General Support Research Articles

Only time will tell: How teams centralize their voice around competent members over time to perform better

SummaryWe posit that time significantly impacts how voice—members' expression of work‐related ideas—becomes unequally distributed within teams. Building upon insights from expectation states theory (EST), we propose that over time, voice becomes more centralized in teams, especially around members who are more competent than others. Moreover, we argue that teams whose members are higher in conscientiousness or openness to experience are better able to place more competent members in central speaking roles early on as well as progressively replace less competent members with more competent ones in those roles. Finally, we predict that, in comparison to teams that have egalitarian voice distributions, those that end up with more centralized voice distributions perform better when they give their most competent members more dominant speaking roles and perform worse when they do not. We found general support for these arguments in a study using four waves of data collected over time from 175 student project teams. Thus, we highlight how voice centralization does not always have negative consequences for teams but can benefit teams in certain circumstances. We discuss the implications of our findings for theory and practice.

Utilization and Evaluation of Ethics Consultation Services in Neonatal Intensive Care

Background: The opportunities of perinatal medicine have improved, but this has also been accompanied by increasing ethical challenges. Clinical ethics consultation services (CEC) could support medical teams facing these. However, nothing is currently known about the availability, utilization and evaluation of CEC in German neonatology units. Methods: This study was designed as a national, descriptive, mixed quantitative–qualitative questionnaire study. The head physicians of the pediatric departments and the heads (medical and nursing) of the corresponding neonatal intensive care units of the 213 German perinatal centers were asked to participate. Results: Ninety percent of the respondents (responding rate 24.4–38.0%) stated that CEC are established and available. However, utilization is rather low [rarely N = 40 (54.1%), never N = 12, (16.2%), occasionally N = 19 (25.7%)], although it was rated as very helpful. There was a significant correlation between utilization and perceived general usefulness (r = 0.224, p = 0.033) and support (r = 0.41, p < 0.001); whereas evaluations differed significantly between professional groups (t = −2.298, p = 0.23, Cohen’s d = 0.42). Conclusions: The contradiction between the low utilization despite positive evaluations could be related to perceived hurdles. These and the different perceptions within the professional groups give rise to the consideration of whether alternative approaches, e.g., liaison services, would be preferable in neonatology.

Exploring network governance in sustainable beekeeping management in the Mekong subregion and its challenges

This research paper aims to explore a network governance in sustainable apiculture management and identify its challenges to government and non-governmental policy makers. Qualitative data was collected through participant observation during field visits and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with regional apiculture management. The research results show that each country in the Mekong subregion has different network governances in supporting a sustainable apiculture management. Some countries have a collaborative network between the government, the civil society, entrepreneurs, and scholars. In contrary, some countries lack a policy framework from the government. This difference becomes challenges for the six governments of the Mekong subregion countries to commonly support the sustainable apiculture management in the subregion. The identified challenges in the paper are: (1) a capacity gap between the six countries of the region; (2) no common policies and regulations that would facilitate local beekeepers’ access to wider regional bee products; (3) no support for inter-regional transport of bees and honey for academic purposes; (4) inadequate native bee species preservation and pesticides use; (5) local beekeepers’ limited access to a regional bee diseases and pesticides use database; and, (6) a lack of regional standards for general honeybee product support.

Jekyll and Hyde leadership: Examining the direct and vicarious experiences of abusive and ethical leadership through a justice variability lens.

Drawing on uncertainty management theory and the nascent work on justice variability, we examine employees' direct and vicarious experiences of abusive supervision and ethical leadership. Conceptualizing the simultaneous display of abusive and ethical leadership styles as a form of justice variability, we suggest that a direct supervisor's ethical leadership exacerbates, rather than ameliorates, the detrimental effects of his/her abusive supervision on employees' emotional exhaustion and job performance. We further contend that a similar effect exists when employees vicariously experience leadership interactions involving their direct supervisor and higher level manager, whereby higher level managers' ethical leadership exacerbates the negative effects of their abusive supervision toward supervisors on those supervisors' employees' emotional exhaustion and job performance. We draw the contrast between the direct and vicarious experiences by theorizing justice uncertainty and linking-pin effectiveness uncertainty, respectively, as two distinct theoretical mechanisms that explain the two proposed destructive effects. Using a multisource and multiphase lagged field study and two vignette-based experiments, we find general support for our model. Our research advances the theories of justice variability, vicarious leadership and (in)justice, and supervisors' linking-pin role effectiveness. We also offer practical insights for managing "Jekyll and Hyde" leadership across organizational hierarchies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

International survey of bimodal hearing and bilateral cochlear implant service provision for adults

Objectives As cochlear implant (CI) criteria widen, more candidates with usable residual hearing are being considered for a CI. Unlike children, adults mostly receive only one implant. The aim of this survey was to determine bimodal-hearing and bilateral CI service provision for adults around the world. This survey offers the backdrop against which future clinical practice and service delivery can be considered. Methods CI professionals from across the world were invited to participate in an international multicentre survey. The online questionnaire was circulated to CI professionals in 75 countries. There were 64 respondents, representing 25 countries across five world regions. Results In this sample, adult CI users most had unilateral CI (74.5%) and only 25.5% were bilateral CI users. Some 54% of unilateral CI users used a hearing aid (HA) in the non-implanted ear. Funding for a second implant or HA was not well supported for adult unilateral CI users, and there was no clear practice guidance for fitting and maintaining the contralateral HA in most regions. Conclusions CI professionals recognised the value of fitting contralateral HAs at CI services, with audiology departments and private HA dispensers playing an ongoing role in general maintenance and support.

