General Terms Research Articles

Acquisition of Flight Data from Mini Unmanned Aerial Systems

Swift progress in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system technology mandates effective real-time monitoring and accurate flight data capture for building an optimum target-based cutting-edge UAVs. In the current epoch of modern-UAV era, small size and mission-oriented UAV prototypes are increasingly pervasive. This study highlights the design of a data acquisition target-based mini-UAV and introduces a novel telemetry software solution to safe and reliable communication between mini-UAV and ground control station (GCS). The primary aim is to demystify the proposed wireless communication software solution on mini-UAV capability in obtaining and managing comprehensive flight data. While creating the appropriate target-based mini-UAV prototype architecture, the features that we aim to realize for the UAV components are addressed with a system approach and the component selection is presented in detail. The integration point of the selected components is conveyed in general terms. Thus, a guiding resource for future UAV studies will be presented. Then, the processes of obtaining the flight data of mini-UAVs will be addressed. At this point, the design logic of the required commands and background software will be conveyed. Obtaining the flight data of mini-UAVs will provide important scientific contributions to the literature in terms of aviation research and safety analysis. Obtaining the flight data of mini-UAVs will meet the data set needs for flight safety improvements and air traffic management optimization studies. A general analysis of the flight parameters obtained as a result of obtaining the flight data will be performed, the predictability of the parameters will be evaluated, and the analysis of the flight phases will be performed by presenting the relationships of the parameters according to the flight scenarios and the sections taken from the parameter set in the study. This study can be considered as a concrete example of situational monitoring of UAVs.

The Effectiveness of 4% Niacinamide in A Case of Cutaneous Lupus

Background: Niacinamide, also called nicotinamide, is the active form of niacin (nicotinic acid, vitamin B3). Niacinamide’s role in medicine continues to be studied due to its extensive effects and low toxicity. Various studies also suggest that niacinamide offers anti-inflammatory effects, improves the skin barrier, and acts as an anti-aging, brightening, and anticancer agent. Cutaneous lupus (CL) is a general term for a group of autoimmune connective tissue disorders affecting the skin that may be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There are plenty of treatment modalities for patients with CL, each with varying efficacy. Therapeutic options for CL can range from topical agents, including corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, to systemic therapy, such as antimalarials, immunosuppressants, retinoids, thalidomide, and biological agents. Niacinamide is a topical agent widely used in various cases, one of which is CL. Objective: This case report aims to discuss the effectiveness of niacinamide as an adjuvant therapy in CL. Case Presentation: A 48-year-old woman with SLE and CL received systemic therapy consisting of methylprednisolone, hydroxychloroquine, and 4% niacinamide gel for 8 weeks. Results: Observations showed clinical improvement in CL lesions without any significant side effects. Conclusion: Therefore, 4% niacinamide gel therapy can be used as an adjuvant therapy.

The Contribution of Community Informatics in Rural Communities to Development

Community informatics (CI) is a generic term used to refer to Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) deployed in communities to meet community needs, simplify day-to-day tasks, close digital divides, among other benefits. In practice, it is about the use of information and ICTs in community development efforts to enable and empower community processes so as to achieve community social, economic, cultural and political goals. On the other hand, community development is the promotion of participative democracy, sustainable development, human rights, economic opportunity, equality and social justice, through the organization, education and empowerment of people within their communities. This paper established the contribution of community informatics to the development of rural communities with reference to Kaliro district as a case study area. Using participative case study design and mixed methods research approach, responses from 173 CI users and 33 district workers engaged through questionnaire survey and interviews respectively were analyzed and results were presented quantitatively in tables and qualitatively under themes for interpretation. The study found out that CI contributed significantly to the district's social, economic, cultural, and political development. Towards social development, the CI promoted social connection and networking, ensured quick information flow, and fostered knowledge sharing. Towards economic development, they promoted trade and business, business and economic awareness, efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery, reduction in operational costs, job creation, income generation, and fostered new CI developments for businesses. Towards cultural development, they exported culture, promoted cultural awareness, tourism, and reinforced cultural freedom among the people of Kaliro district. In terms of political development, they had promoted government programs, human rights, provided government information, enabled civic education, eased follow-up on political developments, and fostered political stability in the district. Study findings showed that communities leverage CI and its infrastructure to keep up with information about government programs, health, environment, education, personal development, economic living, empowerment, and democracy, among others in a sense that triggers development. However, there is a general literature gap owing to the novelty of CI concept and the dearth in review evidence pointing out the contribution of CI to development of communities. Keywords: Community informatics; Community development; ICT4D; Kaliro district.

