General Psychological Theory Research Articles

Acceptance of AI in Health Care for Short- and Long-Term Treatments: Pilot Development Study of an Integrated Theoretical Model.

As digital technologies and especially artificial intelligence (AI) become increasingly important in health care, it is essential to determine whether and why potential users intend to use related health information systems (HIS). Several theories exist, but they focus mainly on aspects of health care or information systems, in addition to general psychological theories, and hence provide a small number of variables to explain future behavior. Thus, research that provides a larger number of variables by combining several theories from health care, information systems, and psychology is necessary. This study aims to investigate the intention to use new HIS for decisions concerning short- and long-term medical treatments using an integrated approach with several variables to explain future behavior. We developed an integrated theoretical model based on theories from health care, information systems, and psychology that allowed us to analyze the duality approach of adaptive and nonadaptive appraisals and their influence on the intention to use HIS. We applied the integrated theoretical model to the short-term treatment using AI-based HIS for surgery and the long-term treatment of diabetes tracking using survey data with structured equation modeling. To differentiate between certain levels of AI involvement, we used several scenarios that include treatments by physicians only, physicians with AI support, and AI only to understand how individuals perceive the influence of AI. Our results showed that for short- and long-term treatments, the variables perceived threats, fear (disease), perceived efficacy, attitude (HIS), and perceived norms are important to consider when determining the intention to use AI-based HIS. Furthermore, the results revealed that perceived efficacy and attitude (HIS) are the most important variables to determine intention to use for all treatments and scenarios. In contrast, abilities (HIS) were important for short-term treatments only. For our 9 scenarios, adaptive and nonadaptive appraisals were both important to determine intention to use, depending on whether the treatment is known. Furthermore, we determined R² values that varied between 57.9% and 81.7% for our scenarios, which showed that the explanation power of our model is medium to good. We contribute to HIS literature by highlighting the importance of integrating disease- and technology-related factors and by providing an integrated theoretical model. As such, we show how adaptive and nonadaptive appraisals should be arranged to report on medical decisions in the future, especially in the short and long terms. Physicians and HIS developers can use our insights to identify promising rationale for HIS adoption concerning short- and long-term treatments and adapt and develop HIS accordingly. Specifically, HIS developers should ensure that future HIS act in terms of HIS functions, as our study shows that efficient HIS lead to a positive attitude toward the HIS and ultimately to a higher intention to use.

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ ПОНЯТИЯ «РАЗВИТИЕ»

The article reveals the relevance of the study of development as a paradigm of social psychology, examines the essence of the socio-psychological approach to its understanding. The difficulties that occur in defining the concept, subject, structure and ensuring the formation of modern social psychology are analyzed. The prospects of this industry are connected with their overcoming. The author comes to the conclusion that an important task is to create a general theory of social psychology. The theory of development is an integral part of the named theory, they complement each other. Without this, it is impossible to talk about the effective formation of modern social psychology.

Legal awareness of the individual: a view from the standpoint of cultural, historical and activity methodology

The article is devoted to the theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of legal consciousness of personality from the standpoint of L.S. Vygotsky's cultural and historical theory and A.N. Leontiev's general psychological theory of activity. The regularities of the formation of the legal consciousness of the individual are presented, the psychological properties and functions of the legal consciousness of the individual are described, the hypothesis of the systemic and semantic structure of the phenomenon under consideration is theoretically substantiated. The content of the legal consciousness of the individual is described at the level of "meanings", "personal meaning" and "sensory tissue" of consciousness. The process of formation of the system of legal consciousness of personality is considered through the application of the principle of unity of affect and intelligence, formulated by L.S. Vygotsky, according to which the will of the subject is a single basis and an intermediary link in the formation of consciously controlled processes (the formation of arbitrariness), where in the process of development there is a change in the relationship between affect and intelligence. The theoretical propositions formulated by the authors can form the basis for extensive empirical studies of the legal consciousness of the individual in line with the national psychological tradition, laid down in the cultural-historical approach and the general psychological theory of activity. The regularities of the formation of the legal consciousness of the individual are presented, the psychological properties and functions of the legal consciousness of the individual are described, the hypothesis of the systemic and semantic structure of the phenomenon under consideration is theoretically substantiated. The theoretical propositions formulated by the authors can form the basis for extensive empirical studies of the legal consciousness of the individual in line with the national psychological tradition, laid down in the cultural-historical approach and the general psychological theory of activity. The theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of legal awareness from the standpoint of the national cultural, historical and activity methodology allows us to draw the following conclusions and generalizations. The process of formation and development of legal awareness is a transition from simpler semantic generalizations about law to more complex ones, in the course of general personality development. Thus, the system of meanings of the "language of law" (with different levels of generalizations) determines the content of the components of the structure of legal consciousness, the "development" of these generalizations may indicate the level of development of legal consciousness. A deep study of legal consciousness is impossible in isolation from the categories of "personal meaning", "sensual fabric", as well as those "meanings" in which law finds its objective expression in culture and in a specific person, a subject of law.

