General Type Research Articles

Some properties of Appell type degenerate Bell polynomials

In recent years, the degenerate versions of some polynomial families such as Bernoulli, Euler, Apostol and Bell polynomials have been intensively studied in the literature. Many new forms of Bell polynomials such as degenerate, partially degenerate and fully degenerate have attracted attention. The specific aim of this paper is to introduce a new family of general degenerate Bell type polynomials with the help of degenerate Appell polynomials and explore their properties, including explicit form, determinant representation, recurrence relation, lowering and raising operators and difference equation. Then, after discussing the special cases of Appell type degenerate Bell polynomial families, new polynomial families including Bernoulli and Euler polynomials are given. Furthermore, corresponding results are obtained for these new families. Lastly, new relations and summation formulas are obtained including Stirling numbers and Appell type degenerate Bell polynomials. Finally, we establish theorems that provide various families of multilinear and multilateral generating functions for the Appell type degenerate Bell polynomials.

On Schemas in Tonal Jazz Repertoire

Abstract Jazz practice involves negotiating schemas at various levels, from general formal types (twelve-bar blues, rhythm changes, 32-bar ABAC) to individual chord symbols. This article discusses a number of common schemas at the sub-phrase level—harmonically associated but further characterized by rhythm, hypermeter, formal function, and sometimes melody—encountered in tonal jazz repertoire.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in Dental Trauma Management Among Schoolteachers in Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Background: In Saudi Arabia, dental trauma is regarded as one of the most important issues affecting schoolchildren. This study evaluated Saudi Arabian schoolteachers' knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding emergency dental trauma management. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 263 schoolteachers from 25 schools; 50.9% were females. A questionnaire was used to collect respondents' personal and professional data and information on managing dental injury scenarios and the respondents' attitudes toward dental injuries. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out for the independent and outcome variable of inadequate knowledge regarding dental trauma management. Results: Male teachers had better knowledge than female teachers regarding emergency management of avulsed teeth. Compared to female teachers, male teachers would scrub a tooth with a toothbrush to replant it back into its socket if it fell onto the ground and was covered with dirt. Males had a significantly higher percentage of believing it is not teachers' responsibility to care for tooth injuries in schools. Teachers with teaching experience of 5-10 years had a significantly higher percentage of training in dental emergencies. Teachers with bachelor's degrees agreed on the need for teacher involvement to save the tooth in a timely manner. Compared to general teachers, physical education teachers would put the tooth back in the mouth and send the child to the dentist immediately if they were hit in the face and the upper front tooth fell out of their mouth. Teachers with a diploma level of education and teachers with a general type of teaching qualification were 2.15 times (CI = 0.98-3.11, p = 0.002) and 3.19 times (CI = 1.71-4.22, p = 0.0001) more likely to have a higher level of inadequate knowledge regarding dental trauma management. Conclusions: There is a need to raise teachers' awareness and improve their dental trauma emergency management training.

Persistent, Private and Mobile genes: a model for gene dynamics in evolving pangenomes.

The pangenome of a species is the set of all genes carried by at least one member of the species. In bacteria, pangenomes can be much larger than the set of genes carried by a single organism. Many questions remain unanswered regarding the evolutionary forces shaping the patterns of presence/absence of genes in pangenomes of a given species. We introduce a new model for bacterial pangenome evolution along a species phylogeny that explicitly describes the timing of appearance of each gene in the species and accounts for three generic types of gene evolutionary dynamics: persistent genes that are present in the ancestral genome, private genes that are specific to a given clade, and mobile genes that are imported once into the gene pool and then undergo frequent horizontal gene transfers. We call this model the Persistent-Private-Mobile (PPM) model. We develop an algorithm fitting the PPM model and apply it to a dataset of 902 Salmonella enterica genomes. We show that the best fitting model is able to reproduce the global pattern of some multivariate statistics like the gene frequency spectrum and the parsimony vs. frequency plot. Moreover, the gene classification induced by the PPM model allows us to study the position of accessory genes on the chromosome depending on their category, as well as the gene functions that are most present in each category. This work paves the way for a mechanistic understanding of pangenome evolution, and the PPM model developed here could be used for dynamics-aware gene classification.

