General Theoretical Aspects Research Articles

Правовые установки субъектов общественного контроля: общетеоретические аспекты.

Правовые установки субъектов общественного контроля: общетеоретические аспекты.

General Theoretical Aspects of Legal Development

The processes of globalization (that have taken place over the last decades) have contributed too many transformations in legal processes. The same changes are being followed in legal development. Therefore, it is important to analyze the general theoretical aspects of legal development at the present stage. The purpose of this work is to study the general theoretical aspects of legal development. The object of the study is the general theoretical aspects of legal development. The subject of the study is the public relations that influence legal development, as well as the analysis of patterns and general theoretical aspects of such development. The research methodology consists of general theoretical and special scientific methods, namely: hermeneutic method, system-structural method, structural-functional method, historical-legal method, comparative - legal method, formal-logical methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, proof and refutation, comparison, generalization). As a result of the research, the general theoretical aspects of legal development are analyzed, the peculiarities of formation and existence of qualitative and quantitative changes in the legal sphere of public life are revealed, reflecting the level of legal development of an individual and community of people, the degree of perfection of forms of their legal communication and interaction.

Legal Relations: General Theoretical and Sectoral Aspects (methodological seminar review)

On October 29, 2018 the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL) held a methodological seminar, the reason for which was the publication of the monograph written by Doctor of Law, Professor Petr Pavlovich Serkov «Legal Relations. Theory and Practice of Modern Legal Regulation». Many famous scientists, practitioners, whose reports were devoted to the problems of the theory of legal relations, attended the seminar. They subjected the judgments and conclusions of the author to a detailed and sometimes critical analysis. The review contains almost all the reports of all the participants of the seminar

Foreseeability of legal grounds for disciplinary liability of judges: a general theoretical aspect

The purpose of introducing disciplinary measures against judges is to ensure that the judges are competent, appropriate, and that they have public trust. In view of their functional role, the means of disciplinary liability may interfere with the sphere of judicial independence, sometimes legitimately, sometimes not. The legal challenge is how to strike a fair balance between these two principles – judicial accountability and independence – for the benefit of the public. This issue arises, first of all, in the context of substantive law. The matter can be examined both at the level of drafting legal rules and at the level of their application.As regards drafting rules of substantive law by describing the grounds for disciplinary liability of judge, they should provide a certainty for the public on the question of what judicial misconduct is. This function of substantive law is translated into the requirement of legal foreseeability: there is a need for a precision and accuracy in substantive rules describing disciplinary misconduct. A certain degree of generalization is necessary if we want the legal rule remains applicable to various similar facts. This has been acknowledged in the soft law of the Council of Europe as well as in the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. The latter has stated that the level of precision required of domestic legislation depends to a considerable degree on the content of the considered instrument, the field it is designed to cover, and the number and status of those to whom it is addressed. However, unjustified vagueness of legal rules may produce the risks of arbitrary interpretation and abuse by disciplinary authority and threaten judicial independence. Therefore, on the law-drafting level, it is appropriate to enumerate an exhaustive list of specific disciplinary offences, limiting as much as possible the use of general and vague terms. The practice of giving a general definition with vague and ambiguous terms, which still exists in many countries, should be avoided. In any event, the question of how to ensure the legal foreseeability on the law-drafting level cannot be examined in isolation from the level of law enforcement. At this second level, the further foreseeability may be attained by means of adjudicatory interpretation which should be restrictive, consistent and sufficient. Cumulatively, keeping in line with the above requirements will ensure an appropriate degree of legal certainty in the area of judicial discipline and its harmonious interaction with the principle of judicial independence.Article received 18.02.2019