Development as a paradigm of social psychology

This article reveals the relevance of the study of development as a paradigm of social psychology and examines the essence of the socio-psychological approach to its understanding. The difficulties that occur in defining the concept, subject, and structure and ensuring the formation of modern social psychology are analyzed. The prospects of this industry are connected with their overcoming. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the crucial task is to create a general theory of social psychology. At the same time, the theory of development is an integral part of the general theory. They complement each other. There is still a lot to be done both theoretically and practically for its full design. Without this, it is impossible to speak about the effective formation of modern social psychology. Currently, there is an urgent need for the development of individuals, groups, families, organizations, and all spheres of society.

The Color of Togetherness: A Theoretical Contribution to the Research on Color Effects

The purpose of this paper is twofold. The first purpose is to contribute to knowledge about the effect of color on brand attitude in a specific case of advertising: the coloration of ads that promote togetherness or avoidance of loneliness. We found that reddish coloration is associated with the feeling of togetherness when compared to blueish coloration and natural color. The second purpose is more methodological. Since Cohn’s publication, 130 years of academic research on color effects have resulted in thausands of papers. Many authors in this field regret that the assumptions of most work are based on intuition and that researchers have presented a wealth of data based on colorimetic designs but have not provided generalizable findings. This problem arises from the fact that authors do not derive hypotheses from specific color theories or general psychological theories before conducting empirical work. For the case of colors in a togetherness/loneliness situation, we show that schema-congruity/incongruity theory, the hiercharcial-network model from schema theory, and regulatory-fit theory in combination with insights about the promotion or prevention orientation of colors enable the development of hypotheses. This article therefore also contributes to research into color effects by providing a perspective on how more theory-based research can be carried out.

When the Going Gets Challenging-Motivational Theories as a Driver for Workplace Health Promotion, Employees Well-Being and Quality of Life.

Being characterized by high numbers of physical and mental health issues, the veterinary sector faces some negative peculiarities compared to other professions. To evaluate and possibly improve employees' well-being and to reward according to individual motivation, managing staff and the profession in general must understand every individual's motivation. Defining the motivation of veterinary professionals in a multidisciplinary way can be the first step in increasing the well-being of employees. To assemble current theories of work motivation and adapt and extend them to serve the veterinary profession, basic knowledge of the classical general psychological motivational theories and work motivational theories is inevitable. The authors aimed to illustrate the different motivational theories' key aspects and historical evolution to provide veterinary personnel with broad knowledge. In addition, the availability of already existing literature should be evaluated. A scoping review was performed. Methodological, empirical, review, and theoretical articles were evaluated. Only a minority of the studies (1.3%) evaluated motivational theories in veterinary health care. This reflects that there is a need for research in this field. Still, it is illustrated that the veterinarian profession would benefit from the implementation of general psychological as well as motivational work theories.

PROBLEMS OF DOCTRINIAL ASSESSMENT OF OBJECTIVE SIGNS OF DISCLOSURE OF THE SECRET OF ADOPTION

The purpose of this study is a systematic criminal law study at the doctrinal level of objective signs of disclosure of the secrets of adoption.
 
 Materials and methods. The basis of the study was the dialectical method. The study itself is based on the conceptual provisions of the doctrine of the general theory of law, criminal law, sociology, pedagogy and psychology.
 