Regularities of the theory of quasi-geodesic mappings of special parabolic spaces

We study quasi-geodesic mappings (QGM) of generalized-recurrent-parabolic spaces f: (Vn, gij, Fih) → (V'n, g'ij, Fih). QGM can be of two types: general and canonical. This article examines the QGM of the general type. Earlier, we considered the fundamental questions of the theory of QGM of generalized-recurrent-parabolic spaces. We proved theorems that allow for any generalized-recurrent-parabolic space (Vn, gij, Fih) to either find all spaces (V'n, g'_{ij}, Fih) on which Vn admits QGM of the general form, or prove that there are no such spaces. In this article, we constructed a Γ-transformation that makes it possible to obtain from a pair of generalized-recurrent-parabolic spaces that are in a quasi-geodesic mapping, an infinite sequence of pairs of other generalized-recurrent-parabolic spaces, which are also in a quasi-geodesic mapping.

How Binding Site Flexibility Promotes RNA Scanning by TbRGG2 RRM: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study.

RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) are a key class of proteins that primarily bind single-stranded RNAs. In this study, we applied standard atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to obtain insights into the intricate binding dynamics between uridine-rich RNAs and TbRGG2 RRM using the recently developed OL3-Stafix AMBER force field, which improves the description of single-stranded RNA molecules. Complementing structural experiments that unveil a primary binding mode with a single uridine bound, our simulations uncover two supplementary binding modes in which adjacent nucleotides encroach upon the binding pocket. This leads to a unique molecular mechanism through which the TbRGG2 RRM is capable of rapidly transitioning the U-rich sequence. In contrast, the presence of non-native cytidines induces stalling and destabilization of the complex. By leveraging extensive equilibrium dynamics and a large variety of binding states, TbRGG2 RRM effectively expedites diffusion along the RNA substrate while ensuring robust selectivity for U-rich sequences despite featuring a solitary binding pocket. We further substantiate our description of the complex dynamics by simulating the fully spontaneous association process of U-rich sequences to the TbRGG2 RRM. Our study highlights the critical role of dynamics and auxiliary binding states in interface dynamics employed by RNA-binding proteins, which is not readily apparent in traditional structural studies but could represent a general type of binding strategy employed by many RNA-binding proteins.

Characteristic of Immunotherapy Trials in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: 2013-2023.

This research provides a comprehensive analysis of immunotherapy clinical trials for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, aiming to enhance future trial designs. We analyzed all clinical trials focused on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma immunotherapy registered on ClinicalTrials.gov from January 1st, 2013, to December 31st, 2023, examining general characteristics, methodological features, and types of immunotherapeutic drugs. The analysis included 727 trials, with 687 interventional (94.50%) and 40 observational (5.50%). Most trials were small-sized (64.37%), single-centered (56.67%), non-blinded (94.76%), and non-randomized (72.93%). Over half of the trials were conducted in North America (55.71%), but trials in Asia increased significantly in the past 5 years (9.88% vs. 32.38%, p < 0.001). Only 20.63% of completed trials updated outcomes, with most results published 6-12 months after primary completion (55.13%). Immune checkpoint inhibitors were the predominant focus, and neoadjuvant immunotherapy was the main regimen in trials with resectable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (74.83%). There has been a gradual increase in clinical trials over the past decade, with most being interventional. Delays or absences in outcome submission were prevalent. Novel immunotherapeutic drugs and treatment regimens are a significant focus.

