Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching Research Articles

Performance investigations on data protection algorithms in generalized multi protocol label switched optical networks

In future generation networks, data protection is a crucial necessity particularly when information is sent on a system. Network protection has three objectives known as discretion, reliability and accessibility. The most common procedure exploited to attain this ambition is encryption. The Generalized Multi Protocol Label Switched (GMPLS) optical networks are designed to survive Internet Protocol’s (IPʹs) unreliable delivery. In this paper, GMPLS network is proposed with random users and then the data protection algorithms have been analyzed on proposed GMPLS optical network. The various algorithms involve Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) algorithm and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. The considered algorithms are very popular but have not been implemented on GMPLS optical networks in the literature which shows the novelty of the presented work. The network performance is compared for these algorithms in terms of various parameters like blocking probability and latency. The results reveal that RSA reduces the blocking probability < 0.005 and latency < 0.007 ms. This shows that RSA gives better performance than AES algorithm and enhance the quality of service considering blocking probability, latency and overheads in GMPLS optical networks leading to enhanced data protection.

Performance Evaluation of Bandwidth Allocating Algorithms in Generalized Multi Protocol Label Switched Optical Networks to Enhance Quality of Service

Generalized Multi Protocol Label Switched (GMPLS) optical networks increase the network capacity by allowing large number of parallel links between nodes in a network which is the basic requirement in optical communication where hundreds of parallel links may exist between a pair of nodes. It also facilitates switchovers to alternate channels, rapid fault detection, fault isolation and reducing network downtime. In this paper, GMPLS network is proposed with dynamic users. Then the different bandwidth allocating algorithms have been implemented on the proposed GMPLS optical networks. The various algorithms involve Minimum Execution Time (MET) algorithm, Minimum Completion Time (MCT) algorithm and Opportunistic Load Balancing (OLB) algorithm. The considered algorithms are very popular but have not been implemented on GMPLS optical networks in the literature which shows the novelty of the work. The network performance is evaluated for each algorithm and compared with each other. The results reveal that MET reduces the blocking probability < 0.1% and latency < 1ms. This shows that MET gives the best performance among the considered algorithms and enhance the quality of service in terms of blocking probability, latency, makespan and energy consumption in GMPLS optical networks.

Optical networks management and control: A review and recent challenges

In the last twenty years, optical networks have witnessed recurrent changes in their management and control architecture. In this paper, we present a historical timeline and a future perspective of the evolution of optical network management and control deployed for Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSON), Elastic Optical Networks (EON) and (multilayer) Data Center Networks.Early implementations of WSON envisaged a static and centralized provisioning approach supported by the Management Plane only. Gradually, the requirement of accommodating more network dynamicity in WSON, and later in EON, pushed the adoption of a distributed control, mostly supported by vendor-dependent implementations of the Generalized MultiProtocol Label Switching (GMPLS) protocol suite. The drawbacks of the fully distributed GMPLS-based control, such as resource contention, suboptimal resource usage, and complex computations (e.g., to account for physical layer constraints) showed the necessity to bring back some of the routing/provisioning functions to a centralized Path Computation Element (PCE) capable of accounting for e.g. physical impairments and interworking with GMPLS.The centralized control then gained its momentum and brought a radical change in network control, through the separation of data and control plane introduced by the paradigm of Software Defined Networking (SDN). Such an approach has been gradually extended to optical network control.The paper, eventually, presents the most advanced control techniques, namely the intent-based networking, the observe/decide/act state-based approach providing for autonomic optical network and the (closed-loop) zero-touch service management approach. Advanced traffic conditioning techniques are also detailed, namely the in-band telemetry and the exploitation of Programming Protocol-Independent Packet Processors (P4) language capabilities as well as solutions tailored for data center networks: all of them are still in a research stage and to be integrated within future optical network architectures.