 In the course of the study, the logical method was used to study the content of the norm providing for responsibility for disclosing the secrets of adoption. The historical and legal method is presented when considering the development of domestic legislation on responsibility for disclosing the secrecy of adoption.
 
 The statistical method was used in summarizing the materials of investigative and judicial practice in the process of analyzing the rule on disclosure of the secrecy of adoption.
 
 The traditional analysis of documents contributed to obtaining from the materials published in the media about the facts of the disclosure of the secrets of adoption, which were not given a criminal legal assessment.
 
 Results. In the course of the study, it was established that the object of the crime is public relations protected by criminal law, to which a socially dangerous act is directed and to which harm is inflicted or a real threat of harm is created. In the crime under study, the immediate object is determined by the place occupied by Art. 155 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the criminal law system. The objective side of the crime in question includes signs strictly defined by the criminal law, which are sufficient to determine the act as a crime and are necessary to distinguish it from related offenses.
 
 Conclusions. The main direct object of disclosing the secret of adoption includes public relations that ensure the interests of the family, an additional direct object is understood as public relations that directly jeopardize the interests of the adoptee himself. To divulge the secret of adoption against the will means that it was made without the will of the adoptive parent. If both spouses are adoptive parents, the will of both adoptive parents must be given. The absence of the consent of one of them indicates the inadmissibility of disclosing the secret of adoption. In this case, the disclosure of the secret of adoption does not exclude criminal liability.

ПСИХОСОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ИНФОРМИРОВАННОГО ДОБРОВОЛЬНОГО СОГЛАСИЯ В СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ

The reason for the psychosocial discomfort in the majority of dentists when providing medical care at the present time is not the difficulties in providing dental care and services, namely the changes that have occurred in terms of obtaining informed voluntary, informed, written consent to the invasion of the sphere of physical and personal integrity, as well as the need for a doctor to help comprehend and explain to the patient the conditions, on which medical intervention will be performed. Healthcare organizers and medical workers are often not ready to carry out organizational and psychological changes themselves, and in order to optimize the processes of digitalization, it is necessary to build psychological cross-counseling of workers to overcome difficulties in interacting with patients.
 The subject of the study is the awareness of doctors about the importance of informed voluntary consent in dental practice.
 The relevance of this study is due to the need to standardize the process of obtaining informed voluntary consent for medical intervention from patients of dental institutions.
 The aim of the study is to develop the concept of organizational and psychological determinants that determine the role of IDS in the context of the effectiveness of interaction between a dentist and a patient. 
 Methodology. The general scientific methodology of the study was determined by the following principles of consideration of complex social objects: consistency, determinism, unity of consciousness and activity, development.
 We relied on the general psychological theory of activity, the concept of the development of professionalism and the image of the professional world. The study used methodological and theoretical foundations of the analysis of labor activity, the concept of group training; the theory of planned and step-by-step formation of actions.
 Conclusions. The concept of informed consent and its role in dental practice is analyzed. The reasons of insufficient awareness of medical workers and patients as a source of conflict situations and a factor of dissatisfaction of patients in dental practice are investigated. The impact of insufficient patient awareness on various aspects of the work of dental organizations was assessed. Organizational standardized solutions to problems in informing the patient are proposed.

ПСИХОСОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ОСНОВЫ ПЕРЕКРЕСТНОГО КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЯ В ПЕРИОД ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ

