Output Power Of Generator Research Articles

Light‐Assisted Polyproton Dissociated PAAm‐PA Hydrogel‐Based Moisture‐Driven Electricity Generator with a Broad Operating Range

AbstractDue to its widespread availability and spontaneity, moisture electricity generation (MEG) holds unique advantages in self‐powered systems. However, it faces challenges, including the limitations of relying on a single kind of power generation and insufficient output performance. Inspired by the mechanisms of water absorption of plants, this paper explores a light‐moisture coordinated electricity generating hydrogel (L‐MEGH) device with flexible, scalable, and highly efficient energy conversion performance, which is obtained through the UV polymerization of hydrophilic acrylamide (AAM) and phytic acid (PA) in the presence of photosensitizers. The obtained hydrogel demonstrates superior moisture absorption and remarkable electricity generation stability across a range of humidity conditions. Notably, the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of the L‐MEGH increased from 0.675 to 0.838 V after the addition of photosensitizers (Erythrosin B, E) (the significant enhancement, up to 24%), and the short‐circuit current (Isc) reaching 635.543 µA. This L‐MEGH can realize stable electrical output even under extreme temperatures, producing 0.5 V at −20 °C for 45 h. The scalable L‐MEGHs (connected on‐demand in series/parallel) can power various commercial electronics, including nighttime illumination, mobile phones, and health monitoring sensors. This work pioneers a sustainable power generation pathway capable of enhancing performance through the hybrid collection of multiple natural energy sources.

Energy, environmental, economic, and social assessment of photovoltaic potential on expressway slopes: A case in Fujian Province, China

Expressway slopes within the boundary of expressway construction land have the potential to be transformed from conventional land use to valuable utilization through the installation of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Considering the continuous increase in expressway mileage, the PV potential could be enormous; therefore, a method to quantify such potential is urgently needed. This study proposes a potential assessment method for expressway slope photovoltaics. First, the suitable locations of expressway slopes for installing PV systems are identified on the basis of publicly available digital maps, combined with the principles of PV site selection and geographic information systems. Then, the PVsyst model is used to simulate the power generation efficiency and power output of the PV systems and to evaluate their PV potential, contribution, and economic benefits. The implementation of the proposed method in Fujian Province, China, indicates that the installed capacity of PV systems could reach 16.3 GW, with an annual power output of 17,940 GWh, contributing to the peak shaving of power grids and regional energy supply. The reductions in CO2, SOx, and NOx emissions are 16.65 Mt, 8970 t, and 3947 t per year, respectively. Considering carbon trading, the payback period is shortened to 11.7 years, with the return on investment of 65.38 % and the net present value of 52.6 billion RMB over a 25-year operational period. Additionally, this project could create 19.88 % of jobs in the energy sector in Fujian Province, providing 27,861 jobs during the construction phase and 18,248 jobs during the operation and maintenance phase. Thus, this project is economically viable and generates positive energy, environmental, and social benefits, contributing to the promotion of local energy transition and sustainable development.

Experimental evaluation and optimization of the heat pipes integrated thermoelectric generator using response surface methodology

In this study, integration of heat pipes with thermoelectric generators is proposed for the recovery of waste heat. Heat energy is transferred from a heat source to thermoelectric elements via heat pipes, enabling energy conversion. To dissipate excess heat from the system after conversion, additional heat pipes are positioned on the cold sides of thermoelectric elements. Cooling of the condenser sections of these heat pipes is facilitated using air flow provided by a fan. A novel approach in this study involves the innovative integration of heat pipes with thermoelectric generators. This integration provides a new pathway for optimizing waste heat recovery systems by combining advanced thermal management techniques with thermoelectric technology. Experiments conducted at different power inputs (12–42 W) and air velocities (0.4, 0.8, 1.2 m/s) determine the performance of the thermoelectric generator. Furthermore, a power usage efficiency analysis was conducted to discuss the applicability of the proposed method in electronics. At low air velocities, values below the ideal value of 1 were achieved. Experimental data were analyzed using response surface methodology to assess the impact of varying input parameters on the power output and efficiency of the thermoelectric generator. Optimization studies highlighted the importance of effectively cooling the cold side of thermoelectric elements. The highest power output and efficiency are achieved under conditions of 42 W power input, 1.2 m/s air velocity, and use of 4 heat sinks, yielding approximately 0.8 W and 2 %, respectively. Furthermore, the response surface methodology analysis indicated that the most significant effect on system outputs was the power input. Moreover, the results of this study lay the groundwork for future strategic advancements in thermoelectric generators, enhancing their role in sustainable energy solutions.