Prevalence of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) in nursing home residents: a systematic literature review.

The objective of this systematic literature review was to: (1) estimate the prevalence of (symptoms of) rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) and (2) explore how (symptoms of) RMDs are identified and documented in studies among nursing home residents. Prevalence data of (symptoms of) RMDs in permanently admitted nursing home residents ≥ 60 years were included. Data extraction, data synthesis and risk of bias assessment were performed by two reviewers independently. Included studies were categorized based on case ascertainment and case definition comprising: (location of) musculoskeletal pain, general terms for RMDs or a specific type of RMD. Results were summarized descriptively. Out of 6900 records, 53 studies were included. Case ascertainment comprised databases (n = 5), physical examination (n = 1), self-report questionnaires (n = 14), review of medical charts (n = 23) and self-report questionnaires combined with review of medical charts (n = 10). Prevalence ranged between 0.9 and 77.0% for (localized) musculoskeletal pain (n = 19) and between 0.6 and 67.5% for RMDs in general (n = 39). Prevalence rates of specific type of RMDs ranged between 0.7 and 47.5% for gout, between 3.3 and 11.0% for rheumatoid arthritis and between 2.8 and 75.4% for osteo-arthritis (n = 14). Heterogeneity with regard to documentation of (symptoms of) RMDs in medical data of nursing home residents was high. The overall prevalence of (symptoms of) RMDs varied to a great extent. This was mainly due to large heterogeneity in documentation of (symptoms of) RMDs. Establishing agreement on a useful and practical classification may ultimately increase identification of RMDs in the nursing home setting.

Herd behavior identification based on coevolution in human–machine collaborative multi-stage large group decision-making

As the scale of multi-stage large group decision-making (LGDM) continues to expand, the possibility of low-contribution individuals exhibiting herd behavior also increases, potentially leading to the phenomenon of “fishing in troubled waters.” This may obstruct the speed of consensus reaching while generating no valuable opinions, which is a topic worthy of exploration. Considering that humans are easily influenced by interests, the employment of machine intelligence to objectively identify herd behavior is more appropriate. In this context, a herd behavior identification method based on behavioral characteristics clustering from the perspective of human–machine collaboration is herein proposed. First, from the human side, an opinion–social network coevolution model is constructed to simulate the consensus reaching process (CRP) of the expert group. Then, the group is clustered into three subgroups in consideration of behavior that encompasses both opinion changes and trust relationship changes. Based on this, the low-contribution cluster with a herd behavior pattern can be optimized from the machine side. Through simulation experiments, it is verified that herd behavior management significantly accelerates the consensus-reaching speed under the premise of having minimal impact on the decision-making results. In general terms, this study is the first to propose the concept of herd behavior and provides a solution to manage it from a new perspective, which is suitable for application in multi-stage LGDM scenarios.

Outcomes and predictors of progression in progressive pulmonary fibrosis

Background Progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) is a general term for a class of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) characterized by a progressive fibrosing (PF) phenotype. Patients with PPF have decreased lung function, exercise ability, and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics, potential associated factors for disease progression, and survival outcomes of patients in the PPF population. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed the data of patients diagnosed with ILD between January 2011 and December 2022 at The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University. A PF phenotype was defined based on the criteria that were used in the PPF clinical practice guidelines, which led to the identification of 92 patients with a PF phenotype among the 177 patients with fibrotic ILD. Baseline clinical information and laboratory parameters were collected and analysed in our cohort. Results Patients in the PPF group had higher tumour marker levels and lower pulmonary function test results at baseline than did those in the non-PPF group. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, age >65 years (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.26-5.89; p = 0.011), LDH >245 U/L (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.39-6.78; p = 0.006), CA-153 > 35 U/mL (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.25-7.97; p = 0.015), FVC <60% predicted (OR 4.82, 95% CI 1.60-14.51; p = 0.005), DLCO <50% predicted (OR 3.21, 95% CI 1.43-7.21; p = 0.005), and the UIP-like pattern on chest HRCT (OR 3.65, 95% CI 1.33-10.07; p = 0.012) were potentially associated with the progression of fibrotic interstitial lung diseases (f-ILDs) to PPF. Furthermore, the PPF group had a poorer survival rate than the non-PPF group (p = 0.0045). According to the multivariate Cox regression analysis, an SPAP ≥ 37 mmHg (HR 2.33, 95% CI 1.09-5.00; p = 0.030) and acute exacerbation (HR 2.88, 95% CI 1.26-6.59; p = 0.012) were identified as significant prognostic factors for mortality in patients with PPFs. Conclusions Patients who were older, had high CA-153 and LDH levels, had poor pulmonary function test results, or had a UIP-like pattern on chest HRCT were more likely to have indications for the progression of f-ILD to PPF. Increased SPAP and AE are independent risk factors for the prognosis of PPF patients, so additional attention should be given to such patients.

