General Behavior Research Articles

Mapping Interdisciplinary Role Ownership Over Actionable Practices Identified From the Bereaved Family Survey.

To determine the feasibility of mapping interdisciplinary role ownership over actionable practices identified from qualitative comments in the Veterans Affairs Bereaved Family Survey (BFS). We polled two providers from each of 14 disciplines as to whether an actionable practice that improved end-of-life care quality sits within their scope of practice. We grouped practices by having the greatest, middle, and fewest number of disciplines that claimed role ownership and then characterized what roles were shared. Medicine, nursing, social work, and occupational therapy claimed role ownership of the greatest number of practices among the 14 disciplines. Chaplaincy and the allied health disciplines had a comparatively more limited range of role ownership of practices. Practices with the greatest number of professionals claiming role ownership were general professional behaviors that do not require specialized training (e.g., being easy to talk to). Practices with the middle number of role ownership required clinical specialization (e.g., offering non-pharmacological interventions to reduce agitation). Practices with the fewest number of disciplines required a narrower skill set (e.g., signing the death certificate in a timely manner) or administrative authority to perform (e.g., providing adequate nursing staff). This project demonstrated the feasibility of mapping BFS actionable practices across disciplines. A larger sample and rigorous statistical analysis are required for application at a health care system level. Understanding role ownership can then guide efforts relating to role ownership and role sharing for end-of-life quality improvement activities.

Linearization of Photovoltaic Cell Single Diode Equivalent Circuit Model Using Piecewise Linear Parallel Branches Model and Findin Fill Factor

In this article, the linearization and analysis of the Photovoltaic (PV) cell single diode equivalent circuit model have been performed. The diode element in the PV cell equivalent circuit model is a nonlinear component. The nonlinear PV cell single diode model has been linearized using the piecewise linear parallel branches model. In addition, the maximum power and fill factor (FF) of the PV cell have been determined based on the equivalent circuit parameters. Thevenin theorem was used in this analysis process. For this theorem to apply, the circuit must have a linear characteristic. The linearization of the nonlinear diode element has been achieved through the piecewise linear parallel branches model (PLPBM). In practice, the aim is to transfer the maximum power (Pmax) from the PV cell. Another important parameter of the PV solar cell is the FF. The FF is used to describe the general behavior of a solar PV cell. This factor is used to determine the quality of the solar PV cell. The FF provides information about the quality and efficiency of the solar cell. In a low FF scenario, the value of the series resistance is high, while the value of the parallel resistance is low. The FF of typical PV cells ranges between 50% and 82%. In the analysis conducted in the article, the FF of the PV solar cell was found to be 74%.

Analisis Perilaku Masyarakat dalam Pengelolaan Sampah di Kota Padang Panjang

Waste is one form of waste found in the environment. Its source, form, type and composition are strongly influenced by the level of community culture and natural conditions. This study aims to determine community behavior and factors that influence community behavior in waste management in Padang Panjang City. This study used descriptive methods with quantitative and qualitative approaches, primary data collection techniques were carried out by questionnaire. The population in this study were people in Padang Panjang City, 100 respondents were selected to be research informants. The results showed that the community had “Very Good” waste management behavior. Factors that influence behavior, 1) Public knowledge about waste management is “High”. The general behavior of the community in waste management, namely by managing waste at home such as making unique, interesting crafts, and making eco enzyme, disposing of waste to the nearest TPS and burning waste. 2) Waste management facilities and infrastructure are categorized as “High” in 6 urban villages, while the other 10 are “Medium”. Facilities and infrastructure owned or provided by the community and government in Padang Panjang City are in the form of waste collection containers made of wood, cemented TPS, iron to attach garbage, drums or trash cans. 3) Government policy in Mayor Regulation No. 29/2018 encourages community involvement in waste management through education and information. Counseling activities in Padang Panjang City are attended by the community. Several communities and waste bank managers were awarded certificates for their involvement as inspirational figures in waste management.

Efficacy of the Foodbot Factory digital curriculum-based nutrition education intervention in improving children’s nutrition knowledge, attitudes and behaviours in elementary school classrooms: protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial

IntroductionSchools are an important setting for supporting children’s development of food literacy, but minimal research has assessed which strategies are most suitable for school nutrition education. The Foodbot Factory intervention,...