Body heat energy driven knitted thermoelectric garments with personal cooling

Wearable, thermoelectric (TE) devices have gained significant interest in recent years as they can both generate output power from converting body heat into electrical energy and be utilized in personal cooling through the Peltier effect. Currently, researched wearable TE cooling devices focus on devices that can be attached to the human body in specific locations and use heat sinks or elongated thermoelectric pillars to increase their effectiveness, making them hard and bulky. In addition, these devices are attached, not integrated, to wearable garments, making their manufacturing a multi-step process. To address this issue, we developed a knitted TE garment through a single-step manufacturing process that offers energy generation and personal cooling capabilities. The functioning of the cooling device was mathematically modelled and analyzed to understand its scalability, optimization, and to show its potential. This garment features excellent thermoelectric generation of 7.48 mV and 0.46 mA on the human body, and the ability to cool the human body up to 1.5 °C. The observations proved that the mathematical model could predict the behavior of the TE device closely. The results showed that the proposed method of knitted TE cooling garment manufacturing is a viable and scalable process.

Integrating dual heat sources to enhance thermoelectric generator power output

The escalating demand for sustainable power sources for wearable electronics necessitates innovative solutions. This study tackles the challenge of sustainably powering wearable electronics, addressing the limitations of traditional batteries. The approach utilizes a thermoelectric generator with a flexible and stretchable substrate that integrates the photothermal effect and human body temperature as a heat source. A unique strategy is employed to achieve this, involving the combination of 10 g of polydimethylsiloxane, 0.5 g of carbon nanotubes powder, 1 g of base curing agent, and 1.15 g of ethyl acetate mixture used as the novel substrate material. The proposed composite substrate is paired with p-type and n-type thermoelectric legs of bismuth antimony telluride (Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3) and bismuth selenium telluride (Bi1.7Te3.7Se0.3), respectively. This innovative design ensures high flexibility, stretchability, and conformability, facilitating seamless integration into wearable electronic devices. Experimental validation and simulation-based studies reveal a power density of 166.29 μW/cm2, sufficient for powering small-scale wearable electronics. The thermoelectric generator coupled with a novel composite substrate showed 65.6 % stretchability, further underscoring its durability and adaptability. The critical finding lies in the dual heat source integration, which collectively boosts power output and ensures year-round performance, pushing the boundaries of wearable energy harvesting technologies.

A systematic literature review of optimal placement of fast charging station

Electric vehicles (EV) have increased in the last few decades due to their ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Support for the electrification of the transportation sector has encouraged researchers to investigate the optimal placement of fast charging stations (FCS). In this study, we conducted a systematic literature review of 84 primary studies between 2019 and 2024 by identifying objective function and solution techniques, uncertainty, stakeholders, and network classification. We identified the objective functions most commonly used by authors related to technical and cost-solving problems using techniques: conventional (41.7%), metaheuristic (33.3%), hybrid (22.6%), and other (2.4%). Several researchers have also considered various uncertainty parameters from EV, FCS demand, and distributed generation (DG) power output with the most popular probabilistic method to solve problems. Furthermore, the role of stakeholders and network classification is also reviewed in this article. Our study contributes to the field by providing a comprehensive overview of the most significant journals and highlighting future research on the optimal placement of FCS. Future work must focus on improving parameters, models, methods, and using real data from various factors related to FCS demand.