Simulator for Performance Evaluation of ASON/GMPLS Network

The hierarchical control plane network architecture of Automatically Switched Optical Network with utilization of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching protocols is compliant to next generation networks requirements and can supply connections with required quality of service, even with incomplete domain information. Considering connection control, connection management and network management, the controllers of this architecture could perform the same operations on the transport plane resources and could support control functions for Software Defined Networking controllers, which are considered as the future networking solutions. Therefore, it is very important to determine factors that have an influence on service control and resource management. One of the tools for achieving this goal is computer simulation. The paper proposes a simulator for the hierarchical control plane networks in an open source OMNeT++ environment, in order to evaluate network architecture performance for different network structures and traffic parameters. To demonstrate simulator capabilities, examples of typical simulations performance results for Polish and European network structures are presented and discussed. Performance metrics which have been used to evaluate the performance of this architecture are: mean values of Call Set-up Time, Connection Set-up Time, Call Release Time, Connection Release Time, loss probability for inter-domain connection requests and loss probability for low and high priority requests. General remarks concerned with presented simulator are also provided.

Quality of transmission-aware control plane performance analysis for elastic optical networks

Physical layer impairment-aware control plane techniques are studied for dynamic networking of elastic optical networks (EONs). To this end, performance of three control plane architectures, the generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS), the GMPLS method with a path computation element unit, and the software-defined networking (SDN), are analyzed considering nonlinear interference (NLI) noise (consisting of self-phase and cross-phase modulation effects) and amplified spontaneous emission noise. Signal-to-noise ratio estimation of all the control plane architectures is performed by means of the well established gaussian noise model. To reduce the blocking probability caused by the NLI noise in EONs, an impairment-aware routing and spectrum assignment algorithm is proposed to ensure a required quality of transmission for requested light-paths. Moreover, transmit launch power influence on blocking probability is investigated exploiting extensive numerical simulations based on stochastic traffic modeling for the investigated control plane architectures in Pan-European and national science foundation network (NSFNET) topologies. The numerical results show nearly 50% improvement in blocking probability of the SDN control plane by applying an impairment aware scheme at traffics around 200 Erlang. Furthermore, the results indicate that the lowest blocking probability is observed at a transmit power of 0 dBm for all the control plane techniques.

Multi-Level Buffering Services Based on Optical Packet Encoding of Composite Maximal-Length Sequences in a GMPLS Network

Generalized multi-protocol label-switching (GMPLS) provides packet-switching with multiple speeds and quality-of-services (QoSs). Packet buffering in GMPLS reduces packet loss by resolving the conflicts between packets requesting for a common channel. Presently, due to the diversity of multimedia applications, enabling multiple services in networks has become necessary. In this paper, a family of codes known as composite maximal-length sequence (CMLS) codes is introduced into an optical buffering scheme based on code-switching. A given number of available CMLS codes is divided into several code subsets. The buffer selects an unused CMLS code from a code subset and assigns it to the incoming packet. When all codes in a specific subset have been distributed to the queued packets, a free CMLS code in another subset is chosen for the new arrival. To achieve multi-level buffering services, the partition scenario with a lower subset number but with a higher number of codes in an individual subset is used as a code-assigning method for buffering high-QoS users. A two-level buffering system is demonstrated by examining the QoS of each class in terms of packet-dropping probability (PDP). The results show that different levels of PDPs can be effectively supported by a common buffer architecture.

Reduction of Blocking Probability in Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switched Optical Networks

Abstract The blocking probability is studied for improving the quality of service of the network. The call blocking model for mode of operation to determine the types of applications suitable for Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switched (GMPLS) networks is proposed. The performance of optical network depends upon various parameters such as number of channels, number of sources, traffic intensity which directly affect the blocking probability of the network. A mathematical model of an optical network for blocking probability of cleared calls and holding calls is developed. In the proposed model, blocking probability of the network gets reduced with a large number of servers. The proposed models decrease the blocking probability of the network to a level of 10–40. In addition, the blocking performance for held calls is also analyzed to compare the amount of traffic intensity that can be handled and completed properly with that of the cleared calls probability. The blocking probability is less for cleared calls than that for held calls as more traffic intensity can be handled in case of cleared calls but the chances for call completion increases in case of held calls.