Phase transitions and critical behavior in quasi-one-dimensional two-channel systems with quasiperiodic disorder

Abstract We investigate the localization properties of a quasi-one-dimensional two-channel system with symmetric and asymmetric onsite energies using the Aubry-Andr'{e} model. By analyzing the Lyapunov exponent and localization length, we characterize the phase transitions and critical behavior of the system. For the symmetric model, we obtain the phase diagram for the entire spectrum, revealing mobility edges between delocalized and localized states. In contrast, for the asymmetric model, we identify a critical line $\lambda_1^c + \lambda_2^c \approx 0.5$ marking the phase transition between delocalized and localized states. We also study the effects of the inter-channel coupling $\tilde{t}$ and observe that increasing $\tilde{t}$ reduces the delocalized phase space, shifting the transition from $\lambda_1 = \lambda_2 = 1$ at $\tilde{t} = 0$ to $\lambda_1^c + \lambda_2^c \approx 0.5$ at larger $\tilde{t}$. Additionally, we explore the influence of energy levels and the incommensurate modulation parameter, demonstrating that while the general phase transition behavior is preserved, subtle differences arise for different incommensurate modulation parameter values. Using the cost function approach, we calculate the critical potential strength $\lambda_c$ and the critical exponent $\nu$, with $\nu \approx 0.5$ for the middle of the spectrum in both symmetric and asymmetric models.

A Qualitative Analysis of Unintentional Injuries in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Prior research demonstrates that children with autism are more likely to experience unintentional injuries than the general population. Limited research exists on the symptoms or traits directly related to autism and this elevated injury rate, especially from the perspective of families with children with autism. This study used qualitative methodology to elucidate risk factors that may contribute to unintentional injuries in children with autism from the perspective of mothers raising children with autism. Participants included 15 mothers reporting on their children with autism. The mothers engaged in a semi-structured qualitative interview consisting of questions related to child characteristics, injury concerns and experiences, injury prevention strategies and resources, and safety behaviors. Interviews were transcribed and coded in NVivo following a systematic, deductive approach. Injury risk and concern among mothers was generally related to both the diagnostic and associated features of ASD as well as commonly co-occurring behaviors or disorders. Mothers reported that deficits in social communication and social interaction, plus restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior, contributed to increased unintentional injury risk. Additionally, mothers reported that general developmental differences and behavior during play or exploration increased risk of injury. By considering the lived experiences of families of children with autism, this study reveals that specific diagnostic features, associated features, and other behaviors often co-occurring with autism underlie parental perceptions of increased risk of and concern for unintentional injury in children with autism. These findings guide where intervention is needed and inform development of evidence-based, practical safety interventions.

Development of compositionality through interactive learning of language and action of robots.

Humans excel at applying learned behavior to unlearned situations. A crucial component of this generalization behavior is our ability to compose/decompose a whole into reusable parts, an attribute known as compositionality. One of the fundamental questions in robotics concerns this characteristic: How can linguistic compositionality be developed concomitantly with sensorimotor skills through associative learning, particularly when individuals only learn partial linguistic compositions and their corresponding sensorimotor patterns? To address this question, we propose a brain-inspired neural network model that integrates vision, proprioception, and language into a framework of predictive coding and active inference on the basis of the free-energy principle. The effectiveness and capabilities of this model were assessed through various simulation experiments conducted with a robot arm. Our results show that generalization in learning to unlearned verb-noun compositions is significantly enhanced when training variations of task composition are increased. We attribute this to self-organized compositional structures in linguistic latent state space being influenced substantially by sensorimotor learning. Ablation studies show that visual attention and working memory are essential to accurately generate visuomotor sequences to achieve linguistically represented goals. These insights advance our understanding of mechanisms underlying development of compositionality through interactions of linguistic and sensorimotor experience.

What predicts the initial interest and uptake of health behaviours? An exploratory study to understand commitment and early success through a simple behaviour.