A Transient Damping Improvement Strategy for Enhancing Grid-Connected Active Power Response Performance of VSG

The given power and grid frequency disturbances can cause transient oscillations and steady-state deviations in the output power of a virtual synchronous generator (VSG), which can be effectively addressed by adding transient damping. However, this approach may result in significant power overshoot. This article proposes an improved VSG control strategy based on transient electromagnetic power feedback compensation and a small-signal model reduction scheme. Firstly, the grid-connected active closed-loop small-signal models of typical VSG control and transient damping VSG control are established, respectively. The transient oscillation suppression mechanism of active power is revealed through root locus and frequency response analyses, and the power overshoot characteristics of the two control strategies are analysed by combining them with the system of zero points. Secondly, the active transient feedback compensation method and the small-signal model reduction design method are introduced in detail. Finally, comparative analysis experiments are conducted using the Matlab/Simulink and hardware-in-the-loop experimental platform. It is verified that the proposed control strategy can suppress transient oscillations in active power, prevent steady-state deviations, and effectively mitigate the power overshoot problem of the system.

Hybrid piezo-triboelectric wind energy harvesting mechanism with flag-dragging the cantilever beam vibration

Hybrid power generators will improve the extraction of electrical energy from the wind to develop sustainable and eco-friendly self-powered wireless sensors. A novel piezo-triboelectric flag wind energy harvesting nanogenerator (P-FTENG) is proposed that consists of a piezoelectric cantilever beam and a triboelectric flag. The flag flutters in the wind, inducing vibration in the cantilever beam, thereby converting wind energy into electrical power with piezo and triboelectric effects. Based on the aerodynamic mechanism, a nonlinear flutter theoretical model is derived to evaluate the drag force and pressure of fluid separation on the piezo-triboelectric structure. Furthermore, this paper comprehensively elaborates on the transverse motion of the flag flutter caused by the airflow. The force from the transverse motion excites the cantilever beam. The power output of P-FTENG generation depends on various factors. The optimized flag-shaped configuration may activate the piezoelectric cantilever beam vibration and decrease the crucial flutter wind speed, according to test results. P-FTENG generates a voltage of around 17.8 V when the wind speed is 8.5 m/s. The cantilever beam energy harvester's PEH reaches 32 mW/m2, while Flag-TENG's output power density reaches 37 μW/m2, which charges capacitors and lights the array of LEDs. The hybrid piezo-triboelectric flag nanogenerator fluttering in the wind is promising for powering the function of a calculator or electronic thermometer/hygrometer sensor.

Assessing the performance of a monocrystalline solar panel under different tropical climatic conditions in Cameroon using artificial neural network

To implement the European Union (EU)-Africa Green Energy Initiative in Cameroon to boost the renewable energy sector, we model the performance of a 500 W monocrystalline solar panel in major cities of Cameroon located in different climatic zones to select the best location for the installation of a solar farm. We also evaluate the contribution of seasonal and weather variability to the amount and stability of power generated by the panel using the artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model was used to train and test the ERA5 hourly data for Bamenda. The model was then used to estimate Photovoltaic (PV) output in Douala, Yaounde, Ngaoundere, Garoua, and Maroua with a mean absolute error of 4.109 × 10−5, 4.699 × 10−5, 3.563 × 10−5, 3.106 × 10−5, and 3.083 × 10−5 kW, respectively. The results show that the ANN can capture the influence of weather variability on the generated output power. Cloud cover and rainfall are found to negatively affect the amount and stability of generated power in the lower latitude cities of Douala and Yaounde compared to the northern cities, with these effects being stronger in the rainy season than in the dry season. Garoua followed by Maroua are proving to be the best locations for installing a solar park in terms of the amount and stability of electricity generated throughout the year. The Cameroonian government, its EU partners, and other stakeholders involved in the development of solar energy in the country will be able to use the results of this study for better decision-making.

Grid-connected virtual synchronous generator transient suppression based on proportional differential control and frequency low-pass filtering

Abstract The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology has a wide range of applications in various distributed generation units. However, sudden changes in power command at grid connection can lead to severe oscillations in the output power and frequency of virtual synchronous generators. In addition, existing oscillation suppression methods are either based on complex parameter designs or change the original inertial support characteristics and power frequency drop characteristics. In this paper, a new transient suppression method is proposed, i.e., a proportional differential controller is added behind the power error and an additional low-pass filter is placed behind the output frequency. Finally, by establishing a simulation platform, it is verified that the proposed scheme can greatly reduce the overshoot, regulation time and frequency offset of the active power.