Rapidly IPv6 multimedia management schemes based LTE-A wireless networks

Ensuring the best quality of smart multimedia services becomes an essential goal for modern enterprises so there is always a need for effective IP mobility smart management schemes in order to fulfill the following two main functions: (I) interconnecting the moving terminals around the extended indoor smart services. In addition, (II) providing session continuity for instant data transfer in real-time and multimedia applications with negligible latency, efficient bandwidth utilization, and improved reliability. In this context, it found out that the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) over LTE-A network that offers many advanced services for large numbers of users with higher bandwidths, better spectrum efficiency, and lower latency. In GMPLS, there is an elimination of the routing searches and choice of routing protocols on every core LTE-A router also it provides the architecture simplicity and increases the scalability. A comparative assessment of three types of IPv6 mobility management schemes over the LTE-A provided by using various types of multimedia. By using OPNET Simulator 17.5, In accordance with these schemes, it was proven that the IPv6-GMPLS scheme is the best choice for the system's operation, in comparison to the IPv6-MPLS and Mobile IPv6 for all multimedia offerings and on the overall network performance.

RSVP-TE Bilateral-Recursive Region Re-Routing Crankback Mechanism for Large-Scale Optical Networks

Abstract Cloud computing services and real-time Internet applications have spawned a large variety of potential requirements for quality of service (QoS), especially the latency and connection setup time. However, with the optical networks develop toward to larger scale, wider coverage and more users access, conventional resource reservation protocol traffic engineering (RSVP-TE) signal hop by hop transmission scheme cannot meet the requirements of these new applications for real-time dynamic services and fast restoration with long propagation delays. This paper proposes a novel RSVP-TE bilateral-recursive region re-routing crankback mechanism (BRCB) base on distributed path computation element (PCE) for generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) optical networks. In this mechanism, the backtracking nodes re-route and update the region routing paths which bypass the crankback and re-routing failure nodes when crankback occurs. It not only reduces the influencing factors of the scale of network, signaling crankback position and frequency to path connection setup time, but also avoids the backtracking of teardown messages.

Packet Switching Strategy and Node Architecture of Extended Spectral-Amplitude-Coding Labels in GMPLS Networks

We present packet switching applications based on extended spectral-amplitude-coding (SAC) labels in generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) networks. The proposed approach combines the advantages of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA). The extended SAC labels preserve the orthogonal property to avoid the effect of multiple access interference (MAI) shown at the decoder. We investigate the node architecture of label generation/recognition based on arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). Combining cyclic-shifted maximal length sequence (MLS) codes with the wavelength routed property of AWG simplifies the node structure. The simulation results show that the proposed labels achieve good performances against receiver noise due to the low average cross-correlation values. Under a given bit-error-rate (BER), the switching efficiency of the extended SAC labels outperforms the previous OCDMA schemes, as the network nodes are capable of processing a large number of labels simultaneously.

Software Defined Network-Based Edge Cloud Resource Allocation Framework

A growing number of user applications rely on the computing resources of edge cloud data centers (ECDCs). The efficient management of ECDC resources has a positive impact on the cloud service providers' profitability and on the stringent quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of user applications. This paper proposes a resource allocation framework of interconnected ECDCs using software-defined networking (SDN). SDN technology is used to ensure QoS and to efficiently embed user applications into the ECDCs. The proposed framework, called infrastructure as a service provisioning using SDN (IaaSP-SDN), includes the two-phase coordinated IaaS requests. Provisioning approach and a set of SDN management modules to set up accepted IaaS. The performance of IaaSP-SDN is evaluated in two steps: 1) a prototype is compared with generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) and 2) the impact of SDN controller physical location on the performance of the IaaSP-SDN framework is evaluated. The results illustrate that the SDN framework is more stable and scalable than GMPLS. We also show that SDN controller location attributes have a significant effect on the acceptance ratio of IaaS requests.

