General Transport System Research Articles

Analysis of the features of passenger transportation projects

In the era of active development of the transport industry, the introduction of digital technologies, the issue of the quality of passenger transportation still remains unresolved, despite the large number of carriers. The general transport system is an integral component of the country's economic development, and therefore research in the field of passenger transport becomes relevant and key aspects in solving the problem of improving the provision of transport services. The authors analyzed the features, main problems and risks of passenger transportation projects. It is noted that the majority of scientific works are devoted to cargo transportation, and those studies related to the field of passenger transportation consider the issue of quality provision of passenger transportation very superficially. The article demonstrates the need to replace traditional forms of project management in the transport sector with modern and progressive ones. Among a number of innovative approaches to management, the authors recommend the implementation of value-oriented management of passenger transportation projects, justifying the fact that value, as a rule, arises only in the process of operating a product, even if a high-quality and efficient system of passenger transportation is the value that will satisfy stakeholders, and primarily passengers. A value-oriented approach to passenger transport projects is determined by the main values that have a certain influence on the success and efficiency of such projects. The main idea is to take into account the needs and expectations of passengers, ensuring comfort, safety and efficiency of transportation. Conclusions were made regarding the need to continue researching value-oriented management in the field of passenger transportation, taking into account the specificity of projects in this field.

ЕКОЛОГІЗАЦІЯ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ СИСТЕМИ МІСТ УКРАЇНИ

One of the obstacles to the development of ecological transport in Ukraine is the insufficient number of specialized bicycle paths and associated bicycle infrastructure, the insufficient number of electric cars (both cars and trucks), the slow transition of public transport to environmentally friendly means of transportation. Therefore, the further greening of the transport system of Ukrainian cities is a very urgent issue. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to highlight the advantages and justify the urgent need to transfer the foreign experience of sustainable urban mobility and greening of transport to the existing conditions of Ukrainian society. The article discusses priority directions for the development of ecological types of transport, obstacles that stand in the way of greening the transport system of Ukrainian cities, and proposes an action plan aimed at avoiding various types of risks associated with the greening of transport. The relationship between the availability of certain types of transport, the state of the environment and the health of the population is recognized all over the world. It has been proven that it affects the economic indicators of the country’s development. Therefore, European countries calculate the economic effect of expanding the existing bicycle infrastructure based on this relationship. Cities with positive experience in this matter should share their experiences of creating sustainable, comfortable and healthy urban areas, and a single unified action mechanism for promoting such an eco-approach should be developed for decision-makers. Similar transformations are fully available to Ukrainian cities. They are relatively inexpensive. The article proves that in the post-war period it will be necessary to apply a comprehensive approach to the development of sustainable urban mobility (necessarily taking into account the specifics of each city), which should satisfy the needs of the population for high-quality, comfortable, easy and safe movement, complete the integration of the bicycle network into the general transport system of Ukrainian cities.

A Tutorial on V2I Communication: Evaluating the LTE-V2X for Day-1 V2I and V2V Integration in Congested Scenarios

<div>Because of the growing interest in LTE-V2X, there is a need to describe its performance under various conditions and scenarios. This article explores the deployment of long-term evolution vehicle-to-everything (LTE-V2X) technology for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication and delves into the deployment of LTE-V2X communication in three major global regions: the United States, Europe, and China. We begin with an overview of the functionality of LTE-V2X and highlight the objectives of V2I communication in terms of safety and mobility applications—and describe why it will be the predominant type of V2X in the first few years of deployment. We also examine the specific Day-1 V2I message sets standardized in each region, along with their potential applications and benefits. The technical details and use cases using these messages are discussed, along with the benefits they offer in improving the accuracy, reliability, and safety for surface transportation. Additionally, our field trial and simulation results demonstrate why, from a technical basis, LTEV2X is the technology of choice in North America and China. In particular, the performance of V2I and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in a single 20 MHz channel (Channel 183) is highlighted. The results show that LTE-V2X technology can support both V2V and V2I communication and that Day-1 V2I messages can be effectively transmitted and received in a congested urban environment. Overall, we highlight the potential of LTE-V2X technology for V2V and V2I communication in enabling safety and efficiency in the current and next generation of transportation systems.</div>