Enhancing solar thermoelectric power generation with supercritical CO2 cooling: Hydraulic, thermal, and exergy analysis

This research investigates the dynamic behavior and impact of various factors on the hydraulic, thermal, and exergetic characteristics of a solar-based thermoelectric device using a pin–fin heatsink cooled by supercritical CO2. A comprehensive numerical model analyzes the heat dissipation and performance of the power generator, integrating a thermoelectric generator and a pin–fin heatsink with various pin shapes. Key geometric and operational parameters, such as the height of PN (P-type and N-type semiconductor) legs of the TEG, the number of thermocouples, operating pressure, Reynolds number, and CO2 temperature, are examined for a comprehensive performance assessment. The study highlights the superior performance of CO2 coolant over traditional water-cooling system. Near the critical temperature of CO2, enhanced heat transfer significantly boosts power output, conversion efficiency, and exergetic efficiency. For example, at 8 MPa, the TEG’s (thermoelectric generator) power output increases from 1.31 mW at 295 K to 2.35 mW at 310 K. Comparisons reveal that while water coolant lowers the cold side temperature more effectively, it results in reduced power output due to decreased temperature differentials and increased pressure loss. Conversely, CO2 coolant maintains higher cold side temperatures while having advantages in power output. At 315 K, the cold side temperature with water is 315.7 K compared to 346.7 K with CO2. Increasing the number of thermocouples from 18 to 32 for a leg height of 1 mm leads to an approximate 102.3 % increase in voltage. Raising the PN leg height from 1 mm to 2 mm for an NTC of 50 results in a nearly 99.8 % increase in voltage. Lozenge-shaped fin produces a peak power output of 2.73 mW, while square fin generates 2.62 mW. This research underscores CO2’s potential as a high-performance coolant in solar thermoelectric applications, offering insights into optimizing system design for maximum efficiency.

A low-power thermoelectric power generation system based on a periodic thermoelectric power generation method in the form of heat pulses

In today's increasingly serious energy problems, thermoelectric power generation is now widely used as one of the cleanest energy conversion methods. In this paper, we proposed a way of generating thermoelectric power periodically in the form of heat pulses and design an experimental system with low power consumption of fan blades. In contrast to conventional thermoelectric power generation with continuous contact with the heat source, this method maintains the temperature gradient between the hot and cold sides at a larger value for a longer period using periodic contact of the thermoelectric generator (TEG) with the surface of the heat source in the form of heat pulses. So it enhances the efficiency of thermoelectric power generation. The output power of the heat-pulsed thermoelectric power generation from a single TEG with heat sink is 19.81 mW with an efficiency of 6.05 %, which is an improvement of 23 % and 10.8 % over the conventional method. The whole system has an output power of 63.3 mW, an improvement of 293 %. This clean and efficient new type of TEG system can be widely used in the future in areas such as petrochemical waste heat treatment and self-supply of energy for Internet of Things (IoT) sensors.

Thermodynamic and economic analyses of nuclear power plant integrating with seawater desalination and hydrogen production for peak shaving

An integrated system incorporating a nuclear unit, multi-stage flash desalination, and proton exchange membrane electrolyzer is proposed for peak shaving. The extraction steam is used for seawater desalination to produce freshwater, the generator output power is employed to drive the electrolyzer for hydrogen production, and the electrolyzer outlet water heats the feedwater for power boosting. Thermodynamic analysis shows that 53.76 MW is used for seawater desalination-hydrogen production (electrolyzer voltage =2.0 V). The system efficiency is 37.44 % with output hydrogen energy of 37.86 MW, and the specific energy consumption is 4.72 kWh/Nm3. The electrolyzer exergy efficiency of the integrated system is 81.94 %, higher than the standalone electrolyzer with 61.17 %. Sensitivity analysis shows higher voltage and lower water flow rates are conducive to higher hydrogen production rates. Economic analysis shows that the cost of hydrogen production is 15.16 CNY/kg and the annual net income can reach 7.68·106 CNY.