The reason for psychosocial discomfort in medical organizations were the processes taking place in the social environment, the legislative framework, the transfer of medical institutions to new operating conditions, increasing requirements for the safety and quality of medical services, digitalization of the healthcare sector, the introduction of "smart technologies" aimed at improving the quality of life of the population. Healthcare organizers and medical workers are not always ready to carry out organizational and psychological changes, and in order to optimize the processes of digitalization, it is necessary to identify the psychological causes of organizational resistance and cross-counseling workers to overcome difficulties in interpersonal relationships. 
 The subject of the study is the interaction of actors (initiator, creator, agent and addressee) in the process of organizational and psychological changes during the reorganization of the dental service.
 The relevance of this study is due to the need to study the process of development of psychological changes during the reorganization of dental institutions during the period of digitalization of medical organization employees.
 The purpose of the study is to develop the concept of organizational and psychological determinants integrating organizational, group (subdivision) and individual psychological levels during the period of organizational changes during the introduction of digitalization of a medical institution.
 Methodology. The general scientific methodology of the study was determined by the following principles of consideration of complex social objects: consistency, determinism, unity of consciousness and activity, development.
 We relied on the general psychological theory of activity the concept of the development of professionalism and the image of the professional world. The study used methodological and theoretical foundations for the analysis of labor activity, the concept of group training, the theory of planned and phased formation of actions.
 Conclusions. An effective cross-consulting system for digitalization in a dental organization should include the following subsystems:
 1) Psychological counseling and support of actors (initiators and social groups (groups of medical workers) involved in the process of digitalization of dental care and interacting with each other;
 2) A set of factors affecting the digitalization of the dental service, affecting the activity of medical workers at the organizational, group (subdivision) and individual psychological levels;
 3) Formation of professionalism of employees using regulatory, cognitive, communicative and performing components.

Problems of Research of Abilities in Modern Russian Psychology: in Search of a New Theory

The article discusses a series of studies by employees of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2018–2022), carried out on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Institute and dedicated to assessing the state of the scientific problems they study. Separately, there are considered publications in which the results of the development of basic concepts in the general theory of modern psychology, in its individual branches, in applied psychology are presented. It is argued that the research results presented in the publications are the most important theoretical and methodological cut of the actual problems of modern psychology. In addition, the wide range of studies presented in publications implements the most important function of structuring the conceptual space of modern psychological science. The series of publications prepared by A.L. Zhuravlev and E.A. Sergienko, and devoted to a comprehensive assessment of the conceptual space of research carried out by the staff of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The system-network approach used by the authors to the analysis of the organization of modern concepts of psychology is considered. Its merits are highlighted and debatable questions are raised. It is argued that modern psychological science implements several approaches to the analysis of the conceptual space of psychological research — system-network, scientometric, subject, etc. Their advantages and limitations are highlighted.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЦЕННОСТНО-МОТИВАЦИОННОГО И КОГНИТИВНОГО КОМПОНЕНТОВ КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ «ГОТОВНОСТЬ К ИЗМЕНЕНИЯМ» У РУКОВОДИТЕЛЕЙ

Statement of the problem. In the context of global threats and uncertainty, readiness for change becomes not only an important personal characteristic and competence of a manager, but also a key factor in the successful implementation of organizational changes and in the competitiveness of an enterprise [Naumtseva, 2016, Lukhmanova, 2019]. The accomplished nature of all components of this competence: value-motivational, cognitive, emotional-volitional, behavioral and reflexive – is a necessary resource for the introduction of reforms and innovations, or for the successful adaptation of an enterprise in a constantly changing socio-economic context. In this regard, the set of important competence characteristics of a modern manager includes the ability and readiness to use innovative approaches and technologies, both in organizing their own individual style of activity and in optimizing all areas of the enterprise’s activity [Kirillov, 2015]. Such abilities as part of managerial competence are formed due to the cognitive and motivational-semantic aspect within the framework of the newly formed structure, readiness for change. Therefore, it is important to consider the essence of these components and rationalize their impact on the effectiveness of changes, both intrapersonal and organizational. The purpose of the article is to specify the behavioral indicators of the formation of the value-motivational and cognitive aspects of readiness for change and to discuss the features of the value-motivational and cognitive components of the readiness-for-change competence among managers. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the general psychological theory of set (D.N. Uznadze), subject-activity approach (S.L. Rubinshtein, B.G. Ananiev, V.A. Krutetsky, K.K. Platonov, etc.), competence-based approach (Yu.G. Tatur, I.A. Zimnyaya, A.V. Khutorskoy, etc.), integrative approach (M.I. Faerman), competence-based approach in managing innovative changes (T.A. Terekhova), innovative approach (L.A. Zhuravlev), psychological readiness for innovation (S.R. Yagolkovsky, O.V. Sovetova, M.I. Kiloshenko, E.V. Ivanova, V.E. Klochko, O.M. Krasnoryadtseva), and works devoted to psychological problems and mechanisms of formation of readiness for activity (M.I. Dyachenko, L.A. Kandybovich, R.D. Sanzhaeva, O.V. Makhova). The study involved 150 employees of a group of companies in the IT/Telecom sphere in Krasnoyarsk. The California Personality Inventory (CPI) and the Schwartz personal values questionnaire were used for assessment. Statistical data processing included a comparison of samples and an analysis of the interdependence of characteristics. Research results. The main results of the study are the obtained characteristics of the formation of the value-motivational and cognitive components of the readiness-for-change competence in the following categories: top management, middle management, and specialists. It is noted that in order to develop the readiness-for-change competence, managers need to work with such values ​as stimulation and independence, which activate the internal motivation of creativity and the desire for novelty both at the personal level and at the level of the corporate environment. The cognitive component is quite well developed in specialists, middle-level managers, and top managers. This indicates, on the one hand, that talent acquisition is performed in accordance with the established requirements for the position, and on the other hand, that the professional competences are developed in the process of performing work tasks. However, for middle-level managers and top managers, the flexibility scale (Fx) requires development, while this is not necessary for specialists as part of their regulated activities. Conclusion. One of the psychological and pedagogical prerequisites for the development of the readiness-for-change competence in managers is the development and implementation of a corporate training program that would stimulate development of the individual components of the readiness-for-change competence and the competence as a whole.

