General Composition Research Articles

Aloe adigratana Reynolds: Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Proximate Content, Essential Oil Analysis, and In Vitro Antifungal Activity Studies of Its Leaf Peels and Gel.

Aloe species are among the most significant plants with several applications. Many of the species, however, are underexplored, owing to their scarcity and limited geographical distribution. A. adigratana Reynolds, which is common in Ethiopia, is one of the little-studied and endangered Aloe species. This preliminary study focuses on the phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, essential oil content, and antifungal activities of A. adigratana leaf peels. Antifungal activities were also tested on the gels of the plant for comparison. Standard procedures were used for phytochemical and proximate composition studies. Essential oil analysis was performed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument. Using the well-diffusion method, investigations on antifungal activity were performed on three clinically isolated specimens of dandruff-causing fungus; namely, Malassezia furfur, Malassezia restricta, and Malassezia globosa. The leaf peels of A. adigratana contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The mean moisture, ash, and crude fat levels were 85.69, 92.20, and 8.00%, respectively, whereas the mean total protein and mean total carbohydrate values were 2.59 and 3.04%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry investigation confirmed the presence of fifteen essential oils. The most prevalent essential oil component was discovered to be phytol (33.78%), followed by decane (11.29%). In a dose-dependent way, the leaf latex and gel extracts prevented the growth of three dandruff-causing Malassezia fungal species (M. furfur, M. restricta, and M. globosa). Both the latex and gel demonstrated the maximum activity on M. globosa, the most prevalent fungus in the research area, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.24 and 0.48 mg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentrations of 0.48 and 0.97 mg/mL, respectively. In general, the proximate and essential oil compositions of A. adigratana leaves were comparable to those of other Aloe species widely used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, implying that A. adigratana could be a potential future plant for such industries.

Spectral Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Chenodeoxycholic Acid Complexes with Zn(II), Mg(II), and Ca(II) Ions

Chenodeoxycholic acid (CA) is a naturally occurring bile acid that is produced in the liver from cholesterol. Three CA complexes using Zn(II), Mg(II), and Ca(II) ions were synthesized to examine the chelation tendencies of CA towards these metal ions. The complexation reaction of CA with the metal ions under investigation was conducted with a 1:1 molar ratio (CA to metal) at 60–70 °C in neutralized media, which consisted of a binary solvent of MeOH and H2O (1:1). The resulting CA complexes were characterized using elemental data (metal, H, C, and Cl analysis) and spectral data (UV–visible, FT-IR, and 1H NMR). The results suggested that CA in anion form utilized oxygen atoms of the carboxylate group (-COO−) to capture Zn(II), Mg(II), and Ca(II) ions. This produced complexes with the general compositions of [Zn(CA)(H2O)Cl], [Mg2(CA)2(H2O)4Cl2], and [Ca2(CA)2(H2O)4Cl2]·2H2O, respectively. The Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion assay was then used to explore the bioactivity of the CA complexes toward three fungal species (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Penicillium sp.), three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis), and two Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). The Ca(II) and Mg(II) complexes exhibited marked inhibitory effects on the cell growth of the fungal species Aspergillus niger with potency equal to 127 and 116% of the activity of the positive control, respectively. The Zn(II) and Ca(II) complexes strongly inhibited the growth of Penicillium sp., while the Zn(II) and Mg(II) complexes showed strong growth inhibition towards the Gram-negative species Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Compositions of song Nakhon Champasri for creative research and music instruction in contemporary Isan Folk Music ensemble