Sliding mode control strategy of grid-forming energy storage converter with fast active support of frequency and voltage

The random fluctuation of renewable power generation output makes the frequency and voltage of distribution network fluctuate frequently. And the stable operation performance of the system is decreased. Therefore, the sliding mode control (SMC) strategy of grid-forming (GFM) energy storage converter with fast active support of frequency and voltage is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control possessing the superior GFM performance is applied to single-stage neutral point clamped (NPC) converter of energy storage system. Meantime, the improved comprehensive equivalent circuit model of lithium iron phosphate battery and equivalent model of converter are constructed by means of ampere-hour method and Kirchhoff’s law. Then, the SMC with fast response and strong robustness is utilized into the current inner-loop controller. Combined with VSG control, the SMC strategy of GFM energy storage converter is proposed, so that the converter could play an active supporting role by quickly adjusting the output power while the frequency and voltage are reduced. Finally, the simulation model of GFM energy storage converter SMC system is established. Through the simulation analyses, it can be seen that the response time of the proposed strategy to complete the active support is about 0.65 s.

Prediction of Short-Term Winter Photovoltaic Power Generation Output of Henan Province Using Genetic Algorithm–Backpropagation Neural Network

Prediction of Short-Term Winter Photovoltaic Power Generation Output of Henan Province Using Genetic Algorithm–Backpropagation Neural Network

Research on Environmental Performance and Measurement of Smart City Power Supply Based on Non Radial Network DEA

The continuous development of smart cities has put forward higher requirements for the supply of power systems. In response to the constraints in the environmental performance and measurement of smart city power supply, this paper proposes a research model for smart city power supply environmental performance and measurement based on non-radial network DEA based on the characteristics of DEA model and distance function. This model can combine different stages of power supply to conduct more reasonable statistics and analysis of efficiency in different regions. In addition, correlation coefficients were analyzed for the impact of efficiency factors on the phase ratio in the production and sales stages of the power supply system. The research results indicate that there is a positive correlation between the output value and power generation of electricity sales and the efficiency of the electricity sales stage, with correlation coefficients of 0.57 and 0.092, respectively; The length of newly added lines, capacity of new equipment, and line loss rate are all negatively correlated with their efficiency, with correlation coefficients of −0.42, −0.12, and −0.46, respectively. Based on the above analysis, this study provides more theoretical support for the study of environmental performance and measurement of smart city power supply.

Optimization analysis for thermoelectric performance improvement of biconical segmented annular thermoelectric generator

Thermoelectric generators have struggled with low efficiency, limiting their widespread use. To further improve the performance of the thermoelectric generator, this paper introduces the biconical pin structure into the segmented annular thermoelectric generator, and simultaneously incorporates exergy efficiency and economic cost to evaluate its performance. Experiments are first used to verify the accuracy of the simulation model, and then the effects of the cone angle θ, leg height H, leg length ratio δ and resistance ratio ε are discussed. Finally, correlation analysis is used to obtain the weight of the impact of research parameters on thermoelectric performance, and the optimized results are obtained. The results demonstrate that the output power of the biconical segmented annular thermoelectric generator is 20.23 % higher, the exergy efficiency is 8.55 % higher, and the economic cost is reduced by 21.36 % compared to the traditional segmented annular thermoelectric generator. As the θ and H increase, the thermoelectric performance enhances. The influence of δ on thermoelectric performance is more complicated. When ε is 1.5, the thermoelectric generator has optimal thermoelectric performance. This paper provides a reference for optimizing the segmented annular thermoelectric generator structure and is of paramount importance for enhancing the efficiency of waste heat recovery.

Robust PVA-MWCNTs-based triboelectric energy harvesting device: Self-powered smart-door technology

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are emerging as promising solutions for mechanical energy harvesting from various environmental sources, offering a pathway toward self-sufficient power generation. The present research demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite as a tribopositive material for designing robust TENG. Through comprehensive evaluations, the dispersion of MWCNTs in PVA is confirmed. MWCNTs-based TENGs are fabricated in a vertical contact-separate configuration for harnessing mechanical energy effectively. The device's performance metrics including output voltage, current, power generation, and durability, are investigated. The device with 1.6 wt% MWCNTs fillers exhibits a performance enhancement in voltage and current. The optimized MWCNTs-based TENG attains its maximum power of 542 μW at 30 MΩ load resistance, showcasing its potential for powering small-scale electronics. Furthermore, possible applications and implications of integrating self-powered smart-door systems are demonstrated. This can be implemented in various real-world scenarios, such as residential buildings, commercial establishments, and public facilities.

