General Views Research Articles

Генеральная карта Вятской губернии с планами и видами губернского, уездных и безуездных городов 1806 г.

Publication of the General Map of the Vyatka province introduces a unique cartographic source on the history of Russian urban planning into scientific circulation. The peculiarity of the map is that, in addition to having a general map of the province and plans of its thirteen towns, there are drawn general views of the towns. Most of the views represent the first illustrative images of the towns of the Vyatka province. The general map was compiled by the provincial surveyor, collegiate assessor Evstafy Rodionov in 1806. The scientific value of his work lies in particular in the fact that the images of Vyatka towns on the General Map are imprinted at the time of their restructuring began at the end of the 18th century. At the same time, town plans show both the parts planned for development in the future and the districts built up in the 17th — first half of the 18th centuries. The map shows the views of the provincial, 9 uezd and 3 uezd-less (supernumerary) towns of the Vyatka province.

Intercultural Incompetence: A Case Study on Systematic Culturalizations of Interpersonal Interaction

Abstract A common way of knowledge transfer about foreign culture particularities is the use of critical incidents. Generated by an empirical way of investigation or just taken from personal experiences, these stories contain interactions between co-participants with different cultural backgrounds indicating misunderstandings. Supposing that these communicative failures are repetitive, the authors provide reasons for the misunderstandings, usually referring to the value systems of the countries in play. Doing so, these nations are provided with specific cultural generalizations. In this article, the process of generating general views on a specific culture – in this case Mexico – by the means of interactional descriptions will be retraced. The authors illustrate in a step-by-step procedure, how linguistic and interactional problems are not attributed to different linguistic conventions (called “pragmalinguistic avoidance chain”) but explained by differences in the value system. Using this kind of fundamental error of attribution, the outcomes of critical incidents become highly questionable and with it the benefits of critical incidents as a learning tool for acquiring intercultural competence.1

Online testing and assessment in the English as a foreign language context: Teachers' perspectives

As online assessment is a rather new phenomenon, available research regarding it is limited, and most of the research in literature today examines the views of students regarding online assessment as they are one of the most important stakeholders of exams. On the other hand, although they are the basic users and practitioners of the system, studies on the views and perspectives of instructors on online assessment in the context of English as a foreign language (EFL) are limited in number. With these concerns in mind, this study aims to explore English instructors’ perspectives of online assessment in tertiary educational institutions in Turkey with regard to their general views on online assessment, along with their views on affective factors, validity, reliability, security, practicality, and the impacts of online assessment on teaching and learning. In this descriptive study, the data were collected from 302 English instructors working at English preparatory schools in various universities in Turkey through a background questionnaire and the Student Perceptions of e-Assessment Questionnaire (SPEAQ). The results show that instructors' overall perspectives on online assessment are neutral.

Public perceptions of pollsters in the United States: Experimental evidence

AbstractObjective:Anecdotal evidence suggests that the term “pollster” has, in recent years, become stigmatized in the United States. We explore this and a subsequent question as to whether negative perceptions of pollsters affect people's perceived trustworthiness of survey findings.Methods:Survey experiments were administered to national probability‐based samples after the 2016 and 2020 elections.Results:In each study, pollsters obtained significantly more negative ratings when compared to “survey researchers” and “public opinion researchers,” suggesting that the general public views pollsters, who are more likely to be viewed as partisan, as being less honest/ethical. In line with social identity theory, interaction models revealed that those rating pollster critic Donald Trump most favorably had the most negative ratings of pollsters and public opinion researchers, compared to survey researchers. Yet, the vignette experiment showed that negative perceptions of pollsters did not affect the perceived trustworthiness of survey result reports.Conclusions:We conclude that while there appears to be a stigmatization of pollsters, those negative perceptions do not translate into less trust in the findings of public opinion.