The compositions of "Nakhon Champasri" for a contemporary Isan folk music ensemble, focusing on creative music and music instruction in a contemporary Isan style The objective of this was to produce academic works that advance the understanding of creative music and contribute to broader research in music, the arts, and culture. Using a creative research approach, incorporating traditional Thai Isan folk melodies and infusing them with intriguing patterns, rhythmic rise, Western harmonies, and chords, such as random notations, block chords, pentatonic scales, passing notes, rhythmic patterns, ostinato, improvisation, and passing notes, while utilizing harmonies of different voice counts The findings showcase the successful integration of traditional Isan folk melodies with contemporary compositional techniques, resulting in captivating and harmonically rich compositions. The practical implications of its value as a teaching tool for students pursuing a Bachelor of Music degree, allowing them to explore and learn about contemporary Isan folk music composition, These compositions offer opportunities for musicians and music enthusiasts interested in general music composition to engage with and appreciate the unique genre of contemporary Isan folk music. contributing to the advancement of creative music and serving as valuable resources for music instruction.

Blood orange juice intake changes specific bacteria of gut microbiota associated with cardiometabolic biomarkers.

Blood orange juice is an important source of flavanones and anthocyanins, mainly hesperidin, narirutin, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. The benefits of these bioactive compounds have been reported, but the mechanistic details behind their biological effects are not well established. This study investigated the effects of Moro orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) juice (MOJ) on gut microbiota composition and cardiometabolic biomarkers in overweight women. In this study, 12 overweight women (BMI from 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2), aged 18-37 years, consumed 500 mL of MOJ every day for 4 weeks. We assessed the gut microbiota composition, levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), cardiometabolic biomarkers, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at baseline and after 2 weeks and 4 weeks of MOJ intake. The results suggested that MOJ intake affected the abundance of specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the gut microbiota but did not significantly alter the diversity and general composition of the gut microbiota. However, MOJ intake increased the production of SCFAs, especially propionic and isobutyric acids, and significantly improved cardiometabolic biomarkers such as blood pressure and plasma VCAM-1 levels in the overweight women. Additionally, we observed significant associations between gut microbiota OTUs belonging to the Bacteroidetes phyla and Prevotella 9 genera and the cardiometabolic biomarkers. Furthermore, MOJ reduced fasting glucose and insulin levels and HOMA-IR values, thereby enhancing insulin sensitivity in the insulin-resistant overweight women. Finally, we highlighted the importance of orange juice intake duration because some beneficial changes such as blood pressure improvements were evident at the 2-week time interval of the intervention, but other changes became significant only at the 4-week interval of MOJ intake. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that changes in specific OTUs of the gut microbiota in response to MOJ intake were associated with significant improvements in some cardiometabolic biomarkers and SCFA levels in overweight women with insulin resistance.

On the synthesis and potential benefit of Na-rich P-type layered oxides for high power Na-ion batteries

Layered oxides with the general composition NaxMO2 (M = transition metal) have attracted a lot of attention for their composition diversity and promising electrochemical performances as positive electrode for sodium-ion batteries. P-type compositions offer power capabilities owing to the fast diffusion of sodium cations but are plagued by limited specific capacities because of the nominal low amount of sodium in the structure. Therefore, sodium enriching of P-type structure is consequently of interest to propose electrode candidates combining high energy density and high power capabilities.Herein co-precipitation syntheses of sodium-rich P-type NaxMn2/3Ni1/3O2 and NaxMn1/2Ni1/2O2 have been attempted and the synthesis mechanism carefully monitored by X-rays diffraction follow up in temperature. The optimization of the synthesis protocol led to stabilize only P3-type single-phases. The combination of several characterization techniques shows that the actual Na content is limited to x = 0.8 far from targeted stoichiometry but still higher than conventionally reported for most of P3-type layered oxides.The investigation of the electrochemical behavior of Na-rich P3-type compounds shows that they behave similarly to stable P2-type and O3-type homologue used as reference.Consequently, efficiency of highly sodiated P3-type layered oxides as a way to combine high energy density and power capabilities is questioned while the interest in stabilizing Na-rich P2-type remains an open question.

The impact of general practice team composition and climate on staff and patient experiences: a systematic review.