On the issue of digitalization of banking services

In this article, we will identify and analyze banking services provided during the use of modern information technologies in remote customer service of the bank. The author highlights the features, issues, and prospects of the digitalization process in Ukraine. Today, dozens of banks offer their clients, both legal entities and individuals, as well as individual entrepreneurs, remote servicing systems and Internet banking, providing full banking services through the «Internet» from anywhere on the globe. Internet banking is a service that allows managing one’s bank account over the internet, offering great convenience and speed, the ability to carry out operations with one’s account, opened in one’s bank, without visiting the bank’s office and forgetting about queues at the cash desks and settlement departments of other organizations. On the other hand, internet banking is a general term for remote servicing technologies, as well as access to accounts and operations (on them), provided at any time from any computer with internet access. The article notes the lack of a unified approach to defining retail banking services, as well as a universally accepted interpretation of the concept of a «banking service.» A definition of a banking service is proposed, namely, a banking service is the result of a set of banking operations aimed at satisfying the client’s needs, bringing certain benefits to the consumer, related to the movement of financial assets or providing financial information. Accordingly, the provision of banking services is the main activity of any bank. In order to make a profit, a banking institution must create a service necessary for the client, determine its price, enter the market with it, implement it, and also ensure proper legal regulation. As a result of the study, conclusions were made that the range of banking services provided to individuals is constantly expanding. This will allow banks in the future to create various types of service packages.

The subjugation to contingency: Popper, postructuralism, and fear of the plan

ABSTRACT The critique of planning in the 1960s and 70s legitimized the subsequent emaciation of governmental planning, which marked a shift from comprehensive, rational planning and government-created masterplans to looser forms of urban governance through regulations, codes and ‘flexible’ frameworks, produced by urban designers, planners, developers and local authorities. This paper interrogates the idea of contingency, a key ingredient in discrediting ‘the plan’. It argues that the proposition to ‘embrace contingency’, which permeated work of scholars ranging from Popper to Laclau, has had a detrimental impact on planning theory and practice. It has condoned the uncertainty and havoc caused by the free-market within the built environment. It continues to de-legitimize attempts to reintroduce ‘tight’ planning, which describes what ought to be done, and hence steers our cities towards evermore libertarian and neoliberal (non-) governance. This theory paper’s argument concisely studies the idea of contingency in general terms, proceeding to analyse key literature in urban design and planning that delegitimized ‘the plan’ in the 1960s and 70s through accusations of utopianism, and finally looks at more recent contributions that, as this paper demonstrates, continue to follow the contingency-dependent, anti-plan path identified decades ago, often explicitly criticizing neoliberalism while implicitly supporting it.

Comparison and development of cross-study normalization methods for inter-species transcriptional analysis.

Performing joint analysis of gene expression datasets from different experiments can present challenges brought on by multiple factors-differences in equipment, protocols, climate etc. "Cross-study normalization" is a general term for transformations aimed at eliminating such effects, thus making datasets more comparable. However, joint analysis of datasets from different species is rarely done, and there are no dedicated normalization methods for such inter-species analysis. In order to test the usefulness of cross-studies normalization methods for inter-species analysis, we first applied three cross-study normalization methods, EB, DWD and XPN, to RNA sequencing datasets from different species. We then developed a new approach to evaluate the performance of cross-study normalization in eliminating experimental effects, while also maintaining the biologically significant differences between species and conditions. Our results indicate that all normalization methods performed relatively well in the cross-species setting. We found XPN to be better at reducing experimental differences, and found EB to be better at preserving biological differences. Still, according to our in-silico experiments, in all methods it is not possible to enforce the preservation of the biological differences in the normalization process. In addition to the study above, in this work we propose a new dedicated cross-studies and cross-species normalization method. Our aim is to address the shortcoming mentioned above: in the normalization process, we wish to reduce the experimental differences while preserving the biological differences. We term our method as CSN, and base it on the performance evaluation criteria mentioned above. Repeating the same experiments, the CSN method obtained a better and more balanced conservation of biological differences within the datasets compared to existing methods. To summarize, we demonstrate the usefulness of cross-study normalization methods in the inter-species settings, and suggest a dedicated cross-study cross-species normalization method that will hopefully open the way to the development of improved normalization methods for the inter-species settings.