General theoretical and philosophical aspects of modern education

The article proposes an analysis of the new interdisciplinary field of research “philosophy of education”. It provides an overview of the most important philosophical disciplines for education (ethics, axiology, hermeneutics, communication theory) and individual philosophical concepts (Humanism, dialogism, “I and the Other,” understanding, “self-care”, etc.). Modern scholars of cultural and social processes focus on the global education crisis, which in turn is associated with a general cultural crisis. The development of tolerance is an important task of modern education. Rapid changes in the world around us, social relations, and ideological foundations prompt us to search for new approaches to educational problems. Therefore, the purpose of this article is a philosophical reflection of the educational process of Russia with a philosophical analysis of the foundations of culture, society, human self-awareness. Separate tasks that arise are the appeal to the axiological foundations of society, the application to the educational problems of refinements of social philosophy. Education concerns each individual individually, the totality of individuals forms a society, and depending on the development of each representative of the society, we can attribute this or that society to more or less developed ones. The philosophy of education provides a special way of understanding the problems of education as a sphere not only of pedagogy, but also of the social system in general, focusing on communicative processes. The basis of educational processes is communication, and its nature not only determines the optimality of the educational process, but also forms each individual personality.

Правові засади захисту культурної спадщини в зарубіжних дослідженнях

Культурна спадщина є, без сумніву, однією із засад збереження культурного розмаїття цивілізації, а також потужним інструментом для діалогу культур. Тож науковці різних країн приділяли велику увагу вивченню теоретико-правових засад її охорони. Сучасні дослідження повинні характеризуватися серйозною роботою щодо вироблення теорії та методології правового регулювання охорони культурної спадщини в контексті осмислення зарубіжного досвіду.
 Метою статті є надання, на основі проведеного аналізу праць, змістовної характеристики тенденцій розвитку західної правової доктрини у сфері охорони культурної спадщини.
 
 Наукова новизна полягає у комплексному вивченні, систематизації та класифікації зарубіжних наукових розвідок щодо захисту, збереження та використання об’єктів культурної спадщини.
 Висновки. Проблеми у сфері охорони культурної спадщини існують у всіх країнах, але вони постійно знаходяться в полі зору не лише держави і суспільства, а й науковців, які, використовуючи міждисциплінарний комплексний підхід, пропонують концептуальні засади збереження культурного надбання. На основі проведеного аналізу запропоновано класифікацію наукових розвідок, яка відтворюється, частково або комплексно, у працях зарубіжних авторів і включає як загальнотеоретичні правові аспекти збереження культурного надбання, аналіз міжнародно-правової регламентації та її практичне застосування на фоні реальних подій сучасного світу, так і питання правового забезпечення різних аспектів охорони та використання культурної спадщини, державної політики зарубіжних країн у цій сфері. Констатується, що суспільство жорстко вимагає від держав вироблення ефективної системи заходів з охорони національного та світового культурного надбання, а науковці активно залучаються до цих процесів. Захист культурної спадщини є спільною проблемою людства, тому майбутнє розвитку цього напрямку суспільної діяльності значною мірою залежатиме від удосконалення профільних міжнародних норм та їх імплементації в національні законодавства.

Interaction of Civil Liability Functions in Preventing Offences: the General Theoretical Aspect

Цель исследования - обосновать наличие у гражданско-правовой ответственности не только восстановительной, но и карательной, регулятивной и превентивной функций, которые в своем взаимодействии направлены на предупреждение как преступлений, так и иных правонарушений, а также утверждение, что реализация превенции происходит в процессе осуществления как предупредительного, так и иных направлений правового воздействия, указанных выше. Предметом исследования выступают нормы гражданско-правовой ответственности и иные средства (инструменты), направленные на предупреждение противоправных деяний, а также воззрения ученых об их функциональном предназначении. В статье анализируются специально-юридические функции гражданско-правовой ответственности не в узком их цивилистическом понимании, а с позиции методологии, свойственной для науки теории государства и права, которая делает акцент на основном инструментальном предназначении права выступать регулятором общественных отношений, а в процессе регулирования реализовывать и предупреждение правонарушений. Подвергается анализу взаимодействие функций гражданско-правовой ответственности и уголовной ответственности в деле борьбы с коррупционными деяниями. Обосновывается недопустимость преувеличения значения восстановительной функции гражданско-правовой ответственности за счет уменьшения важности превентивного, регулятивного и карательного направлений правового воздействия. Особое внимание уделяется превентивной функции гражданско-правовой ответственности, способам ее реализации и взаимосвязям с иными функциями, в том числе с функциями уголовной ответственности. Анализируется опыт ряда государств, которые используют гражданско-правовые меры ответственности в качестве средств борьбы с коррупцией и ее предупреждения, в связи с чем отмечаются недостатки отечественного законодательства, которое не использует весь потенциал гражданско-правовых средств в деле предопределения коррупционных деяний. Делаются выводы о многофункциональности гражданско-правовых средств, осуществлении превенции правонарушений как в процессе регулирования, так и в процессе восстановления общественных отношений, а также кары субъекта. Обоснована недооценка гражданско-правовых средств в предупреждении как коррупционных, так и иных преступлений.