On the Place and Role of Astronomy and Astrophysics in the Emerging New Model of Education

Developing digital technologies as an evolutionary leap, we are clearly facing a crisis in traditional education system. We are close, or are already at the bifurcation point of techno-cultural evolution. Systems Theory (Bertalanffy (1968)) and the concept of Purposeful Systems (Ackoff & Emery (2009), Ackoff et al. (2006)) focuses on the design of a new model of education. The main difficulty of education is caused by contradictions between the fuzzy logic (Zadeh (1973)) of the humanities and the clear logic of natural sciences. Lingvistic variables of fuzzy logic, reflecting and classifying the multiplicity of objects and connections, allow fuzzy interpretation of reality. The concepts of number and measure achieve convergence in the identification of objects, in their study and in the creation of new objects of reality. Problems arise in the process of combining these two logics in education. Psychology, responsible for understanding of teaching-learning processes, encounters difficulties in solving these problems. Ethology, studying the social behavior of animals and humans, firmly argue that without solving the problems of education as a form of intelligence development, we become an endangered biological species if the environment we have created will be destroyed. We will return to the primitive, animal form of social behavior, since the form of social organization are transmitted genetically and lie deep in our subconscious (Dolnik (2009), Lorenz (1963, 1971)). The digitalization and standardization of education started replacing part, or all of the intelligence with the ability to use databases of” recipes” for recognizing situations and appropriate behavior. Repetitions of each such recipe creates a fixed set of unconscious behavior (Uznadze (1995)) turning people into state of cybernetic organism. This perspective causes some blurred models of the present and gloomy forecasts and plans of social reconstruction. There is the need to clearly describe the reality in which our biological species exists and to transfer this knowledge into the process of education in the form of intellectual development. Astronomy and astrophysics have created the most fully formulated model of the Universe, that becomes an essential part of culture and practice. The analysis of the intellectual activity of our civilization identifies astronomers and astrophysicists as a special group of purposeful and advanced carriers of intellect which the great potential for formation of a new model of education. The development of astronomy and astrophysics can be represented as a continuous process of transforming the concepts of fuzzy logic into constructing the model the Universe as observable, measurable and clearly described system. The specificity of the subject of study, the need to constantly develop complex specific technologies for remote research and the need to use the most advanced methods for describing, interpreting and understanding the results, created conditions for specific Cerebral Sorting (Saveliev (2016)) and formation of advanced intellectual, professional and social community. All significant results in General Psychology have been achieved in cooperation with exact and natural sciences. It is reasonable to offer astronomers and astrophysicists ideas explaining their intellectual activity and consistent with the concepts and ideas of General Psychology. This knowledge may became the part of activity technology and motivation to form a system based on astronomy and astrophysics as a model of cognition and education. Such a model based on General Psychological Theory of Set (Nadirashvili (2007), Uznadze (1995)) is proposed for discussion and use.