Equilibria (equilibrium states) problem statement for city transport systems

Introduction. The article formulates the problems statement about equilibrium states in the model of a generalized transport system of the city, consisting of a street and road network, centers of mass gravity, places of residence of people, vehicles, as well as road users themselves, including passengers. The solution of these problems makes it possible to identify the equilibrium distributions of the system elements over various subsets of states (a subset of the elements of the road network; a subset of the center of mass gravity; a subset of trips of a certain type, etc.), depending on the type of vehicle, individual preferences, knowledge about the state of the transport system and other factors.At the same time, the transport system is considered as an object of research within the framework of the theory of macrosystems. A set of problems statements on the search for equilibrium states of the transport system for various modelling objects has been compiled for various structural levels (scales) of the objects under consideration.Materials and methods. In this paper, the theory of transport macrosystems is applied, which follows from a wellknown scientific discipline - the theory of macrosystems. Among its tasks there are statements about the distribution of elements over subsets of states and problems about the equilibrium of the system as a whole. In macroscopic systems, by definition, the stochastic behavior of a large number of elements transforms the deterministic behavior of the system as a whole. A macro system is thus a dynamic converter of the chaotic behavior of elements into a certain set of behavior parameters (phase variables) forming a space of small dimension. Therefore, within the framework of the theory of macrosystems, the basic concepts of entropy maximization at equilibrium states of the system are used. In this case, the distribution function of macrostates is selected depending on the method of filling some states with elements from the corresponding subsets; the necessary values of a priori probabilities and proofs of parametric properties of models of macrosystems with various statistics (Fermi-, Einstein- and Boltzmann-distributions). On the basis of the theory of macrosystems, for example, problems are solved to find equilibrium in such systems as: 1) megapolis with its functional and spatial structures (probabilistic states of hierarchical systems), 2) transport networks of cities formed by the movement of vehicles and residents of the city between different areas (distribution of trips along routes in the network); 3) logistics systems in the interregional exchange of products (problems of economic equilibrium in the exchange of resources).Results. The paper presents the results of research concerning the uniform description of the elements of the road network and the centers of mass gravity as components of the general transport system of the city (agglomeration) in the framework of the theory of transport macrosystems. At the same time, the study identifies various structural levels of description that can be used to solve particular problems, for example, finding equilibrium in individual subsets of the transport system, such as groups of centers of mass gravity of a certain type, or traffic flows on routes, stretches, network sections, etc.Discussion and conclusions. Within the framework of the work, the following tasks were solved: a description of the structural levels of the objects of the road network and the centers of mass gravity as the main components of the model of transport systems was developed; the formulation of problems about the equilibrium states of transport systems at the corresponding structural levels was developed; the analysis of the obtained methodology was performed; a methodological analogy is established between different subsets of states at the same structural level, for example, between the centers of mass gravity and elements of the road network as objects of modeling by methods of the theory of macrosystems (this analogy can be extended to other subsets of states in transport systems, for example, types of transport systems, travel purposes, parking spaces, subsystems of the intelligent transport system and much more).

Dynamic and Thermodynamic Bounds for Collective Motor-Driven Transport.

Molecular motors work collectively to transport cargo within cells, with anywhere from one to several hundred motors towing a single cargo. For a broad class of collective-transport systems, we use tools from stochastic thermodynamics to derive a new lower bound for the entropy production rate which is tighter than the second law. This implies new bounds on the velocity, efficiency, and precision of general transport systems and a set of analytic Pareto frontiers for identical motors. In a specific model, we identify conditions for saturation of these Pareto frontiers.