A new paradigm for scattering theory of linear and nonlinear waves: review and open problems

I present a review of the recent advancements in scattering theory, which provides a unified approach to studying dispersive and hyperbolic equations with general interaction terms and data. These equations encompass time-dependent potentials, as well as NLS, NLKG, and NLW equations. Additionally, I discuss a series of open problems along with their significance and potential future applications in scattering and inverse scattering.

Multi-modal Anaphora and Broadcasting of Information by Gestural Post-holds

This paper deals with three interrelated topics, linguistic anaphora, multi-modal anaphora and the top-down broadcasting of information using gestural post-holds in multimodal dialogue. Initially, a new solution for definite, pronominal and pro-adverbial anaphora is given based on the idea that an existentially quantified general term may output a definite reference. This approach is extended to multimodal anaphora, where part or all of an anaphor’s meaning is contributed by some sequence of iconic or deictic gestures. Anaphora exploit the semantic potential of their antecedents, they work, as tradition has it, “bottom-up”. An inverse relation, more general than cataphora, and investigated here for the first time, is “broadcasting”, where information is freely distributed top down and input to receiving sites (ports). Anaphora are modelled with the same top-down mechanism and the same applies for coherence relations in dialogue which generally show an anaphora-like behaviour. “Broadcasting” can be used in the context of anaphors, for example, to provide their gestural meaning parts but also for a verb’s multi-modal arguments for referring to a location, a direction or an area. As to multi-modal data, broadcasting is shown to be frequently tied up with gestural post-holds, the holding of a gesture’s stroke information independently of semantically alignable speech. This leads to considering post-holds from a new perspective, stressing their speech-independent function and their relevance for indicating topic-continuity. We show that multi-modal anaphora and especially broadcasting cross single contributions and turns. The data which let us develop these perspectives come from the SaGA (Speech and Gesture Alignment) corpus, a set of route-description dialogues generated in a VR-setting incorporating marker-based eye-tracking facilities. The calculus used to model the anaphora and broadcasting dynamics is the concurrent λΨ-calculus, a recently developed two-tiered machinery using a Ψ-calculus for input-output, data transport and broadcasting. The data transported are in a typed λ-calculus format incorporating Neo-Davidsonian representations; these data can be linguistic, gestural only or multi-modal. Multi-modal informational chunks are modelled as communicating agents sending and receiving information via input-output-channels. They are introduced incrementally on an empirically motivated construction or gesture-plus-construction or gesture only basis. The λΨ-calculus is also used for the multi-modal fusion component unifying gestural and linguistic information; hence, the paper is also a contribution to multi-modal fusion of linguistic and gestural input. Finally, it is shown how the presented algorithm can capture multi-modal coherence relations or a multi-modal anaphora resolution based on PTT ideas.

Municipal Fiscal Performance

This research aims at verifying whether mayors’ and councilors’ Human Capital has influence on the fiscal performance of Brazilian municipalities. The existing literature attributes the fiscal results of municipal management to mayors. However, taking into consideration the Human Capital Theory, we sought to verify the influence of the legislative municipal power on this issue. The sample was comprised of Brazilian municipalities from 2013 to 2019. The quantitative descriptive methodology with longitudinal section and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the phenomena discussed in this research. The fiscal performance was measured based on the Fiscal Autonomy Index (IAF), general IFGF, IFGF autonomy, IFGF personnel, IFGF liquidity and IFGF investment. In order to measure the Human Capital, the following information was considered: one’s education level, age and occupation in public administration before inauguration. The results showed that mayors’ and councilors’ Human Capital has influence on fiscal performance in general terms.