Recent policy initiatives seeking to address the workforce crisis in general practice have promoted greater multidisciplinarity. Evidence is lacking on how changes in staffing and the relational climate in practice teams affect the experiences of staff and patients. To synthesise evidence on how the composition of the practice workforce and team climate affect staff job satisfaction and burnout, and the processes and quality of care for patients. Four different searches were carried out between December 2021 and March 2022 using MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL PsycINFO and Web of Science. PRISMA guidelines were followed and data were synthesised thematically. Eleven studies set in primary care were included, 10 from US integrated healthcare systems, one from Canada. Findings indicate that when teams are understaffed and work environments are stressful, patient care and staff wellbeing suffer. However, a good relational climate can buffer against burnout and protect patient care. Good team dynamics and team cohesion have a greater impact on job satisfaction and patient care coordination than team composition; stable team membership is also important. Better patient experiences are associated with female physicians. However, these same physicians are at higher risk of burnout. Evidence regarding team composition and team climate in relation to staff and patient outcomes remains limited. Challenges exist when drawing conclusions across different team compositions and differing definitions of team climate. Future research may benefit from exploring the conditions that generate a productive team climate.

Disparities in Health-Related Quality of Life among Adults with Ischemic Heart Disease, Stroke, and Both Conditions

Background: Notable disparities exist in ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke outcomes. Studies have identified several causal factors that contribute to these disparities, but few have assessed the disparate quality of life (QOL) among individuals living with IHD, stroke, or both. This study evaluated the impact of IHD, stroke, and both conditions on health-related QOL (HRQOL) and quantified existing disparities. Materials and Methods: Using the data from the 2021 National Health Interview Survey, we calculated the health and activities limitation index — a generic HRQOL measure comprising perceived health and activities limitations — for 29,482 adults. Adjusting for sex, age, income, education, urbanicity, marital status, household size, region of residence, and insurance status, the differences in HRQOL between racial and ethnic groups were estimated as well as racial/ethnic differences in the HRQOL of IHD, stroke, or both conditions. Results: Compared to those with neither condition, individuals with IHD (−0.214, Standard Error (SE)=0.015, stroke (−0.291, SE=0.028), and both (−0.438, SE=0.040) had 20% to 44% lower HRQOL. Blacks (−0.014, SE=0.004) and hispanics (−0.012, SE=0.003) had lower HRQOL compared to whites even after sample heterogeneity. Diagnosis with stroke (−0.182, SE=0.082), IHD (−0.137, SE=0.052), or both (−0.208, SE=0.126) lowered the HRQOL more for black individuals compared to white individuals, while other subgroups showed no statistically significant difference in HRQOL. In general, sex, age, and household composition showed little difference in adjusted HRQOL. Conclusion: While IHD and stroke are independently associated with significantly low HRQOL, their co-occurrence has a substantially negative impact on HRQOL, particularly among minoritized racial groups.

In Situ XRD Investigation of Ni<sub>0.9</sub>M<sub>0.1</sub>O (M = Co, Ce, Mn, Zr) Nickel-Based Catalists Activation Process

In this work the activation process and the effect of modifying additives on the phase composition and structure of a series of catalysts with the general composition Ni0.9M0.1O (M = Co, Ce, Mn, Zr) synthesized by co-precipitation were studied. The influence of the additives on the initial state of the samples was investigated by XRD, and their influence on the NiO reduction process was studied by in situ XRD and TPR-H2. It was shown that the introduced modifiers influence on the structure and microstructure of the initial samples, increasing the value of the specific surface and decreasing the average size of NiO CSR. Introduction of Mn, Co leads to formation with NiO oxide of solid solutions of replacement. For Ce and Zr the release of CeO2 oxide and X-Ray-amorphous ZrOx is observed. The use of these additives leads to an increase in the temperature of NiO reduction to the metallic state compared to the massive oxide. In addition, the effect of modifying additives on the particle size of the final metal is observed. The introduction of Ce and Mn decreases the average size of the NiO CSR in 2–5 times compared to the massive NiO.