Generic Refinement Types

We present Generic Refinement Types: a way to write modular higher-order specifications that abstract invariants over function contracts, while preserving automatic SMT-decidable verification. We show how generic refinements let us write a variety of modular higher-order specifications, including specifications for Rust's traits which abstract over the concrete refinements that hold for different trait implementations. We formalize generic refinements in a core calculus and show how to synthesize the generic instantiations algorithmically at usage sites via a combination of syntactic unification and constraint solving. We give semantics to generic refinements via the intuition that they correspond to ghost parameters, and we formalize this intuition via a type-preserving translation into the polymorphic contract calculus to establish the soundness of generic refinements. Finally, we evaluate generic refinements by implementing them in Flux and using it for two case studies. First, we show how generic refinements let us write modular specifications for Rust's vector indexing API that lets us statically verify the bounds safety of a variety of vector-manipulating benchmarks from the literature. Second, we use generic refinements to refine Rust's Diesel ORM library to track the semantics of the database queries issued by client applications, and hence, statically enforce data-dependent access-control policies in several database-backed web applications.

Affect: An Affine Type and Effect System

Effect handlers form a powerful construct that can express complex programming abstractions. They are a generalization of exception handlers, but allow resumption of the continuation from where the effect was raised. Allowing continuations to be resumed at most once ( one-shot ) or an arbitrary number of times ( multi-shot ) has far-reaching consequences. In addition to performance considerations, multi-shot effects break key rules of reasoning and thus render certain standard transformation/optimizations unsound, especially in languages with mutable references (such as OCaml 5). It is therefore desirable to statically track whether continuations are used in a one-shot or multi-shot discipline, so that a compiler could use this information to efficiently implement effect handlers and to determine what optimizations it may perform. We address this problem by developing a type and effect system–called Affect –which uses affine types to track the usage of continuations. A challenge is to soundly deal with advanced programming features—such as references that store continuations and nested continuations—which are crucial to support challenging examples from the effects literature (such as control inversion and cooperative concurrency ). Another challenge is to support generic type signatures of polymorphic effectful functions. We address these challenges by using and extending Rust’s Cell type and Wadler’s use types . To prove soundness of Affect we model types and judgements semantically via a logical relation in the Iris separation logic framework in Coq.

A general type of weak comparison theorems for BDSDEs

A general type of weak comparison theorems for BDSDEs

Soil-ecological condition of the soil cover affected by the emissions of the factories of the Kazphosphate enterprise

The article provides information about the effect of phosphorus plant emissions on the soil-plant system. Emissions from phosphorus factories in Zhambyl region pose an environmental threat to the soils used for agricultural purposes, plants and residents located near them. The basis for evaluating the geochemical structure is to provide a description of the patterns of territorial and image location of heavy metals in soils, to determine the features of their migration and accumulation, and to study the stability of landscapes to pollution. About the amount of general and mobile types of heavy metals in the soils of the studied facility. Analytical data on the amount of general and mobile types of heavy metals in the soils of the studied facility showed that they were in acceptable concentrations. Some minor increases in total zinc, copper and cadmium in the soils of some sites can be explained by soil-forming rocks. In samples of amaranth plants, 10.4 times exceeding the limit permissible concentration of lead was recorded, as well as 3.2 and 3.6 times exceeding the limit permissible concentration of cadmium in the roots and leaves of large cypress.

THE STIFFNESS OF STEEL-PLATE COMPOSITE STRUCTURES FOR SHORT-TERM LOADS

The features of the behavior of steel-plate composite walls for static short-term loads are considered. Based on the analysis of modern technical and regulatory documentation, the rationale for the chosen research topic is given. A review of the literature is performed, and the features of development are noted. Description and features of the experimental structures are presented. Analytical and numerical calculations of structures for central compression have been performed. A description of the calculation complex is presented; a description of numerical models, features of their construction and calculation are given. Calculation results are presented – features of changes in structural rigidity during load application. The general types of experimental models tested for central compression are presented, and the destruction pattern is shown. The analysis of the experimental data obtained and their comparison with analytical and numerical calculations are performed. An assessment of the features of modeling steel-plate composite structures in software complexes is given.