Some Aspects of D. Uznadze’s Concept of Objectification

When D. Uznadze’s Theory of Set is viewed from the perspective of formation stages, the Theory of Set, per se, and objectification theory are distinguished from each other. In general, theory of objectification aims to explain participation of conscious processes in the formation and functioning of unconscious set and the role of unconscious set in the formation and functioning of conscious processes. Such a perspective implies that the theory of unconscious set and the theory of objectification are two indispensable constituents of an integrate, general psychological Theory of Set. The given article attempts to prove once again the appropriacy of like approach and further elaborate on objectification as a main category of Theory of Set.

Teori Belajar Behavioristik dalam Kitab Bughyatul Ikhwan Karya Imam Ramli

Behavioristic learning theory is a learning theory that prioritizes the visible process of changing human behavior. This study aims to construct behavioristic learning theory in the book Bughyatul Ikhwan by Imam Ramli. This study is library research whit a qualitative descriptive approach. The researcher uses bughyatul Ikhwan’s book by Imam Ramli as the main source, while related journals a secondary sources. Then analyzed by content analysis. This study constructs behavioristic learning theory in the book of Bughyatul Ikhwan by Imam Ramli, which includes: First, learning is a process of forming the behavior expected from learning outcomes. According to Imam Ramli, the formation of a child’s behavior can be formed through teaching by being given information regarding how to distinguish and understand what is true. Second, environmental interaction is one of the causes of the formation of children’s behavior attitudes. Imam Ramli chose social interaction with pious people as the right place to hang out for a child. Third, the behavioristic learning theory in Imam Ramli Bughyatul Ikhwan’s book generally has similarities with general psychological theory, only the terms used are different, such as ta’lim (Verbal Information), Ta’dib ( Formation of behavior), Targhib (Reward), Tahdid (threat) dan Tahdzir (warning), social environment interaction and habituation education. Fourth, preventive measures are applied to the explanation in the book Bughyatul Ikhwan by Imam Ramli with Tahdid (threat) dan Tahdzir (warning).

Observing effects in various contexts won't give us general psychological theories.

Generalization does not come from repeatedly observing phenomena in numerous settings, but from theories explaining what is general in those phenomena. Expecting future behavior to look like past observations is especially problematic in psychology, where behaviors change when people's knowledge changes. Psychology should thus focus on theories of people's capacity to create and apply new representations of their environments.

Significance of Activity Theory Concepts for Qualitative Neuropsychology

The article analyses theoretical and methodological aspects of neuropsychology. Neuropsychology might be considered as a part of neuroscience, but also as the part of psychology. In this last choice, neuropsychology has to conceptualize the ways for studying of psychological process before passing to the level of relation, which exists between psychological processes and brain level in order to identify specific mechanisms or components of psychological processes related to the functioning of special brain zones. Such a study can be based on different general psychological theories. One of the possibilities is historical and cultural approach and activity theory. From the point of view of activity theory approach, brain functional systems might be understood as psycho-physiological dynamic mechanisms of actions and operations fulfilled by a subject. All actions of the subject are always accomplished within the context of one or another cultural activity. Neuropsychological level of analyses might be understood as the elementary functional level of human activity. Neuropsychological analysis might be organized as assessment of actions instead of assessment of isolated functions. The article shows the benefits and significance of activity theory general concept for the field of neuropsychological research and practice of assessment and rehabilitation. The discussion stresses the importance of argumentation of relation between general psychology and neuropsychology.

Reading and study guide to the spiritual model of humanity as the correct science of people

The purpose of this paper is to guide explore the spiritual model of humanity as the correct science of humanity, which as per the reflective criteria, defines science as creation of an Ashby diagram of any system under study offering causal understanding of the operation of the mechanisms that are the physical necessity in the system. The spiritual model of humanity is presented as the most advanced and accurate scientific general theory of psychology ever produced with verisimilitude vastly beyond any previous attempt, none of which bought to account the crucial reflexive criteria hence there is no historical discussion on psychology that retain any intellectual validity, no matter how well liked or insightful, This paper provides a study and reading guide to access the spiritual model of humanity and consider the profound changes it enacts on acceptance. Most of these changes are discussed in the books and papers derived by applying the spiritual model of humanity to specific circumstances of people.