“If this is what it means to be old…”: a mixed methods study on the effects of age simulation on views on aging and perceptions of age-related impairments

Age simulation suits are a promising tool to increase empathy and to promote positive attitudes toward older adults. However, studies have largely focused on (young) healthcare professionals, are probably biased by social desirability, and have not addressed participants’ views of the aging process triggered by the simulation. The current work combines two studies addressing effects of aging suits on both general and personal views on aging among heterogeneous samples, and exploring spontaneous associations during the simulation. In study 1, N = 165 adults (M = 37.1 years, SD = 15.4, range 18–74 years) answered questionnaires containing general views regarding older adults (“old people are…”) as well as personal perceptions (”aging means to me…”) before and after wearing an aging suit. In study 2, young adults (N = 22; M = 24.8 years, SD = 4.3, range 20–38 years) and middle-aged adults (N = 41; M = 60.8 years, SD = 6.9, range 40–75 years) carried out established geriatric assessments with and without aging suit, and spontaneous impressions on the instant aging experience were recorded. Findings indicated negative shifts in both general and personal views on aging measures in both age groups (d = .30 to d = .44). Analyses of qualitative data resulted in seven main themes, e.g., “strain/coordination”, “future me”, “empathy/insight”. Group comparisons revealed higher frequencies of future-self related thoughts among middle-aged adults, whereas younger adults mentioned predominantly physical effects of the suit. In conclusion, applying age simulation suits might evoke unintended negative views on aging. In comparison with young adults, middle-aged adults showed broader reflections including thoughts related to emotions, future-self, and potential struggles of older people.

Understanding the experience of users of communication aids and applications through focus group discussions with people with aphasia and family members

The present study sought to identify the communication needs of persons with aphasia (PWA) and of their spouses, that could ultimately be addressed with current communication aids or applications (CA/A). Among users of CA/A we solicited their opinions and experiences with current CA/A. In contrast, among those not using CA/A, we explored why they did not use CA/A. A qualitative experiential research design was used through two in-person focus groups, one in English and one in French, at a large rehabilitation hospital in the Greater Montréal region (Canada). Participants' responses were recorded, transcribed and analyzed. The thematic analysis that ensued allowed the identification of four main themes. The first theme reflects participants' observations and experiences when communicating with aphasia. The second theme regrouped responses related to successful communication with the help of CA/A. The participants' challenges and dissatisfaction with CA/A were grouped into the third theme. Lastly, a fourth theme included participants' general views about CA/A and their wishes for further development. Participants' experience with communication difficulties following aphasia and the barriers and potential facilitators to adoption of CA/A were brought to the forefront. They also highlighted those features necessary to ensuring functional uptake of CA/A by those who would benefit from it. Finally, the importance of providing training to the communication partner and sensitizing the public to the impact of aphasia on people's daily lives and on the potential benefits of using CA/A were raised as necessary future actions.

Qualitative study exploring general dental practitioners' views of MIH and its management in the UK and Australia.

Molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a prevalent condition, and how it is managed varies greatly between professional groups. To explore, and compare, the UK and Australian general dental practitioners' management of MIH in children. Face-to-face (remote) semistructured interviews were undertaken, using country-specific topic guides. Participants were purposively sampled and recruited through national conferences and research networks (eviDent Foundation and Northern Dental Practice Based Research Network). Interviews (from each country) were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and independently analysed using thematic analysis. Two major themes arose from the UK interviews: (i) decision-making complexities and understanding of treatment options and (ii) need for specialist input. The main Australian themes were (i) multidisciplinary approach to management supporting decision-making complexities and (ii) economic implications for care. Several difficulties, such as financial implications, multidisciplinary care and clinical decision-making, were identified as barriers to effectively managing MIH by GDPs in primary care. There are similarities and differences in the knowledge and management of MIH amongst UK and Australian nonspecialists. The different healthcare systems played a significant role in shaping how GDPs manage MIH with barriers relating to affordability, multidisciplinary care and clinical decision-making.

"It Is Scary, but Then I Just Do It Anyway": Children's Experiences and Concerns about Risk and Challenge during Loose Parts Play.