A Performance Comparison of Centralized and Distributed Spectrum Management Techniques in Elastic Optical Networks

Elastic optical networks (EONs) have emerged to provide higher spectrum efficiency than traditional Dense Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing (DWDM) by utilizing enabling technologies such as flexible spectrum grid, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), and distance adaptive rate and modulation. The choice of the control-plane is an important consideration when deploying any new technology, especially in optical networks. This paper considers generic distributed and centralized spectrum assignment policies in conjunction with the accompanying connection set-up signaling protocols in EONs. A network simulator for Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) was developed with Forward Reservation Protocol and Backward Reservation Protocol signaling methods. These signaling techniques are used with the First Fit (FF) and Random Fit (RF) Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) algorithms. The paper discusses control elements (central and distributed architectures) decisions under busy hour and normal network conditions and presents a comprehensive performance analysis of key performance metrics such as connection success rate, connection establishment time, and capacity requirement.

Label Stacking Scenarios in Hybrid Wavelength and Code-Switched GMPLS Networks

Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) is a promising solution to implement high-speed internet protocol (IP) networks by reducing the layer number. To meet the increasing demand for data traffic, optical packet switching (OPS) is integrated under IP to provide high bandwidth to end users. Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) is perfectly compatible with the routing algorithm in IP/MPLS as it supports packet-switching functions. In this paper, we investigate the label stacking scenarios in GMPLS networks. In GMPLS, label stacking is done to reduce the node complexity by appending multiple labels to a single packet. Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and optical code-division multiplexing (OCDM) signals have been widely used as identifying labels. As the labels can be permutated among the wavelengths or code dimensions, the structure of a label stack can be varied. However, studies on the relationship between label stacking scenarios and network performance are limited. To investigate this issue, we propose three label stacking models: sequential code distribution; sequential wavelength distribution, and random label distribution. The simulation results show that the sequential wavelength assignment, wherein the labels are uniformly distributed among the wavelengths, exhibits the best system performance in terms of the label-error rate (LER).

Connection Provisioning for PCE-Based GMPLS Optical Networks

Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) networks is capable of allocating suitable route based on the size of the network and computational constraints. In this paper, we propose a connection provisioning strategy for updating the Traffic Engineering Database of Path Computation Element (PCE) in GMPLS optical networks. Control and management plane are used for resource optimization in PCE-based centralized network. We have also proposed connection provisioning for Label Switched Path (LSP) to optimize the resources and to maximize the connection establishment. For provisioning a connection with LSP requests, we have formulated the Integer Linear Programming and constraints to minimize the blocking of connections and network performance. The results obtained shows that the proposed strategy has better network resource utilization with minimum blocking of connections.

Optical Power Control in Translucent Flexible Optical Networks With GMPLS Control Plane

The continuously increasing traffic of Internet services (cloud services, video streaming, social networks, and recently, Internet of Things services) is leading to huge traffic growth in core optical networks. This traffic evolution is pushing network operators to efficiently exploit their infrastructures in order to postpone, as much as possible, the expensive deployment of new infrastructures. In this respect, the migration from fixed-to flex-grid optical networks was triggered in order to efficiently use optical network capacity, taking benefits from the improved spectral efficiency of flexible transponders. In our previous work [J. Opt. Commun. Netw., vol. 8, no. 8, p. 553, Aug. 2016], we demonstrated that migrating towards flexible networks while keeping in use existing optical amplifiers will cause a power saturation problem over highly loaded links due to the increase in the number of optical channels. To overcome this problem, we proposed in that work a power adaptation process that consists of converting transmission performance margins into optical power attenuation over optical links. However, the realized work considered only a transparent optical network controlled by the generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) protocol suite. In this paper, we consider the case of a translucent optical network where optical regeneration is required, and thus, the power adaptation process is adapted to this kind of network. A new routing algorithm and protocol extensions are proposed to take into account power and regeneration information in the GMPLS control plane of translucent networks.

Investigation of Blocking Performance in GMPLS Networks

AbstractThe call blocking is the most vital factor in generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) Networks. Call blocking depends upon many factors such as traffic intensity, number of servers and number of links. Call blocking performance for GMPLS networks has been calculated in this paper by using a proposed mathematical model. The proposed model investigates the dependency of probability of call blocking upon the number of wavelengths and number of links. In the suggested model, the blocking performance of GMPLS network is improved.