Extant models of health behaviour change often overlook stages in which individuals decide to partake in interventions. The current study aimed to identify behavioural and psychological factors that could capture a person's readiness to change a health behaviour and whether these could predict progression through stages of commitment. Rather than explicitly advertising a health behaviour intervention, we invited individuals to partake in a general health behaviour survey using a paid advertising campaign on Facebook (Phase 1). Interested participants completed questionnaires assessing habitual water intake, other health behaviours and several behavioural and psychological variables. Those who met the eligibility criteria for low daily water intake (N=977) were invited to participate in a behaviour change challenge to increase water intake over 4 weeks (Phase 2). Additional online surveys were completed at baseline, week 2, and week 4 of the challenge with water intake assessed again at week 4. Participants were categorised into 7 groups based on expressed interest in participating, reasons for not wanting to participate, perceived current success with water intake, and their level of improvement during the challenge. Factor analysis of the behavioural and psychological variables identified four latent factors. We labelled these factors as Good Resources, Health Orientation, Driven Type, and Positive Energy. Through general linear modelling, we observed that the first three of these factors was associated with interest and whether participants increased their water intake. Assessment based on these factors could be useful for personalising health behaviour interventions to target individuals based on their readiness to change health behaviours.

Methodology for determining freight indices

The paper considers the issues of quantifying the indicator of the freight market conjuncture and analyzes some basic principles used in calculating freight indices. It is noted that the current geopolitical situation has a significant impact on the general behavior of the global freight market and inevitably leads to temporary restrictions on the functioning of the Russian market, which objectively determines the need to calculate domestic indices based on their own methods. The existing world practice of determining freight indices is considered, as well as the features of the Russian freight market as an integral part of the world market. It is emphasized that the nomenclature of transported goods, the geography of transportation and the parameters of the fleet used are radically different from the world ones, which makes them irrelevant for Russian shipowners mastering export cargo flows from Russia and also that foreign freight indexes are only informative and cannot be used in practical work. The paper shows the structure of the formation of freight rates and identifies the main components of the carrier’s expenses. The structure of the freight rate is the basis for the formation of the proposed methodology for calculating freight indices. The criteria for determining the specific weights of individual sectors of the freight market are considered. The conclusions drawn in the conducted research are supported by analytical data presented in graphical form. The practical use of the presented methodology will allow interested parties involved in transportation to make informed management decisions.

Factor Influencing the Generosity Behaviour of Cash Waqf Donors in Malaysia: A Mediation Model using Structural Equation Modelling Approach

This present study employs the structural equation modelling (SEM) approach to investigate the influence of philanthropic attitude (PA), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioural control (PBC) and Islamic Humanitarianism (IH) on the generosity behaviour of cash Waqf donors (CWGB) in Malaysia. Additionally, this study also examined the role of generosity behavioural intention (GBI) as a mediator in the relationship between PA, SN, PBC and IH towards cash Waqf generosity behaviour. This resulted in a total of nine hypotheses for the study. The model was constructed by integrating the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), the theory of Islamic consumer behaviour (TICB) and the theory of welfare policy and support (TWPS). The survey was conducted randomly among 375 respondents in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions in Malaysia, with 372 valid cases. The selection of academia was influenced by their diverse educational backgrounds, as prior behavioural studies have demonstrated the significance of education in various contexts. This research used a close-ended structured questionnaire to assess all the constructs involved in this study. The questionnaire was adapted from previous research using a 10-point interval rating scale to collect responses from the respondents. Pooled Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is employed to validate measurement model in this study. All constructs have achieved uni- dimensionality, validity and reliability requirement. The study’s findings indicate that 59% of the performance in cash Waqf generosity behaviour can be explained by the constructs PA, SN, PBC, IH, and GBI within the model. Remarkably, PA, IH and GBI demonstrate a positive and significant influence on the generosity behaviour of cash Waqf donors. While SN demonstrate a negative and significant influence on the generosity behaviour of cash Waqf donors. Nonetheless, the construct of PBC does not significantly influence the generosity of cash Waqf donors. Interestingly finding of mediation analysis revealed that GBI mediate the relationship between PA and SN (partial mediation), PBC and IH (full mediation) toward generosity behaviour among cash Waqf donors. This study presents a novel concept by defining the construct of generous behaviour to investigate the factors that affect this behaviour through SEM. This study focuses exclusively on generosity-related behaviours, particularly monetary donations in the form of cash Waqf. Future research may evaluate generosity behaviour by investigating two additional cross-cultural human behaviours: assisting strangers and dedicating time to volunteer for an organization.

