General Soliton Solutions Research Articles

A new three dimensional dissipative Boussinesq equation for Rossby waves and its multiple soliton solutions

A new three dimensional nonlinear dynamic theoretical model is derived from fluid mechanics system. In this paper, From the quasi-geostrophic barotropic potential vorticity equation, we obtain a three dimensional dissipative Boussinesq equation by the reduced perturbation method, i.e.utt+e1uxx+e2(u2)xx+e3utxy+e4uxxxx+e5uxxyy=0. It is emphasized that the new equation is different from the existing Boussinesq equations, which describe the three dimensional nonlinear Rossby waves in the atmosphere. Moreover, we explore the dispersion relation of the linear wave through the new equation. Using the travelling wave method and simplest equation method, the general solution and soliton solutions of the equation are obtained successfully respectively. Finally, the formation mechanism of Rossby waves is discussed by multiple soliton solutions.

General soliton and (semi-)rational solutions of the partial reverse space y-non-local Mel’nikov equation with non-zero boundary conditions

General soliton and (semi-)rational solutions to the y-non-local Mel’nikov equation with non-zero boundary conditions are derived by the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) hierarchy reduction method. The solutions are expressed in N × N Gram-type determinants with an arbitrary positive integer N. A possible new feature of our results compared to previous studies of non-local equations using the KP reduction method is that there are two families of constraints among the parameters appearing in the solutions, which display significant discrepancies. For even N, one of them only generates pairs of solitons or lumps while the other one can give rise to odd numbers of solitons or lumps; the interactions between lumps and solitons are always inelastic for one family whereas the other family may lead to semi-rational solutions with elastic collisions between lumps and solitons. These differences are illustrated by a thorough study of the solution dynamics for N = 1, 2, 3. Besides, regularities of solutions are discussed under proper choices of parameters.

Stable soliton solutions to the time fractional evolution equations in mathematical physics via the new generalized G ′ / G $\left({\boldsymbol{G}}^{\prime }/\boldsymbol{G}\right)$ -expansion method

Abstract The time-fractional generalized biological population model and the (2, 2, 2) Zakharov–Kuznetsov (ZK) equation are significant modeling equations to analyse biological population, ion-acoustic waves in plasma, electromagnetic waves, viscoelasticity waves, material science, probability and statistics, signal processing, etc. The new generalized G ′ / G $\left({G}^{\prime }/G\right)$ -expansion method is consistent, computer algebra friendly, worthwhile through yielding closed-form general soliton solutions in terms of trigonometric, rational and hyperbolic functions associated to subjective parameters. For the definite values of the parameters, some well-established and advanced solutions are accessible from the general solution. The solutions have been analysed by means of diagrams to understand the intricate internal structures. It can be asserted that the method can be used to compute solitary wave solutions to other fractional nonlinear differential equations by means of fractional complex transformation.

On general solitons in the parity-time-symmetric defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Via the Hirota bilinear method combined with the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) hierarchy reduction method, two types of solitons, namely general solitons on a background of periodic waves and rational soliton solutions, to the parity-time-symmetric nonlocal nonlinear Schrodinger equation with the defocusing-type nonlinearity for nonzero boundary condition are investigated. These two types of soliton solutions are constructed by constraining the tau functions of single-component KP hierarchy satisfying the dimension reduction and the nonlocal symmetry and the complex conjugated conditions. For the solitons on a background of periodic waves, we first construct the periodic solution to provide the background of periodic waves and then combine the periodic solution with general soliton solution, which generate solitons on a background of periodic waves. For the rational solitons, we mainly investigate the dynamical behaviours of interactions between several individual rational dark–antidark solitons, antidark–antidark solitons, and antidark–dark solitons, which are elastic collisions with no phase shift. The degenerated soliton cases are also discussed, in which only one-antidark soliton survives.

Exact Solutions of the KdV Equation with Dual-Power Law Nonlinearity

In this paper, we investigate the KdV equation with dual-power law nonlinearity. As a result, we have obtained general exact travelling wave soliton solutions such as bright soliton solution, dark soliton solution and periodic solution. These solutions have many free parameters in such away that they may be used to simulate many experimental situations. The main contribution in this work is to give the general solution of the obtained equations with different values of parameters $$n$$ .