Children's risky play opportunities depend on supervising adults' attitudes and the play environment. The possibilities to engage in risk-taking outdoor play for children have seriously decreased over the last few decades, due to safety concerns and adults' preoccupation with protection. In response to this shift, research has increasingly focused on influencing factors on professional attitudes toward risk-taking in children's play. However, children's perspective on risky play is underrepresented in the recent literature. This study generates awareness of children's risky play preferences and interests to help professional caretakers hone their facilitating role. We explored children's notions of risk and challenge in play during a loose parts intervention stimulating risky play and facilitated by after-school childcare practitioners. A thematic analysis examined observations, informal conversations, and roundtable talks with children about their risky play experiences. Children describe their risk-taking in play as experimental and daring. The findings report on children's general views on risky play, their play experiences with loose parts, their real-life risky play experiences, and their opinions on the role of practitioners. By relating the results to risky play research and self-determination theory, this study offers insight into children's innate needs. Taking risks on their own terms gives children a sense of self-confidence and mastery, and forces them into new relationships with other children and guiding adults. Consequently, children fulfill the three universal needs of self-determination theory: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Are Community Pharmacists Ready to Deliver Pharmacogenomics Testing Services?

This study assesses the readiness and willingness of community pharmacists in England to deliver the pharmacogenomic (PG) testing service. A survey covering demographics and four key themes including awareness and training, general views and experience, barriers, willingness, and confidence was distributed to community pharmacies in the boroughs of Croydon and Sutton in South London. A total of 51 pharmacists responded to the survey. The study revealed that most respondents had a limited familiarity or understanding of pharmacogenomics (n = 32, 63%). Moreover, on average, around 60% of participants were unable to accurately identify drugs that currently have or could have potentials for PG testing. They indicated that their pharmacogenomic education and training is inadequate, with only 2/51 pharmacists reported receiving relevant training. Time constraints, shortage of staff and lack of knowledge were identified as barriers that could hinder the implementation of PG. Over 60% of respondents expressed willingness to provide PG testing service after receiving adequate training. The study found that currently not all community pharmacists are prepared to provide PG testing services, with newly qualified pharmacists appearing to have an upper hand when it comes to understanding the subject. Therefore, consistent, and uniform training is required to allow community pharmacists with all years of experience to equally contribute to the implementation of PG testing.

Public Views on Medicaid Work Requirements and Mandatory Premiums in Kentucky

Federal and state policymakers continue to pursue work requirements and premiums as conditions of Medicaid participation. Opinion polling should distinguish between general policy preferences and specific views on quotas, penalties, and other elements. To identify views of adults in Kentucky regarding the design of Medicaid work requirements and premiums. A cross-sectional survey was conducted via telephone and the internet from June 27 through July 11, 2019, of 1203 Kentucky residents 9 months before the state intended to implement Medicaid work requirements and mandatory premiums. Statistical analysis was performed from October 2019 to August 2023. Agreement, disagreement, or neutral views on policy components were the main outcomes. Recruitment for the survey used statewide random-digit dialing and an internet panel to recruit residents aged 18 years or older. Findings were weighted to reflect state demographics. Of 39 110 landlines called, 209 reached an eligible person (of whom 150 participated), 8654 were of unknown eligibility, and 30 247 were ineligible. Of 55 305 cell phone lines called, 617 reached an eligible person (of whom 451 participated), 29 951 were of unknown eligibility, and 24 737 were ineligible. Internet recruitment (602 participants) used a panel of adult Kentucky residents maintained by an external data collector. Percentages were weighted to resemble the adult population of Kentucky residents. Of the participants in the study, 52% (95% CI, 48%-55%) were women, 80% (95% CI, 77%-82%) were younger than 65 years, 41% (95% CI, 38%-45%) were enrolled in Medicaid, 36% (95% CI, 32%-39%) were Republican voters, 32% (95% CI, 29%-36%) were Democratic voters, 14% (95% CI, 11%-16%) were members of racial and ethnic minority groups (including but not limited to American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black, Hispanic or Latinx, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander), and 48% (95% CI, 44%-52%) were employed. Most participants supported work requirements generally (69% [95% CI, 66%-72%]) but did not support terminating benefits due to noncompliance (43% [95% CI, 39%-46%]) or requiring quotas of 20 or more hours per week (34% [95% CI, 31%-38%]). Support for monthly premiums (34% [95% CI, 31%-38%]) and exclusion penalties for premium nonpayment (22% [95% CI, 19%-25%]) was limited. Medicaid enrollees were significantly less supportive of these policies than nonenrollees. For instance, regarding work requirements, agreement was lower (64% [95% CI, 59%-69%] vs 72% [95% CI, 68%-77%]) and disagreement higher (26% [95% CI, 21%-31%] vs 20% [95% CI, 16%-24%]) among current Medicaid enrollees compared with nonenrollees (P = .04). Among Medicaid enrollees, some beliefs about work requirements varied significantly by employment status but not by political affiliation. Among nonenrollees, beliefs about work requirements, premiums, and Medicaid varied significantly by political affiliation but not by employment. This study suggests that even when public constituencies express general support for Medicaid work requirements or premiums, they may oppose central design features, such as quotas and termination of benefits. Program participants may also hold significantly different beliefs than nonparticipants, which should be understood before policies are changed.