Numerical investigation of vacuum ultra-violet emission in Ar/O2 inductively coupled plasmas

Abstract Controlling fluxes of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation is important in a number of industrial and biomedical applications of low pressure plasma sources because, depending on the process, VUV radiation may be desired, required to a certain degree, or unwanted. In this work, the emission of VUV radiation from O atoms is investigated in low-pressure Ar/O2 inductively coupled plasmas via numerical simulations. For this purpose, a self-consistent Ar/O2 plasma-chemical reaction scheme has been implemented in a zero dimensional plasma chemical kinetics model and is used to investigate VUV emission from excited O atoms (3s 5S 2 0 and 3s 3S 1 0 ) at 130 and 135 nm. The model is extensively compared with experimental measurements of absolute VUV emission intensities, electron densities and Ar excited state densities. In addition, oxygen VUV emission intensities are investigated as a function of pressure, Ar/O2 mixture, and power deposition and the dominant reaction pathways leading to oxygen VUV emission are identified and described. In general terms, absolute oxygen VUV emission intensities increase with power and oxygen fraction over the ranges investigated and peak emission intensities are found for pressures between 5–50 Pa. The emission is dominated by the 130 nm resonance line from the decay of the O(3s 3S 1 0 ) state to the ground state. Besides, at low pressure (0.3–1 Pa), the flux of oxygen VUV photons to surfaces is much lower than that of positive ions, whereas oxygen VUV fluxes dominate at higher pressure, ≳ 5–50 Pa depending on O2 fraction. Finally, oxygen atom fluxes to surfaces are, in general, larger than those of VUV photons for the parameter space investigated.

Weak vs Strong Knowledge Spillover Effects. Evidence from Geographic Distribution of Innovative Startup in Italy

This paper introduces the concepts of weak and strong knowledge spillover effects within the context of the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship. In this context, the fundamental idea of our proposition is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the factors and conditions promoting and supporting entrepreneurship development at the regional and provincial level using a unique unbalanced panel database, consisting of 9242 Italian Innovative startups for the period 2008-2018. In general terms, we argue that the evidence from our unbalanced panel dataset indicates that these dynamics are as follows. First, spillover effects deriving from competition are initially strong at the province level, and later decay to weak spillover effects at the regional level. Second, in terms of specialization (intra-industry) spillover effects, they are initially strong at the provincial level, and later become weak at the regional level. Third, spillover effects deriving from diversity (inter-industry) are predominantly strong at the regional level, yet weak at the provincial level of aggregation. At the provincial level, higher levels of competition result in strong knowledge spillover effects leading to higher new firm formation, with weak knowledge spillover effects deriving from specialization. Furthermore, in line with the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship, the existence of non-homogeneous distribution of opportunities and related knowledge spillover effects create heterogeneity of patterns of new firm formation across different units of geographic aggregation. These results provide evidence of constraint potential for growth that remains a puzzle and challenge for academics and policymakers.

Culture, Paralanguage, and Learning Spanish as a Foreign Language During Pandemic

In general terms, globalization has greatly contributed to a wider diffusion of languages, religions, and traditions, as well as a better understanding of the multicultural nature of countries around the world. It also highlights the importance of cultural diversity in the integration processes within contemporary societies. Motivated by this reflection and to analyze the importance of nonverbal communication in communicative interaction and the inclusion of functional tasks in the learning of Spanish as a foreign language during the pandemic, this research has adopted a qualitative approach framed under the ethnographic method. This study utilized in-depth interviews and participant observation as techniques to collect information from online classes and workshops. Through the present analysis, the significance of paralanguage in communicative interaction and, consequently, in the learning processes was affirmed. Specifically, it was found that the communicative interferences reported by students when interacting with both the teacher and their classmates are largely explained by deficiencies in the use of paralanguage. These deficiencies contribute to the appearance of communicative interferences, which constitute causal factors of erroneous interpretations and incorrect messages when certain speakers interact with others. Among the preventive measures to address this scenario are the following aspects: improving the explanations provided by teachers and implementing processes of experimentation and practical application of what has been learned in real situations.

A Critic on the Other Side of the Rhine? On the Appropriations of Foucault's Political Thought by the Heirs of the Frankfurt School

In this article, I make the case that the reception of Foucault's political thought by different authors linked to the Frankfurt School tradition (J. Habermas, N. Fraser, A. Honneth, A. Allen and M. Saar) allows us to discern a series of transformations within the tradition itself. In general terms, it is argued that the fundamental change concerns the gradual abandonment of the problem of social rationalization in favor of a perspective focused on the question of processes of subjectivation, a change that calls into question the very meaning of the tradition.