Expression features of antonyms relations in russian and mongolian languages

The article discusses the general theoretical and linguocultural aspects of the antonymous relationsstudy in different system languages. A review of the most common understandings and definitions of theterm «antonym» presented in modern linguistics is given. At the same time, the article develops to theconcept of a broad understanding of antonymy, according to which antonym relations include not onlywords of the same part of speech, but also different parts of speech and having different grammaticalfeatures and performing different semantic and syntactic functions.The material for the analysis was thewords and expressions that are part of antonymic relations in the Russian and Mongolian languages. Thisanalysis showed that, despite quite understandable differences, antonymy in the Russian and Mongolianlinguistic cultures obeys the general rules of categorization and conceptualization of reality, the rulesinherent in the human mind as a whole. The analysis also showed that the antonym is closely related toother categories of the lexical-semantic system of the language.

Features of inventory management in logistics system of a trading enterprise

The article aims to define the role of inventory management in the logistics system of a trading enterprise. In the article general theoretical aspects of inventory management have been identified and existing systems of trading enterprises’ inventory management have been analyzed. General scientific theoretical and empirical methods have been used in the course of the research: observation and comparison, analytical, grouping and generalization of data, structural methods, elements of economic and financial analysis. Having analyzed the existing inventory management systems of trading enterprises and having examined the main directions of improving the inventory management system at domestic trading companies, it was determined that to solve all the tasks on fostering the efficiency of trading companies, it is necessary to create and develop their integrated trading management system, based on synchronized use of existing models. As a result the relevance and feasibility of modifying the inventory management system at a trade enterprise are substantiated. It is stated that effective inventory management of a trading enterprise should be based on: the use of powerful information technologies; improving inventory control and supply coordination; ensuring the continuous interaction of the functional subsystems of the whole set of enterprises-producers, consumers and suppliers and establishing effective communication with them; modification of the planning system in the field of sales, procurement, promotion and motivation of staff; optimization of the enterprise marketing system and improvement of order management; reorganization of the warehouse system in accordance with the selected order management system. JEL Classification: D24, L 23

Features of the constituent process in the activity of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine

The constituent process as a kind of legal process has been researched. Its specific features in the activity of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine include the fact that it is the result of legal regulation, not related to the existence of a dispute about the right; consists of a certain sequence of proceedings (in regard to agencies and units – creation, reorganization and liquidation, in regard to officials – appointment and removal); aimed at the formation, development and improvement of the institutional and personnel basis of the Ministry of Internal Affairs; acts as a special regulatory procedure for carrying out management activity of the implementation of the relevant legal norms; ensures the effective functioning of the state administration mechanism in the relevant field.
 On the basis of theoretical analysis of legal literature, the author has determined that the regime of the constituent process in the activity of the Ministry of Internal Affairs first in its general theoretical aspect distinguishes, first of all the specificity of the formation of the corresponding agencies and units of the state or the appointment of officials depending on their subordinate position within the structure of the Ministry, in particular, and the mechanism of the state in general. It has been argued that the purpose of the constituent process is the formation, development and improvement of the relevant agencies and units, the appointment of officials, as well as their management.
 It has been determined that the reasons for the origin of this type of legal process in the activity of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are the relevant legal facts or legal status. One can study the main elements of the procedural form in the constituent process in the activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which combine the specific features and characteristics of each type of legal process.