Science, Society, and Politics

Social ideology and all modern derivatives begun with either Adam Smith, 1776, Wealth of Nations, or Karl Marx, 1848, The Communist Manifest, with Engels. Neither are grounded on science both were created before there existed even the most basic understanding of psychology. Neither deals with modern understanding of the forces that drive a modern free democratic society. Both ideologies have globally failed. My work, the spiritual model of humanity, corrects this failure. It begins with a scientific general theory of psychology which itself must begin with the question what exactly is the relationship between knowledge in mind and the object of that knowledge? This epistemological question only able to be answered by identifying and applying method able to lead the conceptualization process and create the necessary theoretical structure between the selected variables. The method chosen and proved is referred to as Ashby tools. Until the selection of Ashby tools and proof they are tools to lead conceptualization, the only other third level conceptualization method was mathematics. Ashby tools are far more powerful than mathematics, giving rise to understanding of selected systems of much greater verisimilitude, chiefly due Ashby tools manipulate variables that must be drawn directly from the system under study, which is not the case of mathematics, for example the 1927 Solvay Conference to decide the psi function in the Schrodinger equation was a probability function. The modern analysis of humanity begins with the scientific general theory of psychology as the paradigm, which is then applied to all human circumstance referred to as the normal science. Together, the paradigm and its application collectively referred to as the spiritual model of humanity. The correct science of people states in romantic analogy: ideas are the set of the sail, emotions the wind in the sail. It follows that society is not as to people as a tree or photon, since society is built of our own ideas, therefore the society in which our children develop is defined by the ideas we decide to apply to build the society in which they will develop. This paper, a letter, as a practical political policy document based on the following logic: 1. All things are explicable. 2. There must always be a clear, well defined start point to enable reasoned, scientific explanation. 3. All circumstance flowing from the explanation must be reasoned using the start point as the base. Overriding all is the crucial ethic of determining the best ideas based on reason, science being the core of reason (but science as defined by strategic science within the spiritual model of society). This paper applies this structure of thinking to the questions … (1) what choice of society in New Zealand and the free world using New Zealand as the example; (2) having decided the type of society, what policy options offer greatest chance of implementing the type of society desired.

Lev Vekker and His Unified Theory of Mental Processes

L. M. Vekker was a leading theorist for general psychology at Leningrad State University after 1960. A student of B. G. Ananiev, he helped his teacher continue and extend the scientific principles and organizational style of I. M. Sechenov and V. M. Bekhterev, the founders of the Saint Petersburg school of psychology. Vekker’s work toward a metatheory for psychological science began with research on the sense of touch and expanded into a generalized theory of perception and mental processes; he made use of ideas from reflex theory and cybernetics and proposed a model of hierarchical levels of signal systems that managed codes. As his major works were completed in the 1980s, he fell out of favor with leaders of the Faculty of Psychology and emigrated to America; however, his ideas for a general theory of psychology lived on in the minds and the work of his Russian students.

On the STEM Concept Projection on the Field of Astronomical Knowledge

Astronomy, as the result of activity and development of the technology of human cognition of his existence environment, should be considered as the basis for an effective educational approach. The STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) approach has failed because of limitations caused by the focus on the needs of engineering education only. The STEM projection on the field of astronomical knowledge, technology of means, engineering of instrumentation and mathematical modeling as science and technology language, removes limitations and solves the task to form an educated person. This idea finds solid ground if from philosophy, as a tool for unification, we turn to psychology which studies systems organized around the phenomenon of memory with the goal to reflect and comprehend reality in order to create a new reality and environment for preservation of the viability of human being. This approach is present and developed in different aspects of The General Psychological Theory of Set of Dimitri Uznadze. Based on Uznadze, education is an organized process of accumulation in memory of information that we unconsciously, but adequately use in situations of reality recognizing them as already known. Consciousness serves the memory to create new sets of behavior in new previously unknown situations. Education seems to be ideal, if one step by step organizes situations-tasks of consciousness “switching on” to search for solutions in own memory, in external source or experimentally. If one uses the Psychology of Set as a model of the educational process, astronomy is the best information environment for it.