Effects of model complexity on karst catchment runoff modeling for flood warning systems

Severe flood events are deemed more frequent in the near future with a changing climate. Headwater catchments, especially when karstified, exhibit a pronounced susceptibility to swift and substantial responses to precipitation events, leading to flooding. In this study, a karstified headwater catchment in SW Germany is investigated, focusing on gaining insights into the key processes controlling its discharge behavior. Intensive fieldwork was conducted and a variety of field data were collected and analyzed to determine the general system behavior during low flow and flood events. Field insights reveal a groundwater borne streamflow generation with a subsurface catchment largely differing from the surface catchment. Episodic and sporadic springs were identified as crucial contributors to stream flow generation.The study was undertaken to evaluate the viability of simulating streamflow for flood warning using a lumped modeling approach at a sub-daily temporal scale, since lumped models are widely used for karst spring discharge modeling. Based on field data observations, a comparative analysis of different model structures was undertaken, aiming at assessing the required degree of model complexity for representing catchment runoff generation as well as the relevant system features and properties. In order to find an adequate model structure, a total of 21 models with varying degree of complexity were set up and run. Both, subsurface and surface catchment limits were considered. Results show that the hydrograph of the whole catchment can be represented by a rather simple lumped model in the present case under two prerequisites: (1) input needs to represent the groundwater catchment emphasizing the groundwater borne nature of flow and (2) the models need to allow for direct runoff, as the sporadic springs observed in the field contribute significant discharge to streamflow during flood events. It is revealed that it seems valid to start modeling with a relatively simple storage model as long as key processes in the catchment are represented. The general feasibility of such a simple modeling approach in this complex catchment encourages its feasibility in other headwater catchments.

Primary and middle school students' views on inclusive physical education: Perceptions, practices, and future directions.

Physical Education (PE) classes are vital for nurturing students' social development and promoting collaboration. This study examined how primary and middle school students perceived PE classes, with a focus on collaboration, well-being and enjoyment, teacher behavior, the inclusion of nondisabled and disabled students, and general class behavior. One-hundred and seventy students (24 primary school and 146 middle school students) were surveyed using a questionnaire. Exploratory Factor Analysis identified seven factors including: well-being, activities for all students, teacher-oriented behavior, collaboration, and attention to students with disabilities. Linear regressions on each identified Factor revealed higher well-being (Factor 1) between primary and middle school students. In addition, the perceived well-being in PE classes and staying together with classmates among younger middle school students was found to be higher than that reported by their older counterparts in middle school. The analysis also revealed that males perceived a higher well-being in PE classes than females. The research underscores that primary and especially middle school PE teachers should promote the well-being of students by creating inclusive and enjoyable PE classes. The PE classes should consider the differences between sexes and the individual differences. Finally, this research lays the foundation for future investigations to refine inclusive PE strategies and improve students' well-being.

Nonlinear dynamic wave properties of travelling wave solutions in in (3+1)-dimensional mKdV-ZK model.

The (3+1)-dimensional mKdV-ZK model is an important framework for studying the dynamic behavior of waves in mathematical physics. The goal of this study is to look into more generic travelling wave solutions (TWSs) for the generalized ion-acoustic scenario in three dimensions. These solutions exhibit a combination of rational, trigonometric, hyperbolic, and exponential solutions that are concurrently generated by the new auxiliary equation and the unified techniques. We created numerous soliton solutions, including kink-shaped soliton solutions, anti-kink-shaped solutions, bell-shaped soliton solutions, periodic solutions, and solitary soliton solutions, for various values of the free parameters in the produced solutions. The attained solutions are displayed geometrically in the surface plot (3-D), contour, and combined two-dimensional (2-D) figures. The combined 2-D figure would make it easier to understand the impact of the speed of the wave. Based on time, the influence of the nonlinear parameter β on wave type is comprehensively investigated using various figures, demonstrating the significant impact of nonlinearity. These graphical representations are based on specific parameter settings, which help to grasp the model's intricate general behavior. However, the results of this research are compared with the outcomes obtained in published literature executed by other scholars. The results indicate the approach's effectiveness and reliability, making it suitable for widespread use in a range of sophisticated nonlinear models. These techniques successfully generate inventive soliton solutions for various nonlinear models, which are crucial in mathematical physics.