Experiments and geochemical modelling of arsenic interaction with clay-dominated soil from Rupnagar district of Punjab, India

The present study investigates the interaction of the soil in Garhbaga village, located in the Rupnagar district of Punjab, India for As(V) adsorption under the influence of pH, contact time and varying arsenic concentrations. To understand the geochemical controls of arsenic mobilization in the region, batch sorption experiments were performed using soil obtained from arsenic contaminated district of Punjab. This study presents a novel approach by employing surface complexation models (SCMs) to investigate arsenic adsorption onto natural soils in the Punjab region, which has not been explored in previous literature. Furthermore, a comparison between Fe-based models, assuming ferrihydrite binding, and general composite (GC) approach, assuming adsorption on soil component surfaces, has not been conducted before, adding to the originality of this research. The adsorption kinetic experiment indicates about 70% adsorption of As(V) in about 4 h. The results of batch isotherm experiment shows that As(V) adsorption saturation onto the soil is reached at an aqueous concentration of about 0.89 mgL−1. The results of the pH edges study shows a maximum As(V) adsorption of 93.88% at a pH of 4. The Langmuir’s isotherm was the best fitted because the value of linear regression coefficient (R2 = 0.997) which verifies the monolayer adsorption of As(V). It was observed that the pseudo first order model best fitted for explaining the kinetic of As(V) adsorption onto the soil because it showed higher value of linear regression coefficient (R2 = 0.995). Further, three different diffused layer models under varied assumptions were used to capture the batch experimental results. The surface complexation model with general-composite (GC) approach fairly predicted the experimental results when compared to Fe-oxide based models. The GC model was able to capture the observed experimental results for adsorption isotherm and pH edges for the soil within reasonable RMSE of 6.22 % and 7.97 %, respectively.

ТЕОРИЯ И МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ОРНАМЕНТА НА ЗАНЯТИЯХ ПО ОБЩЕЙ КОМПОЗИЦИИ В ИСКУССТВЕ КОСТЮМА И ТЕКСТИЛЯ С ЦЕЛЬЮ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ПРОЕКТНОЙ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТИ У ХУДОЖНИКОВ ПО КОСТЮМУ В ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ СРЕДЕ ВУЗА НА НАЧАЛЬНОМ ЭТАПЕ ОБУЧЕНИЯ

The article reveals the theoretical and methodological possibilities of using the expressive potential of the ornament in general composition classes in the art of costume and textiles in the preparation of a costume designer in order to form the design competence of students. The main methods of ornament construction and the features of their use in the design of textile compositions are described.

New Complexes of Antimony(III) with Tridentate O,E,O-Ligands (E = O, S, Se, Te, NH, NMe) Derived from N-Methyldiethanolamine.

We synthesized a series of new antimony(III) compounds by reaction of Sb(OEt)3 with organic ligands of the type E(CH2-CH2-OH)2, with E = NH, NMe, O, S, Se, and Te. The synthesized compounds have the general composition [E(CH2-CH2-O)2]Sb(OEt). For comparison, the compound (O-CH2-CH2-S)Sb(OEt) was prepared. All compounds are characterized using NMR, IR, and Raman spectroscopy. The molecular structures of the products reveal the formation of chelate complexes, wherein the ligand molecules coordinate as tridentate O,E,O-ligands to the antimony atom. Dimer formation in the solid state allows the antimony atoms to reach pentacoordination. Quantum chemical calculations including topological analysis of electron density reveal that there are polar shared bonds between antimony and the oxygen atoms bound to antimony. The interactions between the donor atom E and the Sb atom and the interactions in the dimers can be characterized as Van der Waals interactions. The reactivity of [MeN(CH2-CH2-O)2]Sb(OEt) was investigated as an example. For this purpose, the compound reacted with a range of organic compounds such as carboxylic acids and carboxylic anhydrides and small molecules like CO2 and NH3. This study establishes a new and easy accessible class of antimony(III) compounds, provides new insights into the chemistry of antimony compounds and opens up new opportunities for further research in this field.