Impact of Health Journalism on Public Health

The media plays a crucial role in disseminating information about well-being. This paper aims to research the attributes of health reporters in relation to how they play an essential role in public health and the importance of precise health news reports since the public needs polished skills in well-being news coverage. The media greatly facilitates the public’s access to health news. The veracity of the health information that is accessible, however, varies greatly. The media greatly impacts parents’ decisions about their children’s health, including whether they believe in vaccinations or which medications they should take. It may also affect how the general public views healthcare. This research paper examines the benefits and drawbacks of health journalism. It also describes some of the difficulties journalists encounter while reporting on health news and certain shortcomings in health journalism. This paper ends by outlining crucial elements that must be adopted for health information to be reported and disseminated successfully.

Archetypal literary criticism and intertextuality

Literary criticism was an important part of Western literary theory in the 20th century and has not lost its importance to this day. Criticism has an active influence on the literary process, as well as directly on the formation of public consciousness. This article discusses two important approaches, the principle of literary criticism. The archetypal literary criticism and the theory of intertextuality. Archetypal literary criticism is a theory that interprets a text by focusing on mythological motifs and archetypes in narrative, symbols, imagery, and character types that recur in different literary works. Analysis of the inclusions of intertext in the text of a work of art gives reason to consider them as one of the most important devices in the writer's stylistic system. The ability to integrate elements of another text into one's own work and introduce one's own text into the public consciousness is called "intertextualization" within the framework of this theory. Intertextuality is a common property of texts, expressed in the presence of links between them, due to which texts (or parts of them) can explicitly or implicitly refer to each other in a variety of ways. It is worth noting that the archetypal literary criticism and the theory of intertextuality have deep internal theoretical connections, which boil down to three main points: these are literary repetitions, general views on literature, and the consideration of literature as a repository of memory. Although these theories arose in the era of different cultural and historical paradigms - structuralism and post-structuralism, they have much in common in terms of connotation. Being different theoretical systems of literary criticism, archetypal criticism and intertextuality are closely connected by the presence of an element of psychological criticality in both. This article searches for similarities between the two indicated systems in these three aspects and substantiates their theoretical connection, which proves the complementary nature of these two theories.

Captain and conscript or companions in operational reconfiguration? The case of an infrastructure owner with projects and asset management units

Infrastructure owners with projects and asset management units reconfigure their operational capabilities to deal with external stressors. We distinguish between two reconfiguration approaches, the discrete and the continuous approach. The discrete approach is broadly adopted in the infrastructure sector and draws from the project capabilities literature, whereas the continuous approach draws from the general management literature and views reconfiguration as a best practice dynamic capability. This article compares and contrasts the two approaches by leveraging an ethnographic study of an infrastructure owner. We explain why the discrete approach was initially adopted but ultimately failed. Later, by adopting the continuous approach, the organisation succeeded by enabling the two units to work collaboratively by developing two dynamic capabilities: negotiating and disseminating for reconfiguring their operational capabilities. Our research contributes to the theoretical elaboration of why and how change management processes succeed or fail. We discuss the implications of our study to the capabilities literature and project organising research and the managerial implications of developing dynamic capabilities for operational reconfiguration in organisations with projects and asset management units.