IMPACT OF URBAN EXPANSION ON URBAN TRANSPORT IN THE CITY, STUDY CASE: CITY OF BORDJ BOU ARRERIDJ, ALGERIA

Urban transport is one of the most dynamic and a vital element within the urban sphere, as it has a significant impact on the growth and development of cities in all respects; it determines the size and direction of urbanization and directs it properly as well. Bordj Bou Arreridj is an Algerian city that witnessed a spectacular urban expansion, which resulted in great difficulties in terms of urban transport. This resulted in the inability to fulfill the role assigned to it, especially with regard to the urban expansion of the city, given the insufficient means of urban transport, especially collective ones - Old urban bus barns – and thus, meeting the growing demand for transport due to the large demographic growth. In addition to that, the fragility of the urban transport system as a whole has led to lack of harmony and interconnectedness of all parts of the city, and to the imbalance in the management of the sector. The study concluded that the urban area of the city is characterized by an important network of roads and streets that ensure good connectivity between its parts, but the existing urban transport network does not cover all its components (49% is the covered area in the city), as some areas lack urban transport service, especially those located on its suburbs as a result of the rapid urbanization. In order to redress this phenomenon, it was necessary to reconsider the general urban transportation system on both management and organizational sides, taking into account all urban components of the city, especially future expansions, in order to reach a harmonious and interconnected city under a balanced and effective transportation system.

Physicians' experiences working in emergency medicine in a rural area in Northern Sweden: a qualitative study.

Working in emergency medicine in rural areas may entail challenges due to absence of medical backup, difficulties in logistics, lack of healthcare system coordination, and, potentially, feelings of loneliness. The aim of this study was to elucidate the experiences of physicians working in an emergency medical setting in a rural area in Northern Sweden. A qualitative study was performed based on semi-structured interviews. Six physicians were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using the systematic text condensation method. Rural physicians described thriving in the rural environment. Four main themes were identified as important to their wellbeing and job satisfaction. They described close relations to the nearest referral centre, where they felt connected to the personnel in the centre. The participants described this as a crucial factor aiding their everyday work in emergency medicine. The rural physicians underlined educational and professional development individually, in teams training sessions, and through the locally created rural residency program for rural GPs as important. They expressed an adaptability to the rural environment and described having a problem-solving attitude. Additionally they found a functional transport system crucial as part of their workflow. Overall, the rural physicians thrived in the rural environment where interpersonal relations and creative initiatives along with a customised rural residency program prepared the physicians to work in rural areas. Despite the long distances between hospitals and health clinics, the physicians rarely felt alone in the field and the general well-functioning transport system with possibility for improvisations aided them in medical emergencies.

Simulation Model Based Response Management Related to Railway (Earthquake) Disaster

Railway system as part of the general transportation system is a strategic element that supports the economy and the society. Its role is continuously rising with rapid industrialization, urbanization, and changes in the society expectations regarding sustainable systems. New and emerging technologies call and permit the augmentation of the railway systems’ disaster management. This paper deals with the development of an improved response management concept related to railways’ damage, caused by earthquakes. The paper synthetizes the latest technologies, engineering, and management methods in one improved response management system. After the concept inspiration, the paper describes the applicable novel models and introduces an improved response management being developed for railway systems, damaged by earthquakes. The concept is verified in simulation. The novelty includes a new approach in the identification of the critical infrastructure, the risk assessment, the prediction of aftershocks and the recursive application of the adaptive Markov process to the simulation supporting the response management concept.

A modular, adaptive, and autonomous transit system (MAATS): An in-motion transfer strategy and performance evaluation in urban grid transit networks

Dynamic traffic demand has been a longstanding challenge for the conventional transit system design and operation. The recent development of autonomous vehicles (AVs) makes it increasingly realistic to develop the next generation of transportation systems with the potential to improve operational performance and flexibility. In this study, we propose an innovative transit system with autonomous modular buses (AMBs) that is adaptive to dynamic traffic demands and not restricted to fixed routes and timetables. A unique transfer operation, termed as “in-motion transfer”, is introduced in this paper to transfer passengers between coupled modular buses in motion. A two-stage model is developed to facilitate in-motion transfer operations in optimally designing passenger transfer plans and AMB trajectories at intersections. In the proposed AMB system, all passengers can travel in the shortest path smoothly without having to actually alight and transfer between different bus lines. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed transit system results in shorter travel time and a significantly reduced average number of transfers. While enjoying the above-mentioned benefits, the modular, adaptive, and autonomous transit system (MAATS) does not impose substantially higher energy consumption in comparison to the conventional bus system.