Generalized Fuglede–Putnam theorem for A-normal operators

In this paper, we use a new version of Fuglede–Putnam theorem to establish a relation between the classes of [Formula: see text]-normal and [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-normal operators, where [Formula: see text] is a given non-negative operator, so that many other results related to these classes will be obtained. Moreover, we characterize linear transformations defined on a separable Hilbert space that preserve the given classes of operators. In the second strand of the paper, we present a type of generalizations of the considered Theorem for [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-normal operators.

Elastic-plastic analysis of a circular pipe turned inside out

The paper presents an analytical solution to the problem of a circular pipe turned inside out in a rigid gasket. Formulas were obtained for the magnitude of the radial stress, which is responsible for the adhesion between the pipe and the gasket. The solution is obtained for an arbitrary incompressible hyperelastic material with a hyperelastic potential that depends only on the first invariant of the left Cauchy – Green deformation tensor (various generalizations of the neo-Hookean solid) or on the second invariant of the logarithmic Hencky strain tensor (various generalizations of the incompressible Hencky material). The solution takes into account the occurrence of plastic flow in areas adjacent to the lateral surfaces of the pipe. Both ideally plastic and isotropically hardening materials of a general type are considered. For the latter, a solution scheme is given; in the particular case of a linearly hardening material, a closed-form solution is obtained. For the perfect plasticity model, a closed-form solution was obtained for the neo-Hookean solid, for an incompressible Hencky material, and for the Gent material.

Does Generalization Occur Following Speech Therapy? A Study in Children With a Cleft Palate.

This study compared the occurrence of different types of generalization (within-class, across-class, and total generalization) following motor-phonetic speech therapy and linguistic-phonological speech therapy in children with a cleft palate ± cleft lip (CP ± L). Thirteen children with a CP ± L (Mage = 7.50 years) who previously participated in a block-randomized, sham-controlled design comparing motor-phonetic therapy (n = 7) and linguistic-phonological therapy (n = 6) participated in this study. Speech samples consisting of word imitation and sentence imitation were collected on different data points before and after therapy and perceptually assessed using the Dutch translation of the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech-Augmented. The percentages within-class, across-class, and total generalization were calculated for the different target consonants. Generalization in the two groups was compared over time using linear mixed models (LMMs). LMM revealed significant Time × Group interactions for the percentage within-class generalization in sentence imitation and total generalization in sentence imitation tasks indicating that these percentages were significantly higher in the group of children who received linguistic-phonological intervention. No Time × Group interactions were found for the percentages across-class generalization. Generalization can occur following both motor-phonetic intervention as well as linguistic-phonological intervention. A linguistic-phonological approach, however, was observed to result in larger percentages of within-class and total generalization scores. As children with a CP ± L often receive yearlong intervention to eliminate cleft-related speech sound errors, these findings on the superior generalization effects of linguistic-phonological intervention are important to consider in clinical practice.

The Analysis of Hypo-Exponential and Hyper-Exponential Distributions in Solving Performance Measures for General Phase Type Distributions

The importance of phase-type distribution in modeling activities cannot be under emphasized when both a distribution's initial and second moments are accessible, or when the sequence of data points for computing moments is the information available. In continuous time process for an absorbing finite state Markov chain, the phase-type distribution can be thought of as the of the time until absorption, and it is widely used in queueing theories and other fields of applied probabilities. The common phase-type distributions are generalized Erlang, Coxian, Hypo-exponential, and Hyper-exponential distributions. In this study, performance measures of phase-type distribution using Hypo-exponential, and Hyper-exponential distributions have been looked into, in order to provide meaningful study into the probability function, mean, moment, variance, Laplace Stieltjes transform and squared coefficient of variation of phase type distribution. The study started by considering the tractability and memory less properties of exponential distribution, and since these properties are not enough, we examined the journey through a series of exponential phases to arrive at performance measures. Illustrative examples are demonstrated for various cases to arrive at various values for probability functions, Laplace Stieltjes transform, squared coefficient of variation, moment, mean and variance for the phase type distribution.