Virtuoso of Pathophysiological Experiment: to the 100th Anniversary of Academician V. K. Kulagin

Aim. To analyze the contribution of V. K. Kulagin, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Pathological Physiology of the Military Medical Academy into development of scientific perspectives concerning the etiology, pathogenesis and therapy of traumatic shock, following thorough analysis of 1950–1980s series of featured publications. We analyzed the general theoretical views of the scientist, his methodological preferences in organizing laboratory experiments, the methodology for developing standard models for conducting experiments, choosing indicators and evaluation criteria. We brought to recollection the proposed by V. K. Kulagin approach to traumatic shock staging and phases relative to the leading pathogenetic factor; highlighted some of the key topics and results of his experimental research related to individual resistance to shock, prerequisites of shock irreversibility and factors complicating the course of traumatic shock.Conclusion. Theoretical and experimental inventions of V. K. Kulagin are relevant to the present day and are of great importance for further progress of medical science.

Ecological Impetus of COVID- 19 Pandemic on the Other Creation: A Reflection on the Biblical Jubilee

The 2019 outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic left significant adjustments in various aspects of human life, including its relationship with non-human creations in the physical environment. The paper considered the ecological impetus of the COVID-19 pandemic on the other creation with theological reflection on the biblical Jubilee. The method employed was interaction with literary materials and critical analysis of biblical-theological arguments. It, therefore, discussed general views of the COVID-19 pandemic, analysed the concept of biblical Jubilee, identified the ecological impetus of COVID-19 on the other creation, and discussed the theological reflection of the biblical Jubilee. Although the pandemic originated in China through animals, it was discovered that humans and other creations felt the effect globally due to the lockdown measure to curtail the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The ecological impetus of COVID-19 brought a significant reduction in air, water, and land pollution. The biblical-theological reflection of the Jubilee affirmed that the experiences of COVID-19 resulted in a decrease in air, water and land pollution, indicating that nature was positively affected as it naturally and by divine order for the creation observed a jubilee as a result of the lockdown measure to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusion is that God allowed the COVID-19 pandemic as a measure for all creations in nature to experience its Jubilee or rest from human ecological exploitations and abuses. It was recommended that humankind should be more responsible in the care of the environment, seek the protection of the other creation in nature and avoid overuse of land resources to ensure the necessary ‘rest’ it deserves for preservation.

Perceptions Toward the Usefulness and Benefits of Teledentistry in the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA) in Saudi Arabia.

Aim The present study aimed to evaluate the dentists' perceptions of the usefulness and benefits of teledentistry at the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA) in Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among 170 dentists from all the dental specialties who were recruited and trained under MNGHAin Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was distributed using different social media channels. The questions were arranged into four distinct categories: concerns about data security held by dentists,teledentistry and the enhancement of dental practices,and the usefulness of teledentistry for dental clinics and their patients. The responses of the enrolled participants were further collected. The frequency distribution was calculated. A one-way ANOVA test was applied for comparisons. The confidence interval and p-value were set at 95% and ≤ 0.05, respectively. Results Most participants showed neutral responses to the perception of teledentistry's ability to diagnose accurately. Most of them agreed that the waiting list could be shortened with the help of teledentistry and that it would improve the interaction between peers. The mean score for the usefulness of teledentistry in dental practice was found to be significantly higher among 45-54-year-old than other age groups, among those with >16 years of work experience, among consultants, and among those with video conference as the preferred method of communication. Conclusion General knowledge, attitudes, and views of the value and advantages of teledentistry were moderate among dentists in the MNGHA. A few issues about diagnostic precision, cost, and data security were relevant.