Legal Environmental Constraints: General Theoretical Aspect

The article studies the conceptual basis and the general essential characteristics of public environmental requirements and constraints, focusing on the notion of legal environmental constraints as specific sectoral imperative means of regulating environmental safety enforcement, on their meaning, system, and representation in the national legislation. It is concluded that legal environmental constraints are stated and specified in regulatory acts of different legal force, different sectoral affiliation, and that the specific legislation on public environmental constraints is quite multifaceted. The article proves the necessity to systematize and unify the existing environmental requirements and proscriptions as well as to generalize the experience of their practical application in order to achieve ecologically significant aims. The research supports the proposal regarding the necessity to carry out the reform of the codification of the environmental law in the sphere of environmental safety enforcement as well as to legislate on environmental requirements and constraints by including them in a systematic way in the future code of environmental law, i.e. the Environmental Code of Ukraine.

„Nem börtön, hanem (…) menedék”

In my paper I investigate the general memory, identity and spatial theoretical aspects of the written and post-regime-published reminiscences of alumni graduated from the High School of the Reformed Church in Debrecen (Debreceni Református Kollégium Gimnáziuma) and from the Benedictine Secondary School of Pannonhalma (Pannonhalmi Bencés Gimnázium) in the 1950’s and the 1960’s. Considering the theoretical and methodological approaches of oral history I examined the potential factors which can determine the reminiscences, then I analysed the schools as narrative constructions and their role in the community’s identity. The narrative of those whose families have been declassed can be considered dominant in the discussed texts and volumes: these alumni characterize their former secondary school as a ’shelter’ or an ’island’ which embraced them and which was able to defend them against the offence and oppression of the Socialist-Communist regime. Nevertheless, boarding schools – as crisis heterotopias (Michel Foucault) – can easily be interpreted as the institutions of discipline, seclusion and punishment, similarly to prisons.

Демократизм як необхідна умова співробітництва територіальних громад

Стаття присвячена дослідженню співробітництва територіальних громад як прояву демократизму на місцевому рівні та інституту, який обов’язково передбачає використання елементів партисипативної демократії. Досліджено особливості застосування у процедурах започаткування співробітництва територіальних громад таких засобів партисипативної демократії як місцеві ініціативи та громадські обговорення. З’ясовано загальнотеоретичні аспекти цих форм локальної демократії, розглянуто їх зміст в контексті новітніх законопроектних ініціатив. Внесено пропозиції щодо уточнення їх змісту та визначення засадничих аспектів у базовому Законі України «Про місцеве самоврядування в Україні». Акцентовано необхідність забезпечення рівноваги форм репрезентативної і партисипативної демократії у процедурах із започаткування проектів співробітництва територіальних громад.

Velocity-based time-discontinuous Galerkin space-time finite element method for elastodynamics

A velocity-based single-field Space-Time Finite Element Method (v-ST/FEM) is devised within the framework of the time-discontinuous Galerkin method for an elastodynamics problem. The new method uses finite elements for both space and time domains, and reduces the size of the resulting linear system to be solved in each time step compared to the two-field formulation. In v-ST/FEM, the trial functions for the velocity field are continuous in space and discontinuous in time, while the test functions are continuous in both space and time. The displacement and stress fields are computed in a post-processing step using the time-integration process which explicitly includes the velocity field. Accordingly, the displacement-velocity compatibility condition and the continuity of the displacement field in time are strongly imposed in the displacement-velocity-based two-field formulation. In this way, a velocity-based single-field weak formulation is derived from the two-field formulation. The present method is found to be unconditionally stable and third-order accurate. Following a review of the space–time finite element literature, the general theoretical development and formulation aspects of the present methodology are demonstrated. Several numerical examples are given to show the computational performance of the proposed scheme.

Review of: Marochkin S. Yu. The Operation of International law in the Russian Legal System: A Changing Approach. Leiden; Boston: Brill, Nijhoff, 2019. 308 p.

The review analyzes the work by Professor S. Yu. Marochkin, The Operation of International Law in the Russian Legal System: A Changing Approach, published in 2019 by the European-American publishing house “Brill, Nijhoff.” This is an uncommon case of translation and publication of a scientific work by a Russian international lawyer abroad. The author published this book in a foreign publishing house in order to acquaint the world legal community with the Russian rule-of-law state and doctrinal position on complex problems of entry, operation, and application of international law in the Russian legal system. The author considers in detail the evolution of official and scientific approaches, legal consolidation, and actual application of international law in the administrative and judicial practice of the Soviet Union and Russian Federation. In 21 chapters organized into three sections, the author comprehensively considers both general theoretical and specific aspects of the implementation of international legal norms in the Russian legal system, especially in law-making and law enforcement agencies. At the same time, the author does not avoid controversial and problematic theoretical and practical issues, expressing his reasoned opinions on them. The monograph achieves the goals set by the author and allows the foreign reader to grasp the theoretical concepts, official positions, and actions of the Russian Federation in the implementation of its international obligations within the domestic legal system and the resulting scientific and practical problems.