Inverse scattering for reflectionless Schrödinger operators with integrable potentials and generalized soliton solutions for the KdV equation

We give a complete characterization of the reflectionless Schrodinger operators on the line with integrable potentials, solve the inverse scattering problem of reconstructing such potentials from the eigenvalues and norming constants, and derive the corresponding generalized soliton solutions of the Korteweg–de Vries equation.

Onset of the broad-ranging general stable soliton solutions of nonlinear equations in physics and gas dynamics

Stable soliton solutions for the nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation in condensed matter physics, particle physics, nonlinear optics, solid state physics and the gas dynamics equation ensuing in shock fronts have been established by putting use of the sine-Gordon expansion procedure. We establish the broad-ranging familiar stable wave solutions related with some free parameters, for particular values of which some of the subsisting solutions in the literature are re-established and several fresh solutions are formulated. The contour and 3D shapes are depicted to describe the physical phenomena of the established solutions. Scores of solitary wave solutions are obtained such as, compacton, smooth soliton, anti-bell type solitary wave, bell-type solitary wave, kink and some other new types of solitary wave solutions. The obtained results might play important role in optics, quantum mechanics, mathematical physics and engineering. It is noticeable to inspect that the sine-Gordon expansion procedure is an efficient, competent and straightforward mathematical tool to ascertain exact solitary wave solutions.

A generalized nonlocal Gross–Pitaevskii (NGP) equation with an arbitrary time-dependent linear potential

The Hirota bilinear method is studied in a lot of local equations, but there are few work to solve nonlocal equations with external potential by Hirota bilinear method. In this letter, we succeed to bilinearize the generalized nonlocal Gross–Pitaevskii (NGP) equation with an arbitrary time-dependent linear potential through a nonstandard procedure and present more general bright soliton solutions, which describes the dynamics of soliton solutions in quasi-one-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensations. Under some reasonable assumptions, one-bright-soliton and two-bright-soliton solutions are constructed analytically by the improved Hirota method. From the gauge equivalence, we can see the difference between the solutions of the nonlocal GP equation and the solutions of the local GP equation.

General soliton solutions to a reverse‐time nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation

AbstractGeneral soliton solutions to a reverse‐time nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation are discussed via a matrix version of binary Darboux transformation. With this technique, searching for solutions of the Lax pair is transferred to find vector solutions of the associated linear differential equation system. From vanishing and nonvanishing seed solutions, general vector solutions of such linear differential equation system in terms of the canonical forms of the spectral matrix can be constructed by means of triangular Toeplitz matrices. Several explicit one‐soliton solutions and two‐soliton solutions are provided corresponding to different forms of the spectral matrix. Furthermore, dynamics and interactions of bright solitons, degenerate solitons, breathers, rogue waves, and dark solitons are also explored graphically.

Bright soliton solutions to a nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation of reverse-time type

Two types of multiple bright soliton solutions for a focusing nonlocal reverse-time nonlinear Schrodinger equation are derived by using the Hirota’s bilinear method and the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy reduction. Compared with the case of the local Manakov system, both types of soliton solutions are restricted to ones with even numbers. For the first type of solution, the fundamental paired soliton exhibits two paralleled line solitons along with the time axis and the special breathing soliton. For the second type of solution, the fundamental paired soliton only allows head-on collisions with the same velocity, in which the collision with spatial interferences and the degenerate soliton with position shifts can be realized with certain parameters. General higher-order soliton solutions of two types describe the superposition of the fundamental paired soliton, which show a few interesting dynamical behaviors such as the superposed breathing solitons, the interaction of two paired soliton bound states, the interaction of two degenerate solitons with position shifts and the breathing soliton with position shifts.

General soliton and (semi‐)rational solutions to the nonlocal Mel'nikov equation on the periodic background

AbstractIn this paper, the Hirota's bilinear method and Kadomtsev‐Petviashvili hierarchy reduction method are applied to construct soliton, line breather and (semi‐)rational solutions to the nonlocal Mel'nikov equation with nonzero boundary conditions. These solutions are expressed as Gram‐type determinants. When N is even, soliton, line breather and (semi‐)rational solutions on the constant background are derived while these solutions are located on the periodic background for odd N. Regularity of these solutions and their connections with the local Mel'nikov equation are analyzed for proper choices of parameters that appear in the solutions. The dynamics of the solutions are discussed in detail. All possible configurations of soliton and lump solutions are found for . Several interesting dynamical behaviors of semi‐rational solutions are observed. It is shown that certain lumps may exhibit fusion and fission phenomena during their interactions with solitons while some lump may change its direction of movement after it collides with solitons.