Eolian sedimentation in central European Auel dry maar from 60 to 13 ka

AbstractThe climate in central Europe during the last 60 ka is characterized by rapid temperature and moisture changes and strong cold periods (Heinrich events). All these variations are preserved in sediments of marine and also some terrestrial archives. Here we present a continuous, terrestrial sediment record with almost all Greenland stadials and Heinrich events between 60 and 13 ka visible from carbonate roundness of the Eifel Laminated Sediment Archive Dust Stack-20 and CaCO3 data for central Europe. The carbonate roundness data show almost all stadials between 60 and 13 ka. CaCO3 data show a general transport system change with the beginning of Heinrich event 3. Since there are no carbonates west of the Auel Maar, we conclude that the eolian-transported grains were not transported by westerly but easterly winds. These postulated easterly winds during the last glacial maximum are supported by similar findings of previous works.

Concepts of Development of Alternative Travel in Autonomous Cars

Autonomous car travel planning is increasingly gaining attention from scientists and professionals, who are addressing the integration of autonomous cars into the general urban transportation system. Autonomous car travel planning depends on the transport system infrastructure, the dynamic data, and their quality. The efficient development of travel depends on the development level of the Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and the Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS). Today, most cities around the world are competing with each other to become the smartest cities possible, using and integrating the most advanced ITS and C-ITS that are available. It is clear that ITS and C-ITS are occupying an increasing share of urban transport infrastructure, so the complex challenges of ITS and C-ITS development will inevitably need to be addressed, in the near future, by integrating them into the overall urban transport system. With this in mind, the authors proposed three autonomous car travel development concepts that should become a conceptual tool in the development of ITS and C-ITS.

THE FEATURES OF EFFECTIVENESS SUBSTANTIATION FOR CONSTRUCTION OF RIVER PIERS OF ENTERPRISES

The relevance of the article arises from the need to increase the role of inland water transport in the general transport system by adequately effectiveness substantiation of different kinds of transport and switching cargo transportation to river transport. The aim is to substantiate the effectiveness of the piers construction owned by enterprises to overload goods. The article gives a methodology for determining the sources of cost savings for cargo owners when attracting goods to river transport along the entire logistics chain, including taking into account the forced construction of their own terminals by enterprises due to the observed location change or the complete absence of public ports. The information of the methodology testing results on the example of JSC «Vyksa Metallurgical Plant» is given.

A lightweight anonymous two‐factor authentication protocol for wireless sensor networks in Internet of Vehicles

SummaryInternet of Vehicles (IoV), as the next generation of transportation systems, tries to make highway and public transportation more secure than used to be. In this system, users use public channels for their communication so they can be the victims of passive or active attacks. Therefore, a secure authentication protocol is essential for IoV; consequently, many protocols are presented to provide secure authentication for IoV. In 2018, Yu et al proposed a secure authentication protocol for WSNs in vehicular communications and claimed that their protocol could satisfy all crucial security features of a secure authentication protocol. Unfortunately, we found that their protocol is susceptible to sensor capture attack, user traceability attack, user impersonation attack, and offline sink node's secret key guessing attack. In this paper, we propose a new authentication protocol for IoV which can solve the weaknesses of Yu et al's protocol. Our protocol not only provides anonymous user registration phase and revocation smart card phase but also uses the biometric template in place of the password. We use both Burrow‐Abadi‐Needham (BAN) logic and real‐or‐random (ROR) model to present the formal analysis of our protocol. Finally, we compare our protocol with other existing related protocols in terms of security features and computation overhead. The results prove that our protocol can provide more security features and it is usable for IoV system.