An ultraweak-local discontinuous Galerkin method for nonlinear biharmonic Schrödinger equations

This paper proposes and analyzes a fully discrete scheme for nonlinear biharmonic Schrödinger equations. We first write the single equation into a system of problems with second-order spatial derivatives and then discretize the space variable with an ultraweak discontinuous Galerkin scheme and the time variable with the Crank–Nicolson method. The proposed scheme proves to be computationally more efficient compared to the local discontinuous Galerkin method in terms of the number of equations needed to be solved at each single time step, and it is unconditionally stable without imposing any penalty terms. It also achieves optimal error convergence in L2 norm both in the solution and in the auxiliary variable with general nonlinear terms. We also prove several physically relevant properties of the discrete schemes, such as the conservation of mass and the Hamiltonian for the nonlinear biharmonic Schrödinger equations. Several numerical studies demonstrate and support our theoretical results.

Ambivalent egalitarians? Pietists and the pedagogy of the “Pariah” in modern South India during the nineteenth century

ABSTRACT The pedagogy of the colonising British in nineteenth-century India was critical of traditional Indian education for various reasons. The proselytising pedagogists who viewed the cultural practice of caste as a major stumbling block to their evangelising mission continued to confront the practice, which appeared to have stood on a footing of social equality based on professional attributes. The colonial and missionary agencies often claimed that traditional Indian education revolved around the notion of social reproduction that emboldened caste-centric professions. Consequently, the colonial pedagogists, who were rooted in the principles of pietism, a Protestant movement in seventeenth-century Germany, introduced a new form of education for mind, heart, and hand. In India, the pietist pedagogy since the eighteenth century sought to replace traditional Indian education with Anglo-vernacular-religious education. It also created a controversial discourse of equality among Pariah, a generic term used to refer to all those who were believed to have been excluded from school education. This article shows how pietist pedagogists, widely known for their sense of religious supremacy and racialised pretensions, blended education and the pietist idea of equality before God to “refine” the subaltern social groups. In this way, the colonial pietist pedagogists acted as ambivalent egalitarians in the field of schooling.

A HISTORY OF THE SELF-CONTRADICTORY NATIONALISM OF THE U.S.

This paper constructs a genealogy of American nationalism that follows major historical events and periods, from the genesis of nationalism since the country’s early state-building to the War on Terror in response to September 11th attacks in 2001. It argues that as an overarching, singular and generic term, American nationalism is paradoxical since it is a configuration of contradictory forces striving for equality and supremacy, unity and division. By organizing the discussion chronologically, the paper emphasizes how nationalism has been shaped by historical contexts. Through a critical, extensive review of relevant historiographies and scholarly research, it identifies contradictory forces that have emerged and persisted in the history of American nationalism, including civic-political nationalism and various forms of ethnic nationalism. The lens of self-contradictory nationalism contributes to nuanced understanding of American nationalism as a discourse for power struggle, meaning, and identity.

Impacto del gasto público en educación sobre el crecimiento económico en la región macro sur del Perú durante el periodo 2003-2021

The present research work aims to determine the impact of public spending on education on economic growth in the southern macro region of Peru during the period 2003 to 2021, covering the regions of Puno, Tacna, Arequipa, Moquegua, Apurímac, Cusco and Madre de Dios. The data used come from the statistical area of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics and the Educational Quality Statistics of the Ministry of Education. The methodological approach adopted is hypothetical-deductive, non-experimental with a panel-type design; the estimation of the model was carried out using the Generalized Least Squares Feasible panel data technique which reveals significant quantitative relationships between the analysis variables. In general terms, the main findings indicate that a 1 % increase in public educational spending correlates with a 0.12 % increase in economic growth. Furthermore, when breaking down the impact of public spending by different levels of initial education - primary, secondary and higher - a 1 % increase generates an increase of 0.13 %, 0.14 % and 0.069 % respectively on economic growth. Furthermore, it is highlighted that investment in physical capital has a positive effect on economic growth. In conclusion, total public spending on education and spending by educational levels exhibit a positive and significant impact on economic growth, highlighting the strategic importance of government investment in education as a fundamental catalyst for economic growth.