CONCEPTUALIZATION OF «LIFE STRATEGIES» IN SOCIOLOGICAL DISCOURSE

This article represents some problems of advancement of life strategies in modern Ukrainian society. According to analysis and regimentation of scientific researches we characterized general theoretical and practical aspects of studying and understanding the concept of life strategies. The main goal of this article is conceptualization of life strategies in sociological discourse. Modern Ukrainian society is a specific area where different life strategies of people are developing. The challenge of developing life values, interests, necessities, orientations and priorities are studying in different humanitarian sciences with a lot of researches. But theoretical and practical foundations of life strategies are not so much researched.Transformational process influenced on social structure of Ukrainian society and it didn’t miss an attention for huge social groups. By the way, all this social groups have different social statuses, ways of behavior and developing of life strategies at all. That’s why, to understand the meaning of life strategies in sociological discourse we need to contemplate their definitions, categorizations and different ways of contemplation. The term «life strategy» is using in different sciences: philosophy, political sciences, social psychology and in sociology in general. But even if this term is known for a long time, it needs to be more theoretical and practical researched. It is because we are living in modern society of social inequality, so we need to review the meaning of life strategies. In this article life strategies are also handled with different historical periods and scientific schools. This gave us opportunity to analyze conceptualization of life strategies more deeply and qualitative.

Юридично значуща поведінка: загальнотеоретичні аспекти

Юридично значуща поведінка: загальнотеоретичні аспекти

Principles in constitutional law: the general theoretical aspect

Principles in constitutional law: the general theoretical aspect

Constitutional complaint and constitutionality criteria for laws: general theoretical aspects

АнотаціяУ статті дано загальнотеоретичну оцінку нормативно-правових приписів Закону України від 02.06.2016 р. No 1401-VIII «Про внесення змін до Конституції України (щодо правосуддя)», що встановлюють право громадян України звертатися за захистом своїх порушених прав до Конституційного Суду України як найвищої національної судової інстанції. Виокремлено положення даних норм, що мають, на нашу думку, певним чином не визначений характер. Запропоновано використовувати у якості критеріїв конституційності законів, які будуть предметом оскарження до Конституційного Суду України, засоби нормопроектної техніки, що лежать в основі Конституції. Акцентовано на тих засобах, що стали основою для формування змісту Конституції та формально не визначеній юридичній термінології, як таких, в призмі яких може оскаржуватися конституційність законів. Визначено комплекс першочергових заходів задля створення передумов для запровадження у практику конституційного судочинства дієвого інституту конституційної скарги.Ключові слова: конституційна скарга, критерії конституційності законів, нормопроектна техніка, Конституційний Суд України.

Education of students in higher educational medical universities of Ukraine taking into account competence-oriented educational technologies

A higher educational institution is called upon to contribute to a constant increase in the degree of development and readiness of students for self-educational activities on a proactive basis. The features of training and formation of competences among medical students in the general theoretical aspect are considered as a fundamental condition for the successful implementation of future professional activities, which provides the ability to quickly and correctly use knowledge, experience, and personal qualities, ensures their control and restructuring of activities when obstacles appear.
 The development of the proposed theoretical and practical material in medical universities is of a general nature, including and substantiating the goal, objectives and structure of the formation of the personality of a future professional. The application of the competence-based approach and the practical orientation of training in higher educational medical institutions of Ukraine are designed to form student’s not only preliminary, but also situational readiness.
 In the context of considering competence-oriented educational technologies in higher educational universities of Ukraine, including pedagogical and educational technologies, is the readiness of future specialists for productive independent and responsible action in professional activities and everyday life. The teachers of medical universities are obliged to ensure the achievement of this result using a complex integral image of the final result of education at the university in the direction of training (specialty), which is based on the concept of “competence”.