Transportation infrastructure restoration optimization considering mobility and accessibility in resilience measures

Disruptive events lead to capacity degradation of transportation infrastructure, and a good restoration plan could minimize the aftermath impacts during the recovery period. This is considered one aspect of resiliency for transportation systems. Although unmet demand has been proposed as one measure of resilience for freight transportation, it has rarely been used for general transportation systems. This study takes unmet demand and total travel time as two measures in modeling the restoration plan problem and proposes a bi-objective bi-level optimization framework to determine an optimal transportation infrastructure restoration plan. The lower-level problem uses Elastic User Equilibrium to model the imbalance between demand and supply and measures the unmet demand for a given transportation network. The upper-level problem, formulated as bi-objective mathematical programming, determines optimal resource allocation for roadway restoration. The bi-level problems are solved by a modified active set algorithm and a network representation method derived from Network Design Problems. The Weighted Sum Method is adopted to solve the Pareto Frontier of this bi-objective optimization problem. The proposed restoration plan optimization method was applied to a typical road network in Sioux Falls, to verify the effectiveness of the methodology. For a given failure scenario, the Pareto Frontier of this bi-objective bi-level optimization problem with various budget levels, cross-referring to the travel efficiency of each solution, was illustrated to demonstrate how the proposed method can support decision-making for road network restoration. To further study the performance of the proposed method, different scenarios were generated with one to five links disrupted and the proposed methodology was applied with different budget levels. The statistical analysis of the optimized solutions for these scenarios demonstrates that a higher budget could help reduce unmet demand in the system by providing more restoration options.

END-TO-END CLASSIFICATION OF PEDESTRIAN-TRANSPORT OBJECT-SUBJECT-SPATIAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS IN THE STRUCTURE OF STOPPING SPACES

Pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport systems in the structure of stop-territorial spaces of cities and settlements of hierarchy different levels are considered. The article defines a thorough classification of these pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport systems (based on demo-ecosystem analysis). These systems are considered from the standpoint of the hierarchical manifestation of the constituent elements of the stop-territorial spaces. In the general case, each pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport system takes into account the peculiarities of perception and disclosure of bus stops. Each pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport system is generalized to the case of pedestrian-transport object-subject-spatial environmental PTOSSE-system. The latter, in turn, is a subsystem of the universal PTOSSUE-system. In the PTOSSUE-system, at least one more parameter (for example, landscape, light-color or sound) of the universal space of sensations of the "average" person is added to the consideration of pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport parameters. According to the generalized 9-zone distribution of "stop space", 9 generalized types of pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport systems of "stop space" are formed accordingly. These are the following PTOSSE and PTOSSUE-systems: I) pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport systems of the "ultra-zone"; II) pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport systems of the "core"; III) pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport systems of "stop space"; IV) pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport systems "at-stop space"; V) pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport systems "near-stop space"; VI) pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport systems "around the stop space";VII) pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport "buffer zone"; VIII) pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport systems of the "red zone"; and IX) pedestrian, transport and pedestrian transport systems of the "infra-zone". Harmonization of space on the basis of consideration and harmonization of pedestrian, transport and pedestrian-transport object-subject-spatial environmental systems and their subsystems in the structure of stop-territorial spaces contributes to the harmonization of the living environment of the population of demoecosystems. In turn, this harmonization contributes to improving the quality of life of the population (in particular, users of the stop and the entire stop-territorial space). And this, in turn, contributes to improving the quality of pedestrian, transport and pedestrian transport flows and systems in the structure of demoecosystems of the appropriate level of hierarchy.

Increasing GPS Localization Accuracy With Reinforcement Learning

Automated vehicles are envisioned to be an integral part of the next generation of transportation systems. Whether it is striving for full autonomy or incorporating more advanced driver assistance systems, high-accuracy vehicle localization is essential for automated vehicles to navigate the transportation network safely. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning framework to increase GPS localization accuracy. The framework does not make rigid assumptions on the GPS device hardware parameters or motion models, nor does it require infrastructure-based reference locations. The proposed reinforcement learning model learns an optimal strategy to make “corrections” on raw GPS observations. The model uses an efficient confidence-based reward mechanism, which is independent of geolocation, thereby enabling the model to be generalized. We incorporate a map matching-based regularization term to reduce the variance of the reward return. The reinforcement learning model is constructed using the asynchronous advantage actor-critic (A3C) algorithm. A3C provides a parallel training protocol to train the proposed model. The asynchronous reinforcement learning strategy facilitates short training sessions and provides more robust performance. The performance of the proposed model is assessed by comparing it with an extended Kalman filter algorithm as a benchmark model. Our experiments indicate that the proposed reinforcement learning model converges fast, has less prediction variance, and can localize vehicles with 50% less error compared to the benchmark Extended Kalman Filter model.