Investigation of Secondary Education Students' Views and Purposes of Use of EBA

With this research, it was aimed to determine the educational Informatics Network (EBA) [Eğitim Bilişim Ağı] usage purposes of 12th grade students in secondary education institutions and their views on EBA. 452 students attending the 12th grade at six secondary schools randomly selected in the city center of Kars in the 2015–2016 academic year participated in this research. The questionnaire "Students' Purposes of Using Educational Information Network (EBA) and Their Views on EBA" was used to collect the research data using the scanning model. According to the research, it is seen that the general views of the students about EBA are not very positive. However, it was determined that the scores for using EBA were lower than the scores for opinions about EBA. It has been determined that the students' purposes for using EBA are mostly to learn the lessons and subjects that they have the most difficulty with.

Women's views about current and future management of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): A mixed-methods study.

Management of low-risk ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is controversial, with clinical trials currently assessing the safety of active monitoring amidst concern about overtreatment. Little is known about general community views regarding DCIS and its management. We aimed to explore women's understanding and views about low-risk DCIS and current and potential future management options. This mixed-method study involved qualitative focus groups and brief quantitative questionnaires. Participants were screening-aged (50-74 years) women, with diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and no personal history of breast cancer/DCIS, recruited from across metropolitan Sydney, Australia. Sessions incorporated an informative presentation interspersed with group discussions which were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. Fifty-six women took part in six age-stratified focus groups. Prior awareness of DCIS was limited, however women developed reasonable understanding of DCIS and the relevant issues. Overall, women expressed substantial support for active monitoring being offered as a management approach for low-risk DCIS, and many were interested in participating in a hypothetical clinical trial. Although some women expressed concern that current management may sometimes represent overtreatment, there were mixed views about personally accepting monitoring. Women noted a number of important questions and considerations that would factor into their decision making. Our findings about women's perceptions of active monitoring for DCIS are timely while results of ongoing clinical trials of monitoring are awaited, and may inform clinicians and investigators designing future, similar trials. Exploration of offering well-informed patients the choice of non-surgical management of low-risk DCIS, even outside a clinical trial setting, may be warranted.

A congregational view on church and community development in South Africa: An empirical study

Community development is defined differently depending on the perspective of those defining it. There is a chasm between how academics define community development and how the general public views it. This results in some confusion, particularly regarding the role of churches in addressing community challenges. Fundamentally, community development is a human endeavor. Therefore, churches must have a clear understanding of community development in order for their participation in community transformation to be effective. This requires a comprehension of what community development is at the grassroots level. This article sheds light on the comprehension of community development at the grassroots level.This article will provide answers to two fundamental concerns. What is grassroots community development in the first place? Second, why is church participation in community development necessary?Two methods will be used to respond to the queries provided. This article utilises empirical data collected from Weltevreden Chapel Family Bible Church in Weltevreden Park and Christ Revival Centre Church in Lenasia, Johannesburg.The article compares the literature’s comprehension of community development to the grassroots perspective.Contribution: This article examines the literature and empirical data collected from two congregations in Johannesburg to better comprehend grassroots community development. The article will emphasise the significance of grasping what community development is so that churches can engage in the transformation of communities strategically.

Reflections on Care Experiences Among Early, Middle, and Late Adolescents in Residential Care

Although most youth served in residential group care are adolescents, empirical theories indicate that youth needs vary at different stages of adolescent development. These differences likely impact adolescents’ experiences and, ultimately, responses to treatment; a neglected research topic that may have implications for residential placement and services. This study explored youth experiences in residential care at different stages of adolescence. A descriptive qualitative content analysis from a sample of 103 youths was used to classify open-ended text into categories among early, middle, and late adolescents. Comments showed similarities and differences across developmental stages in six categories—general views on placement, relationships, needs and supports, safety, autonomy and control, and growth and development. Youth in late adolescents were more contemplative about their time in residential care, with comments reflecting a need for more autonomy, while expressing how residential care has helped with future endeavors and goal planning. Middle and early adolescents’ experiences were more varied. Early adolescents focused on relationships outside of care and discussed support needs differently, compared to middle and late adolescents. Our findings suggest that experiences in residential placements differ in important ways across stages of adolescent development.