Complex Supplement Development for the Gastroenterological Diseases Prevention

The thesis concerns the primary gastroenterological incidence analysis in certain districts of the Kursk region and the identification of areas with a steady level decrease in primary morbidity. A man ranked the subjects of the Russian Federation on the incidence of acute intestinal infections of unknown etiology. According to the Aleksandr A. Spasov classification, the authors identified nine groups of biologically active additives supporting the digestive organs function; studied ingredients reducing the risk of gastrointestinal inflammatory and ulcerative processes; scrutinized the general chemical composition of plant ingredients of gastroenterological action. Roots of ginseng and calamus contain a significant amount of digestible carbohydrates (39.8 and 34.1 %, respectively). Spirulina and calamus root have an increased content of minerals, including antioxidants such as zinc, magnesium, selenium, copper (7.1 and 5.9 %, respectively). The paper presents the study results of the vitamin composition and the macro- and microelements content in plant ingredients, as well as ginseng root ginsenosides aged four, five and six years. A man developed three specialized food additive compositions based on the chemical medicinal plant composition analysis and justification of active substances for gastroenterological purposes, that included from 5 to 10 % ginseng root, from 60 to 65 % flax seeds, from 3 to 5 % calamus root, from 22 to 27 % spirulina. Against nutritiology, the food products enrichment with the developed additive will contribute to the gastroenterological disease prevention.

Indium containing sillenite semiconductor: Synthesis, structural, spectroscopic, and thermogravimetric analysis

AbstractSillenite‐type ceramics are non‐centrosymmetric phases of ongoing research interest because of their structural defects and optoelectronic properties. We report a series of sillenite compounds with a general composition Bi12(Bi3+4/5−3xIn3+5x□1/5−2x)O19.2+3x□0.8−3x for x = 0.03–0.27 to understand how the crystal–physicochemical properties change with a successive filling of empty Bi3+ positions in the tetrahedral site by In3+ cation. Conventional solid‐state synthesis method is used to prepare the microcrystalline samples. Each sample is characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Raman, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry (TG/DSC). X‐ray powder data Rietveld refinement reveals that phase‐pure samples can be obtained for x = 0.03–0.08 in the space group I23. Appearance of starting In2O3 as minor phases with the final products for 0.10 < x < 0.27 suggests for xmax = 0.08. The successive decrease of the lattice parameter indicates the incorporation of smaller In3+ cations in the structure. The effect of the lone electron pairs of Bi3+ and the structural cation vacancies lead to the modification of the interatomic bond lengths. At least one Raman active phonon mode shows hardening for decreasing cation vacancy concentration in the system. The bandgap energy increases with increasing indium content. An additional absorption band at lower energy for x = 0.03–0.08 complements the theoretical study, which completely disappears for x > 0.08. The stronger In–O bonds play pivotal roles in the thermal stability of the phases studied by TGA/DSC analysis.

Difraction and complementary analysis methods for the design of MFI-type titanosilicalites with catalytic properties

The article presents the analysis and generalization results of all hierarchy levels of compositions of the framework orthorhombic MFI-type titanosilicalites (TS-1), obtained by X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (synchrotron), scanning electron microscopy, scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM), microanalysis (ICP, EDX, XPS). Impurity phases were found by electron diffraction, which are not detected by the X-ray method that explains the discrepancy between the real compositions of TS-1 and their elemental composition (titanium and silicon content). The phases compositions (framework and framework voids compositions) of TS-1 with the general composition of [Ti4+12-xSi4+xO24] × wA with Si/Ti = 47 and 53 (A is water), 60 and 73.5 (A is organic template TPAOH or without it) as well as Ti4+ ions distribution over the crystallographic sites with the identification of the most favorable sites for Ti4+ incorporation were refined by the Rietveld method. The local environment of Ti4+ ions by oxygen atoms (with or without vacancies; with or without atoms from the organic template) was established and their different coordination numbers were explained. Potassium ions in the particles of synthesized samples, the presence of which is due to the purity of the initial components, and a higher content of titanium ions in shapeless or spherical particles, as a rule, amorphous were found. Orthorhombic MFI-type zeolites with low or without titanium content were found to form faceted crystallites in the form of pseudohexagonal prisms. The relationship between the catalytic properties and the size of crystallites and nanoparticles, Si/Ti ratio and the coordination environment of Ti4+ has been established.