Research of dust removal performance and power output characteristics on photovoltaic panels by longitudinal high-speed airflow

Photovoltaic (PV) panels' photoelectric conversion efficiency will decrease as dust deposition on their surface. An approach to dust removal on the PV panel's surface by longitudinal high-speed airflow was investigated to increase the output power. In this paper, commercial CFD software was used to numerically simulate the characteristics of dust removal by longitudinal high-speed airflow. The PV panels' output characteristic model under the action of dust removal by high-speed airflow is established by Simulink software, and the influence of high-speed airflow on the output characteristic is studied. Firstly, the dust removal mechanism of the PV panel under high-speed airflow is studied. Secondly, the impact of different tilt angles of the PV panel, dust particle size, airflow velocity, and blowing time on the dust removal effect of the PV panel surface were studied. The optimal airflow velocity and blowing time were obtained according to the airflow velocity and blowing time and their influence on the dust removal rate. Finally, the effect of high-speed airflow dust removal on PV power generation's efficiency and output characteristics is studied. The findings demonstrate that as the tilt angle increases, so does the dust removal rate increases continuously. In addition, the rate at which dust is removed increases with airflow velocity and blowing time. When the tilt angle is 30°, the best airflow velocity of dust removal is 5 m/s, and the best blowing time is 8 s. When the tilt angle is 45°, the best airflow velocity of dust removal is 10 m/s, and the best blowing time is 5 s. With the increase in airflow velocity and blowing time, the output power of PV panels continues to increase. When the airflow velocity is 10 m/s, and the blowing time is 5 s, 7.5 s, 12.5 s, and 15 s, the maximum output power after dust removal is increased by 15.44 %, 23.05 %, 23.38 %, and 23.39 %. This paper's research results can guide the design of the practical engineering application of longitudinal blowing high-speed airflow in the dust removal of PV panels.

Cost-effective one-time configuration for bridge-linked thermoelectric generator array using INFO optimizer

One of the key mechanisms of enhancing the power output of Thermoelectric Generators (TEG) under nonuniform temperature distribution (NUTD) is to restructure their arrays to disperse the NUTD profiles. Existing research works in this area primarily propose dynamic reconfiguration techniques of TEG arrays as a potential solution to maximize their output powers while taking no notice of the highly associated costs of their implementation, i.e., sensors, switches, and maintenance, in addition to the complexity of operation and limited service lifetime of switches. To alleviate these drawbacks, this paper introduces an optimization model for a one-time configuration (OTC) of TEG arrays to maximize their output powers while accommodating multiple NUTD profiles simultaneously. Using the INFO optimizer, the introduced optimization model yields the OTC layout for both symmetrical and asymmetrical TEG arrays across various NUTD scenarios. Given its superior performance, the optimization model is applied to the bridge-linked (BL) TEG array and compared to other configurations such as series (S), series-parallel (SP), and standard BL. The results of the proposed OTC model are compared with (1) standard, non-optimized SP and BL configurations and (2) different dynamic-based reconfiguration techniques. Further, the performance of the proposed model is tested and validated experimentally in the laboratory for the available symmetrical hardware setup, 5 × 5, TEG array under varying NUTD profiles. Compared to dynamic reconfigurations, the results show that the proposed OTC technique provides a partially optimal and cost-effective solution to enhance the output power of TEG arrays under different NUTD. Specifically, for 9×9 and 10×15 TEG arrays, the OTC saves approximately 1,498.5 ($) and 2750 ($) compared to dynamic reconfigurations, respectively. Moreover, BL-based OTC enhances the TEG array harvested power by maximum values of 1.7532%, 2.43%, and 3.156% compared with the standard S, SP, and BL configurations, respectively, based on the hardware setup. Throughout the detailed comparison between the proposed OTC and dynamic reconfiguration techniques, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the trade-offs between these configuration techniques and addresses a critical gap in the current research landscape of enhancing the output powers of TEG arrays.