Understanding and Simulating the Dynamics of a Polymer-Like Chromatin.

Chromatin modeling enables the characterization of chromatin architecture at a resolution so far unachievable with experimental techniques. Polymer models fill our knowledge gap on a wide range of structures, from chromatin loops to nuclear compartments. Many physical properties already known for polymers can thus explain the dynamics of chromatin. With molecular simulations, it is possible to probe an ensemble of conformations, which attest to the variability observed in individual cells and the general behavior of a population of cells. In this review, we describe universal characteristics of polymers that chromatin carries. We introduce how these characteristics can be assessed with polymer simulations while also addressing specific aspects of chromatin and its environment. Finally, we give examples of plant chromatin models that, despite their paucity, augur well for the future of polymer simulations to plant chromosome biology.

Analyse the effect of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening of beams using ANSYS

This paper presents a nonlinear finite element model analysis to effect of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening of beams using ANSYS, Finite element software ANSYS 12.0 has been used for modeling the beams by conducting nonlinear static analysis. The SOLID 65 and SHELL 181, LINK180 elements have been used to, respectively; model the 3D concrete beams and the composite layer, steel rebars. The results of the finite element were compared with the experimental data The results showed that the general behavior of the finite element models represented by the load-deflection curves shows good agreement with the test data from the previous researches.

True Dynamics of Pillararene Host-Guest Binding.

Accurate modeling of host-guest systems is challenging in modern computational chemistry. It requires intermolecular interaction patterns to be correctly described and, more importantly, the dynamic behaviors of macrocyclic hosts to be accurately modeled. Pillar[n]arenes as a crucial family of macrocycles play a critical role in host-guest chemistry and biomedical applications. The carboxylated form with 6 or 7 repeating units is of high popularity due to increased solubility and the compatibility between cavity size and drugs. While prefitted transferable force fields are dominantly applied in host-guest modeling, their reliability and accuracy for macrocyclic hosts remain unjustified. In the current work, based on solid numerical evidence about energetics and dynamics, we prove that all transferable force fields fail to provide a correct description of host dynamics for the most popular carboxylated pillararenes. Therefore, all existing simulation reports on this host family could be biased due to the unsuitability of the force-field description. Such huge modeling problems do not occur in other host families that are relatively rigid (e.g., octa acids and cucurbiturils), highlighting the difficulties in modeling pillararene host-guest interactions. To pursue the true picture of the pillararene dynamics and host-guest binding, we fit high-quality molecule-specific parameters for the carboxylated pillararene based on ab initio calculations and perform an exhaustive conformational search of host-guest binding modes with advanced sampling techniques. We provide estimates of binding thermodynamics, report the true dynamic behavior of the WP6 host in the bound and unbound states, and reveal a general multimodal binding behavior of pillararene host-guest complexes. The current work serves as a critical step toward a reliable all-atom description of pillararene host-guest coordination.

Development and validation of a three-dimensional nomogram prediction model for knee osteoarthritis in middle-aged population

ObjectivesThis study aims to identify predictors of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) risk in middle-aged population, construct and validate a nomogram for KOA in this demographic.MethodsFrom June to December 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional survey on 5,527 middle-aged individuals from Changsha and Zhangjiajie cities in Hunan Province, selected using a stratified multi-stage random sampling method. Data collection involved a structured questionnaire encompassing general demographic, physical condition, and lifestyle behaviors dimensions. The dataset was randomly split into a training set (n = 3868) and a validation set (n = 1659) at a 7:3 ratio via computerized randomization. We analyzed the prevalence of self-reported KOA and identified its influencing factors using logistic regression. A nomogram was constructed based on these "three-dimensional" factors. Subsequent validation was conducted, and the nomogram's performance was further evaluated through ROC curves, C-index, Hosmer–Lemeshow test, and calibration curves.ResultsThe self-reported prevalence of KOA in the middle-aged population was 11.4% (632/5527). The risk factor with the greatest impact is: diagnosed with osteoporosis(95% CI 2.269–3.568, OR = 2.845), followed by age between 51 to 60 years (95% CI 2.176–3.151, OR = 2.619), diagnosed with hypertension(95% CI 1.633–2.499, OR = 2.02), diagnosed with diabetes (OR = 1.689), ethnic Han Chinese (OR = 1.673), exercise according to physical condition (OR = 1.643), pay attention to keeping the knee joint warm (OR = 1.535), eating habits are mainly light vegetables (OR = 1.374), male gender (OR = 1.343), drink occasionally in small amounts (OR = 1.286); a higher level of education (OR = 0.477) and frequently or always apply an external or plaster to relieve symptoms after knee discomfort (OR = 0.377; OR = 0.385) are protective factors.The C-index of the training set model was 0.8107 (95% CI: 0.8102–0.8111), with a statistically significant area under the ROC curve (AUC = 0.818), and the calibration curve showed a good fit. The C-index for the validation set was 0.8124 (95% CI: 0.8109–0.8140), with an AUC of 0.812. The Hosmer–Lemeshow test resulted in a P-value of 0.46 (P ≥ 0.05)indicating good calibration of the model.ConclusionThe three dimensions nomogram generated in this study was a valid and easy-to-use tool for assessing the risk of KOA in middle-aged population, and helped healthcare professionals to screen the high-risk population.