Designing Weights for Quartet-Based Methods When Data are Heterogeneous Across Lineages

Homogeneity across lineages is a general assumption in phylogenetics according to which nucleotide substitution rates are common to all lineages. Many phylogenetic methods relax this hypothesis but keep a simple enough model to make the process of sequence evolution more tractable. On the other hand, dealing successfully with the general case (heterogeneity of rates across lineages) is one of the key features of phylogenetic reconstruction methods based on algebraic tools. The goal of this paper is twofold. First, we present a new weighting system for quartets (ASAQ) based on algebraic and semi-algebraic tools, thus especially indicated to deal with data evolving under heterogeneous rates. This method combines the weights of two previous methods by means of a test based on the positivity of the branch lengths estimated with the paralinear distance. ASAQ is statistically consistent when applied to data generated under the general Markov model, considers rate and base composition heterogeneity among lineages and does not assume stationarity nor time-reversibility. Second, we test and compare the performance of several quartet-based methods for phylogenetic tree reconstruction (namely QFM, wQFM, quartet puzzling, weight optimization and Willson’s method) in combination with several systems of weights, including ASAQ weights and other weights based on algebraic and semi-algebraic methods or on the paralinear distance. These tests are applied to both simulated and real data and support weight optimization with ASAQ weights as a reliable and successful reconstruction method that improves upon the accuracy of global methods (such as neighbor-joining or maximum likelihood) in the presence of long branches or on mixtures of distributions on trees.

Chickpeas' and Lentils' Soaking and Cooking Wastewaters Repurposed for Growing Lactic Acid Bacteria.

Legumes processing involves large amounts of water to remove anti-nutrients, reduce uncomfortable effects, and improve organoleptic characteristics. This procedure generates waste and high levels of environmental pollution. This work aims to evaluate the galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) and general carbohydrate composition of legume wastewaters and assess their potential for growing lactic acid bacteria. Legume wastewater extracts were produced by soaking and/or cooking the dry seeds of chickpeas and lentils in distilled water and analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detection. GOS were present in all extracts, which was also confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). C-BW extract, produced by cooking chickpeas without soaking, provided the highest extraction yield of 3% (g/100 g dry seeds). Lentil extracts were the richest source of GOS with degree of polymerization ≥ 5 (0.4%). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CIDCA 83114 was able to grow in de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) broth prepared by replacing the glucose naturally present in the medium with chickpeas' and lentils' extracts. Bacteria were able to consume the mono and disaccharides present in the media with extracts, as demonstrated by HPLC and FTIR. These results provide support for the revalorisation of chickpeas' and lentils' wastewater, being also a sustainable way to purify GOS by removing mono and disaccharides from the mixtures.

Novel Cerium(IV) Coordination Compounds of Monensin and Salinomycin.

The largely uncharted complexation chemistry of the veterinary polyether ionophores, monensic and salinomycinic acids (HL) with metal ions of type M4+ and the known antiproliferative potential of antibiotics has provoked our interest in exploring the coordination processes between MonH/SalH and ions of Ce4+. (1) Methods: Novel monensinate and salinomycinate cerium(IV)-based complexes were synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analysis, a plethora of physicochemical methods, density functional theory, molecular dynamics, and biological assays. (2) Results: The formation of coordination species of a general composition [CeL2(OH)2] and [CeL(NO3)2(OH)], depending on reaction conditions, was proven both experimentally and theoretically. The metal(IV) complexes [CeL(NO3)2(OH)] possess promising cytotoxic activity against the human tumor uterine cervix (HeLa) cell line, being highly selective (non-tumor embryo Lep-3 vs. HeLa) compared to cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and epirubicin.