Control Plane Architectures for Elastic Optical Networks [Invited

Network operators have deployed optical transmission systems in their production networks for several years. The transport technology for fiber-optic transmission systems in backbone networks has been a synchronous digital hierarchy. However, network operators started migrating such networks to deploy WDM systems to improve the utilization of the fibers. Network operators can migrate to 100 Gbps solutions that can cope with medium-term bandwidth needs. However, when evolving toward 400 Gbps or 1 Tbps, utilization of the optical spectrum is less efficient if the fixed-grid schemas are maintained. Elastic optical networks (EONs) are based on a flexible allocation of the spectrum and configurable transponders. There is an unprecedented flexibility at the optical layer, thanks to advances in the components to support EONs. To take advantage of such flexibility and unlock the potential of EONs, the control architecture plays a key role. This paper presents the architectural choices, including generalized multiprotocol label switching, path computation element, and software-defined networking using a transport application programming interface. Moreover, this paper presents how the open source Netphony suite enables the validation and testing of all previous control plane architectures for EONs.

Packets Buffering Enhancement with Hybrid Coding Labels for Virtual Optical Memory

For the practical deployment of optical packet switching (OPS) system, realizing all-optical buffering is a critical issue. In this paper, we present a hybrid labelling scheme based on optical code-division multiplexing (OCDM) over generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) network. The virtual optical memory is implemented by assigning queuing packets with different coded-WDM labels. The proposed hybrid labels combine the advantages of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) with spectral-amplitude-coding (SAC) OCDM. Due to the cyclic-shift property of arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) and maximal-length sequence (M-sequence) codes, blocks of label generating and processing in node organization can be built in low complexity. Furthermore, utilizing hybrid coding technique in the buffering node increases the efficiency of label generating and processing. Derivation of the probability of packet missing is done to quantify the buffering performance of virtual optical memory. Simulation results show that the hybrid-coded labels, as compared to the conventional OCDM labels, are able to buffer the data packets with a relatively low probability of packet missing under similar label length.

Experimental Validation of Time-Synchronized Operations for Software-Defined Elastic Optical Networks

Elastic optical networking (EON) has been proposed as a solution to efficiently exploit the spectrum resources in the physical layer of optical networks. Moreover, by centralizing legacy generalized multiprotocol label switching control-plane functionalities and providing a global network view, software-defined networking (SDN) enables advanced network programmability valuable to control and configure the technological breakthroughs of EON. In this paper, we review our recent proposal [Optical Fiber Communication Conf., 2017, paper W4J.6] of time-synchronized operations (TSO) to minimize disruption time during lightpath reassignment in EON. TSO has been recently standardized in SDN, and here we discuss its implementation using NETCONF and OpenFlow in optical networks. Subsequently, we update our analytical model considering an experimental characterization of the WSS operation time. Then, we extend our previous work with an experimental validation of TSO for lightpath reassignment in a five-node metropolitan optical network test-bed. Results validate the convenience of our TSO-based approach against a traditional asynchronous technique given its reduction of disruption time, while both techniques maintain a similar network performance in terms of optical signal-to-noise ratio and optical power budget.

Control Orchestration Protocol: Unified Transport API for Distributed Cloud and Network Orchestration

In the context of the fifth generation of mobile technology (5G), multiple technologies will converge into a unified end-to-end system. For this purpose, software defined networking (SDN) is proposed, as the control paradigm will integrate all network segments and heterogeneous optical and wireless network technologies together with massive storage and computing infrastructures. The control orchestration protocol is presented as a unified transport application programming interface solution for joint cloud/network orchestration, allowing interworking of heterogeneous control planes to provide provisioning and recovery of quality of service (QoS)-aware end-to-end services. End-to-end QoS is guaranteed by provisioning and restoration schemes, which are proposed for optical circuit/packet switching restoration by means of signal monitoring and adaptive modulation and adaptive route control, respectively. The proposed solution is experimentally demonstrated in an international multi-partner test bed, which consists of a multi-domain transport network comprising optical circuit switching and optical packet switching domains controlled by SDN/OpenFlow and Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) control planes and a distributed cloud infrastructure. The results show the dynamic provisioning of IT and network resources and recovery capabilities of the architecture.