fuel crisis especially for fishermen and farmers in coastal area of Brebes Regency and surrounding areas. To be able to achieve the goal / general target is done by assessing oil content in nyamplung seed, biodiesel synthesis, intensive culture techniques and models of development of mass culture. The biodiesel yield produced from nyamplung seed oil in this study was 82.87%, in the range of biodiesel yields of previous researchers through a single stage transesterification of 79.03-91,00%. Cetana number and alkyl ester figures in the resulting biodiesel respectively 79.5 and 99.71% have met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The resulting density was 893.1 kg / m3, fog point was 20oC and total glycerol was 0.26%, was approaching the SNI by an insignificant difference, while the acid number generated was 1.86 mg KOH/gr of biodiesel and the biodiesel viscosity was 15.7 mm2 /s has not fulfilled the SNI significantly. To improve the number of acids and viscosity is still needed refinement biodiesel synthesis process through the diversification of the number of esterification stages, alternative types and catalytic levels or optimization of transesterification reaction temperature.