General high-order localized waves to the Bogoyavlenskii–Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation

In this work, the Bogoyavlenskii–Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation is investigated. By means of the Hirota bilinear system and Pfaffian, we demonstrate that the Bogoyavlenskii–Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation has the Grammian determinant solution. On the basis of the Grammian determinant solution, we derive a class of exponentially localized wave solutions. It is shown that the exponentially localized wave solutions describe the fission and fusion phenomena between kink-type soliton and breather-type soliton. Further, general high-order localized waves consisting of kink-type, lump-type and breather-type solitons are derived by means of the general differential operators. These general high-order localized waves contain more plentiful dynamical behaviors. It is shown that the mixture of multiple wave solutions exhibit the fission and fusion phenomena among kink-type, lump-type and breather-type solitons. In addition, by choosing appropriate parameters, we construct general high-order lump-type soliton solutions. The results show that high-order lump-type solitons propagate with the variable speed on the curves. After collision, the lump-type solitons do not pass through each other, but rather are reflected back. The propagation paths of the lump-type solitons are changed completely.

Formula omitted]-symmetric nonlocal Davey–Stewartson I equation: General lump-soliton solutions on a background of periodic line waves

We study the general lump-type soliton solutions on a background of periodic line waves in the PT-symmetric nonlocal Davey–Stewartson I (DS I) equation. By using the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy reduction method, new families of semi-rational solutions termed as lump-soliton solutions to the nonlocal DS I equation are constructed. Under particular parameters restrictions we obtain: (a) different types of lumps sitting on a background of periodic line waves and (b) different types of lumps interacting with line solitons on a background of periodic line waves. The interactions of lumps and line solitons are inelastic, generating three generic dynamical scenarios: (i) lumps fusing into line solitons, (ii) lumps fissioning from line solitons, and (iii) a combined process consisting of lumps fusing into and fissioning from line solitons.

Multi-dark soliton solutions for the (2+1)-dimensional multi-component Maccari system

Based on reduction of the KP hierarchy, the general multi-dark soliton solutions in Gram type determinant forms for the (2[Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text]1)-dimensional multi-component Maccari system are constructed. Especially, the two component coupled Maccari system comprising of two component short waves and single-component long waves are discussed in detail. Besides, the dynamics of one and two dark-dark solitons are analyzed. It is shown that the collisions of two dark-dark solitons are elastic by asymptotic analysis. Additionally, the two dark-dark solitons bound states are studied through two different cases (stationary and moving cases). The bound states can exist up to arbitrary order in the stationary case, however, only two-soliton bound state exists in the moving case. Besides, the oblique stationary bound state can be generated for all possible combinations of nonlinearity coefficients consisting of positive, negative and mixed cases. Nevertheless, the parallel stationary and the moving bound states are only possible when nonlinearity coefficients take opposite signs.

Binary Darboux transformation and soliton solutions for the coupled complex modified Korteweg‐de Vries equations

This paper considers the coupled complex modified Korteweg‐de Vries (mKdV) equations and presents a binary Darboux transformation for the equations. As a direct application, we give a classification of general soliton solutions derived from vanishing and non‐vanishing backgrounds, on the basis of the dynamical behavior of the solutions. Special types of solutions in the presented solutions include breathers, bright‐bright solitons, bright‐dark solitons, bright‐W‐shaped solitons, and rogue wave solutions. Furthermore, dynamics and interactions of vector bright solitons are exhibited.