ნავთობის თანმხლები წყლების ჰიდროგეოქიმიური მაჩვენებლების შესწავლა სამრეწველო გამოყენების მიზნით

The use of hydrogeological indicators is very important when assessing the oil content of individual aquifers. There are many hydrogeological criteria, and one of the most important ones is the anomalies characteristic of oil fields. The present article is dedicated to the study of hydrogeochemical anomalies of oil-bearing structures and the possibility of their use in practice. It should be noted that the ease of detection of hydrogeochemical anomalies gives them a certain advantage compared to hydrodynamic anomalies. Also, in the paper, the emphasis is on the study of the microcomponent composition accompanying the oil, although the microcomponent composition is considered of the general chemical composition and mineralization of the groundwater associated with the oil fields.

Cambios en las moléculas de un crudo liviano sometido a un ensayo de meteorización en suelo para ser aplicado en geoquímica forense

[Introduction]: When an oil spill takes place in the soil, a weathering process begins that alters the composition of this resource and in advanced stages it can be unrecognizable with respect to the original hydrocarbon, making it difficult to assign responsibilities associated with contamination of this type. [Objective]: In the present work, the stability of n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aliphatic isoprenoids was analyzed in a light crude subjected to a soil weathering process under laboratory conditions for a period of one year, to be applied in litigation linked to oil spills and/or thefts. [Methodology]: Based on this, the profiles of the aforementioned molecules were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry from the crude fractions. [Results]: Next, specific parameters such as Pr/Ph (pristane/phytane), 4-MeDBT/1-MeDBT (methyldibenzothiophenes), and stigmastane C29αS/hopane C30 were calculated as diagnostic ratios that did not exceed 5 % of their relative standard deviation over the course of a year. On the other hand, the ratios Pr/n-C17 (pristane/heptadecane), Ph/n-C18 (phytane/octadecane), (n-C13 + n-C14)/(n-C25 + n-C26) and (N0 + N1)/N2 (N = naphthalenes) were the only ones with values above 5 %. [Conclusions]: These results, plus the analysis of the chromatograms obtained, suggest that both evaporation and biodegradation have altered the general composition of the crude, however, most of the isoprenoids remained unchanged under the test conditions throughout the study time period, which demonstrates their ability to solve the problems described.

Obtaining and Study of Peptide Compositions Based on Hydrolysates of Collagen-Containing Fish Raw Materials

Experimental studies of fish cutting waste—scales and skin were carried out, their general biochemical composition was studied, a high content of collagen was established, and elastin was noted, which accounted for 76–86% of the protein mass. Processes for the hydrolysis of secondary fish raw materials have been developed: fish scales and skin. Technological schemes have been developed and the influence of the conditions of thermal, enzymatic, enzymatic-thermal, electrochemical hydrolysis on the amino acid composition and molecular weight distribution (MWD) and antioxidant activity of peptides and proteins in the obtained hydrolysates has been studied. It has been established that the enzymatic and enzymatic-thermal method of hydrolysis of fish scales using the enzyme Alcalase 2.5 L and the electrochemical hydrolysis of the skin of cod, trout and herring made it possible to obtain protein hydrolysates with a protein content of 80–90%. At the same time, 91–98% of enzymatic hydrolysates from scales and 62%, 74% and 82.5% of electrochemically obtained hydrolysates from the skin of trout, herring, cod, respectively, account for the share of low-molecular peptides with a molecular weight of less than 10 kDa. The prospects of their use in functional foods and oil-containing products are noted.