Experimental Study on Asphalt by the Partial Replacement of Filler with Red Mud

Transportation is the main means of communication for trade, commerce, and many other purposes. In transportation, the roadway plays a crucial role as it is having more advantages compared to other forms of transportation. In India, the maximum length of the highway network is of bituminous pavements. Bituminous pavement is a general type of bitumen mixture with recommended changes if any. Generally, the bituminous pavement has some failures such as potholes, rutting, cracking, shoving, etc, the major cause of the cracking, shoving, rutting is the lack of adhesion in the bitumen and heavy load vehicles. To solve this issue, we are going to replace the filler material with Bauxite residue in the incremental method from 0% to 25%. This study investigated the strength of the marshall stability specimen. At present NHAI is taking an initiative to construct rigid pavements for highways. Most of the rigid pavements are constructed with cement concrete. It is not always possible to supply cement because of its limited production there is a necessity to go for alternatives. Bauxite residue, also known as red mud, is a byproduct of aluminum production during bauxite processing. In India, this waste is often improperly managed, with large quantities being stored in deforested areas. Each year, around 22 million tons of red mud are produced in India alone, contributing to a global total of approximately 119 million tons annually [1]. By using this red mud in bitumen pavement, we are expecting to improve the marshal stability of the pavement and reduce the cost of the construction. By using this material in rigid pavements, we are expecting to improve the strength, durability of pavement and reduce the cost of construction and environmental pollution. Keywords: Bauxite residue powder (red mud), bitumen pavements, marshal stability, rigid pavements, compressive strength, flexural strength.

ФОРМОУТВОРЕННЯ НАМОТУВАННЯМ КОМПОЗИТНОГО ПЕРЕДНЬОГО ГОРИЗОНТАЛЬНОГО ОПЕРЕННЯ ЛЕГКОГО ЛІТАКА

A process has been developed for modeling the trajectory of laying reinforcing material (RM) during the formation of composite aerodynamic surfaces (AS). The work provides a brief description of the types of structures of aircraft of complex shape according to the criterion of the possibility of manufacturing by the winding method, in which certain types of surface shapes are highlighted according to the condition of determining the laying trajectory and developing a winding control program (WCP) for CNC machines. It is shown that the process of developing technology for manufacturing structures such as aerodynamic load-bearing surfaces has significant differences from the process of developing technology for axisymmetric products. The general technique for determining the trajectory of laying reinforcing material is shown and new approaches to specifying the reinforcement pattern are described. The general methodology for calculating the WCP for winding the AS is described. Calculation of the movements of the working parts of a winding machine (WM) includes several subtasks: choosing the order of passage of individual turns of the RM, calculating the movements of the working parts of the WM when laying each turn, and determining the program for transition from turn to turn. It is shown that the most important stage in the development of general-type AS winding technology is the choice of a winding scheme that determines the structural-force diagram (SFD) of the structure. For this purpose, the concept of the limiting point of winding has been introduced. The winding pattern of any type of product can be described by an array of coordinates of boundary points and reinforcement angles. An algorithm for calculating the trajectory of RM placement on the surface of the mandrel is presented. The features of choosing the order of passage of turns are described. The order in which the turns pass affects the number of weaves in the structure of the composite material obtained during the winding process and the strength of the product. The optimal order of passing turns according to the strength criterion is determined experimentally through repeated development tests. The features of choosing programs for transition from turn to turn are described. The algorithm of actions of the WM during the transition from one turn to another - the transition program consists of two programs: the program for entering the turn and the program for exiting the turn. The algorithm of transition programs depends on the chosen order of turns and in each specific case depends on the design features of the product. To test the developed methodology, a test calculation of the front horizontal tail of a light aircraft was carried out. As a result of the work done, it was possible to solve the problem of modeling the RM laying trajectory for bodies of complex shape with a fixed type of section, manufactured by the winding method from a polymer composite material (PCM). This technology can be used to produce aircraft structures such as “wing”, “fuselage” of an airplane, helicopter, and the like. Thus, the possibility of winding a general type AS has been proven using the example of the horizontal front tail of a light aircraft. The range of production of wound products has expanded - bodies with an arbitrary convex section and a straight generatrix. A technology has been developed for manufacturing from PCM by winding non-axisymmetric aerodynamic power structural elements such as aircraft wings, helicopter blades, air and water propellers. A surface reinforcement scheme has been found that makes it possible to obtain a variable wall thickness with its decrease from the root to the end rib. The trajectories of laying reinforcing material on a surface with an arbitrary convex section and the movement of working parts for a three-axis winding machine are determined. The developed calculation method can be used to create various aerodynamic structural elements with positive surface curvature from PCM by winding. The use of advanced high-performance technology for automated winding of reinforcing fiber material provides a significant reduction in labor costs in the manufacture of these units, reducing their prices compared to the prices of existing metal and composite aircraft of comparable size and equipment