Formula omitted]-symmetric nonlocal Davey–Stewartson I equation: Soliton solutions with nonzero background

Various solutions to the PT-symmetric nonlocal Davey–Stewartson (DS) I equation with nonzero boundary condition are derived by constraining different tau functions of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy combined with the Hirota bilinear method. From the first type of tau functions of the nonlocal DS I equation, we construct: (a) general line soliton solutions sitting on either a constant background or on a background of periodic line waves and (b) general lump-type soliton solutions. We find two generic types of line solitons that we call usual line solitons and new-found ones. The usual line solitons exhibit elastic collisions, whereas the new-found ones, in the evolution process, change their waveforms from an antidark (dark) shape to a dark (antidark) one. The general lump-type soliton solutions describe the interaction between 2N-line solitons and 2N-lumps, which give rise to different dynamical scenarios: (i) fusion of line solitons and lumps into line solitons, (ii) fission of line solitons into lumps and line solitons, and (iii) a combination of fusion and fission processes. By constraining another type of tau functions combined with the long wave limit method, periodic line waves, rogue waves, and semi-rational solutions to the nonlocal DS I equation are obtained in terms of determinants whose matrix elements have simple algebraic expressions. Finally, different types of general solutions of the nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation, namely general higher-order breathers and mixed solutions consisting of higher-order breathers and rogue waves sitting on either a constant background or on a background of periodic line waves are obtained as reductions of the corresponding solutions of the nonlocal DS I equation.

Auxiliary equation method for ill-posed Boussinesq equation

This paper comprises the extraction of many new general exact soliton solutions of the ill-posed Boussinesq equation, which has a number of applications in mathematical physics, by employing auxiliary equation method. The method successfully yields bell shape soliton, singular soliton, topological (dark) soliton, non-topological (bright) soliton and periodic soliton solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations solutions. These solutions are greater in number as compared to those attained by the exiting techniques. Parameters, contained in the solutions are given appropriate values for intelligible physical facets and vivid graphical view. Our results justify the efficacy, validity and favorability of auxiliary equation method for promising results while solving many other nonlinear partial differential equations.

High-order breathers, lumps, and semi-rational solutions to the (2 + 1)-dimensional Hirota–Satsuma–Ito equation

Under investigation in this work is the (2 + 1)-dimensional Hirota–Satsuma–Ito (HSI) equation. By employing Bell’s polynomials, bilinear formalism of the HSI equation is succinctly obtained. With the aid of the obtained bilinear formalism, we first construct general high-order soliton solutions by using Hirota’s bilinear method combined with the perturbation expansion. By taking particular complex conjugate conditions of the high-order soliton solutions, high-order breather solutions and the mixed solutions consisting of breathers and line solitons are succinctly derived. We further generate rational solutions termed high-order lumps by taking a long wave limit. Finally, we investigate two types of semi-rational solutions, which describe interaction between lumps and line solitons, or between lumps and breathers. These collisions are elastic, which do not lead to any changes of amplitudes and velocities, and shapes of the line solitons, breathers and lumps after interaction.

Degenerate soliton solutions and their dynamics in the nonlocal Manakov system: I symmetry preserving and symmetry breaking solutions

In this paper, we construct degenerate soliton solutions (which preserve $\cal{PT}$-symmetry/break $\cal{PT}$-symmetry) to the nonlocal Manakov system through a nonstandard bilinear procedure. Here by degenerate we mean the solitons that are present in both the modes which propagate with same velocity. The degenerate nonlocal soliton solution is constructed after briefly indicating the form of nondegenerate one-soliton solution. To derive these soliton solutions, we simultaneously solve the nonlocal Manakov equation and a pair of coupled equations that arise from the zero curvature condition. The later consideration yields general soliton solution which agrees with the solutions that are already reported in the literature under certain specific parametric choice. We also discuss the salient features associated with the obtained degenerate soliton solutions.

General soliton solution to a nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation with zero and nonzero boundary conditions

General soliton solutions to a nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with PT-symmetry for both zero and nonzero boundary conditions are considered via the combination of Hirota’s bilinear method and the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) hierarchy reduction method. First, general N-soliton solutions with zero boundary conditions are constructed. Starting from the tau functions of the two-component KP hierarchy, it is shown that they can be expressed in terms of either Gramian or double Wronskian determinants. On the contrary, from the tau functions of single component KP hierarchy, general soliton solutions to the nonlocal NLS equation with nonzero boundary conditions are obtained. All possible soliton solutions to nonlocal NLS with Parity (PT)-symmetry for both zero and nonzero boundary conditions are found in the present paper.