ASPECTS REGARDING THE MODELING AND THE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF A SCAFFOLD

Under the general name of are understood the constructions composed of pipes, joining parts and their accessories, with which auxiliary constructions are executed that serve to execute the final ones, after which they are dismantled and the material is stored until a new use. The consecrated material for these constructions was wood. Along with the advance taken by the final civil and industrial constructions, the need to replace wood with metal material appeared. The use of metal brought a series of advantages and the achievements with the help of metallic materials proved remarkable. At the moment, the basic elements of these constructions are mild steel pipes, assembled with joints pieces and removable accessories, thus constituting a metal structure that can be used in the most varied forms. In this way, unlike the definitive metal constructions in which the sections of the constituent elements each correspond exactly to the effort it must withstand, at the temporary constructions the problem is solved by an easy-to-manipulate material, with elements that can be changed between them. Within the frame of this work, it is wanted to address two aspects, namely: the general behavior of a temporary auxiliary construction made of steel pipes (scaffold type) under the action of functional loads; the analysis of a joining element from the scaffold componency, an element that allows the assembly of two pipes in orthogonal directions. The approach to the two aspects mentioned was possible using tools made available by a specialized software of finite element analysis namely Femap.

The representational instability in the generalization of fear learning

Perception and perceptual memory play crucial roles in fear generalization, yet their dynamic interaction remains understudied. This research (N = 80) explored their relationship through a classical differential conditioning experiment. Results revealed that while fear context perception fluctuates over time with a drift effect, perceptual memory remains stable, creating a disjunction between the two systems. Surprisingly, this disjunction does not significantly impact fear generalization behavior. Although most participants demonstrated generalization aligned with perceptual rather than physical stimulus distances, incorporating perceptual memory data into perceptual distance calculations did not enhance model performance. This suggests a potential shift in the mapping of the perceptual memory component of fear context, occurring alongside perceptual dynamics. Overall, this work provides evidence for understanding fear generalization behavior through different stimulus representational processes. Such mechanistic investigations can enhance our understanding of how individuals behave when facing threats and potentially aid in developing mechanism-specific diagnoses and treatments.

Analyzing MEMS resonator static pull-in and dynamics under electric excitation via position feedback controller

Abstract The micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have efficacious and widespread use in several applications such as signal filtering, time referencing, sensing, and more. This paper's aim is to study the effect of a position feedback controller on a clamped-clamped MEMS resonator. The resonator's dynamics are modeled and studied to establish both the mode shape function and temporal function. Then, the method of multiple scales (MMS) is applied to generate analytical formulas for the resonator response, capturing nonlinearities and stability regions across various voltage levels. Several response plots are shown to clarify the controller's impact on the dynamical behavior of the resonator. The general behavior of the analyzed model is verified numerically using the fourth order Rung-Kutta technique. Incorporating the position feedback controller delayed static pull-in by increasing the DC pull-in voltage threshold. In addition, the analysis of the frequency and voltage response curves of different feedback settings indicates small vibration changes and reveals that the nonlinear behavior of the resonator changes from softening to hardening with the increase of the gap distance.