Design and development of a magnetic lead screw propulsion device for general transport system

This study proposes a magnetic lead screw (MLS) as a continuous propulsion device for the general transport system (GTS). By integrating the outer rotor machine with the MLS, it is possible to construct a high force design with the improved operating surface area. Initially, a brief statement of the novel GTS is given, leading to an introduction of the MLS. Besides, a scaled 2.6-kN MLS demonstrator is presented to verify the propulsion principle and thrust force. Furthermore, the MLS design focuses on several types, which use different materials and magnetic structures. The three-dimensional finite element analysis is used to optimise design, with the goal of force performance. Moreover, the shear stress, cost-effectiveness, magnetic losses, and mechanical stress of the different topologies are compared, revealing that the MLS made by ferrite magnet is more suitable for employed in GTS applications. Finally, a dynamic model of the GTS is developed to verify the acceleration and speed responded.

An optimization model for renting public parking slots to carsharing services

Smart mobility systems represent a new generation of transport systems that are strongly supported by information and communications technologies, allowing a continuous connection between the system administrators, the customers/users, the transport infrastructures and the vehicles. A major example of these systems is represented by carsharing. Carsharing can relieve people from the costly and non-sustainable burden of owning a car, especially when residing in a city. Furthermore, it can reduce pollution and traffic congestion and has been worldwide recognized as a fundamental component of smart cities by policy-makers In this study, we provide an overview of relevant regulations for carsharing, highlighting in particular the importance of parking policies. Given this importance, we propose a mathematical optimization model that can be used by a local government to analytically choose the best subset of parking slots to rent to carsharing companies, in order to improve urban mobility. We test the model on realistic data of the city of Rome, showing that we can obtain a fair territorial distribution of the parking slots that satisfies population needs. The data were defined on the basis of our collaboration with professionals of the electric utility company Enel within E-Go Car Sharing, an electrical vehicle carsharing service established at the University Roma Tre.

Energy security in context of transforming energy systems: a case study for natural gas transport in Germany

Against the background of transforming energy systems in a sustainable manner, energy security plays a crucial role when designing energy systems in general and energy transportation systems in particular. Energy security can be understood as uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price and, thus, is influenced by technical, economic and political circumstances. Currently many national energy systems are switching from fossil and nuclear to renewable energy supply. Even though the focus often is on the electricity supply, this fuel switch effects the whole energy system including i.e. the heat and mobility sector, triggering even bigger changes. This work examines, using the example of natural gas in Germany, how the long-term transformation of energy systems influences energy security and why this should be considered in short- to mid-term transportation systems expansion planning.

Fluctuations Hypothesize the New Explanation of Meridians in Living Systems

Biosystems are complex. Their physiology is well-controlled with various negative feedback signals and processes, it describes by opposite interfering effects which are characterized in the Eastern philosophy by Yin-Yang (Y-Y) pairs. Y-Y pairs could be described by the promoter-suppressor pairs in a wide range of physiologic signals creating the homeostasis of the complex system. This type of control appears as fluctuations from the average (mean) value of the signal. The mean carries an ineluctable fluctuation (called pink-noise or 1/f noise). All signals in homeostasis have equal entropy (SE = 1.8), which is the character of the complex equilibrium. The various controlling opposite signals (Y-Y) have different time-scales which change by aging. The processes with smaller time-scale are degraded by aging, but the pink-noise ensures that the deviations of the signals of the healthy homeostatic system remain constant. Meridians are connected to the general transport systems that combined the material and the information transport with the considerable transport networks, like blood, lymph, nerve, cell-junctions, mesenchymal “ground substance” cytoskeletons. The meridians in this meaning only virtual line averaged from multiple realized paths to connect two acupuncture points by the material, energy and information transport processes. The meridian network is designed by various coupling points (acupoints), which could be perturbed by actuating stimulus. Our objective is to describe the meridian system from complexity point of view.