Construction of General Types of Fuzzy Implications Produced by Comparing Different t-Conorms: An Application Case Using Meteorological Data

The objective of this paper is to compare a fuzzy implication produced by t-conorm probor with three other fuzzy implications constructed by t-conorms max, Einstein, and Lukasiewicz. Firstly, in methodology, six pairs of combinations of five t-conorm comparisons are performed in order to find the ranking order of five fuzzy implications. Moreover, the evaluation and calculation of the four fuzzy implications (probor, max, Einstein, and Lukasiewicz) are made using meteorological data, fuzzifying the crisp values of temperature and humidity, constructing four membership degree functions, and inserting as inputs the membership degrees of meteorological variables into the two variables of the fuzzy implications. Finally, extensive tests are made so as to find which membership degree function and which fuzzy implication receives the best and the worst results. The key findings are that the application of isosceles trapezium to the fuzzy implications of Probor and Einstein gives the best values, while fuzzy implication Lukasiewicz, although it was found to be first in the ranking order, is rejected due to unreliable results. As a result, the crucial role of these implications lies in the fact that they are non-symmetrical, i.e., there is a clear difference between the cause and the causal.

Protocol for a feasibility and acceptability study for UK general population paediatric type 1 diabetes screening-the EarLy Surveillance for Autoimmune diabetes (ELSA) study.

The EarLy Surveillance for Autoimmune (ELSA) study aims to explore the feasibility and acceptability of UK paediatric general population screening for type 1 diabetes. We aim to screen 20,000 children aged 3-13 years for islet-specific autoantibodies through dried blood spot sample collection at home, hospital or community settings. Children with two or more autoantibodies are offered metabolic staging via oral glucose challenge testing. Feasibility assessments will compare recruitment modalities and uptake according to demographic factors (age, gender, ethnicity, level of deprivation and family history of diabetes) to determine optimal approaches for general population screening. The study is powered to identify 60 children (0.3%) with type 1 diabetes (stage 1-3). Parents are invited to qualitative interviews following ELSA completion (child screened negative or positive, single autoantibody or multiple, stage 1-3) to share their screening experience, strengths of the programme and any areas for improvement (acceptability assessments). Parents who decline screening or withdraw from participation are invited to interview to explore any concerns. Finally, we will interview professional stakeholders delivering the ELSA study to explore barriers and facilitators to implementation. Early detection of type 1 diabetes allows insulin treatment to be started sooner, avoids diagnosis as an emergency, gives families time to prepare and the opportunity to benefit from future prevention trials and treatments. ELSA will provide essential feasibility and acceptability assessments for UK general population screening to inform a future national screening programme for paediatric type 1 diabetes.