Exploratory perceptions of successful ageing and preferences for information and support amongst sexually and gender diverse people living with HIV in Australia

The current exploratory study investigates self-reported perceptions of successful ageing, and preferences for information access and support, amongst sexually and gender diverse people living with HIV in Australia. Cross-sectional data, derived from a larger survey, were extracted for 12 participants who self-reported as living with HIV and completed questions pertaining to successful ageing and information/support preferences. Qualitative responses regarding successful ageing were explored through thematic analysis while descriptive statistics were used to analyse information/support preferences. Themes of (1) social factors, agency, and autonomy; (2) physical and mental wellbeing; and (3) considerations of care needs and information were generated from qualitative data about successful ageing. General practitioners (83.3%) and HIV support services (75.0%) were the most preferred sources of information about ageing and care supports. Findings from this exploratory study identify opportunities for policy improvements, provision of funding, and coordinated community support to enable sexually and gender diverse people living with HIV to experience successful ageing in Australia.

Trustworthiness, Value, Danger, and Readability of ChatGPT-Generated Responses to Health Questions Related to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

To enhance outcomes for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), comprehensive and individualized therapy is needed. A large language model called Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) has the ability to provide expert yet patient-friendly care. We wanted to determine how well ChatGPT could accurately and consistently respond to inquiries on knowledge and management for PAH. When 20 PAH patients were diagnosed, they were asked what concerns they had about PAH and what they had researched online.In the evaluation, it was determined that patients frequently searched the Internet for answers to eight queries. These eight queries were posed to ChatGPT, and their responses were recorded. Ten experts in the field of PAH assessed the trustworthiness, value, and hazard of the answers generated by the ChatGPT. According to evaluations conducted by experts, the ChatGPT-generated responses were deemed trustworthy with an average score of 8.4 (7.7-9.2) and valuable with an average score of 7.9 (7.4-8.2). Based on the statistical analysis, it can be inferred that most professionals believed that the utilization of prompts provided by ChatGPT did not present a substantial risk, with a mean of 2.1 (1.7-2.5).The answers were assessed for readability using two different indicators, namely the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) and the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG). The average FKGL value was determined to be 13.52 ± 2.40, indicating a "difficult" level of readability. ChatGPT provides reliable PAH-related information, but it is important to seek professional medical advice before making any decisions regarding PAH. ChatGPT can only provide general information and support, but a qualified healthcare provider can offer tailored recommendations.

Identifying Culturally Relevant School Support Profiles and Links to Academic Functioning in Adolescents.

There is limited knowledge about patterns of adolescents' experiences of general teacher support and support for critical consciousness and cultural competence development in school settings, which are key experiences proposed to promote academic functioning. Furthermore, less is known about potential developmental and ethnic-racial differences in these patterns. Using a person-centered approach, this study examined culturally relevant school support profiles in a sample of sixth and ninth grade students (N = 717; 49.9% girls) from the U.S. Southwest. Participants were aged 10 to 18 years (M = 13.73; SD = 1.54) and were ethnoracially diverse (31.8% Hispanic/Latinx, 31.5% Multiethnic, 25.7% White, 7.3% Black or African American, 1.4% Asian American or Pacific Islander, 1.4% American Indian or Alaska Native, and 1% Arab, Middle Eastern, or North African). Four culturally relevant school support profiles were identified: (1) low general, devoid cultural & critical support; (2) moderate general, moderate cultural, & devoid critical support; (3) high general, moderate cultural & critical support; and (4) high general, cultural, & critical support. Youth in the high general, cultural, & critical support profile had higher concurrent emotional and behavioral engagement. No significant differences were found between early (6th grade) and middle adolescent (9th grade) youth, pointing to the relevance and associations of the identified profiles across development. One significant difference emerged when comparing White and ethnoracially minoritized youth; among White youth, those in the high general, cultural, & critical support and high general, moderate cultural & critical support profiles had higher academic expectations than those in the low general, devoid cultural & critical support profile. The discussion focuses on characterizing heterogeneous and culturally relevant school support profiles, the associations between these profiles and indicators of academic functioning for ethnoracially diverse youth to advance developmental theory and the importance of promoting culturally relevant school support practices to foster developmental competencies among youth.

Benefits by Luck: A Study of Lotteries as a Selection Method for Government Programs

Lotteries could be a just and cost-effective procedure to distribute government benefits in contexts of oversubscription, with the added benefit of allowing assessments of the impact of government programs. However, little is known about whether there is public support for employing lotteries in this context. We examine support for a lottery that selects recipients of new government-built housing units in Brazil and find that neither lotteries participants nor the general public supports their use. We arrive at this result by employing a three-pronged multi-method approach. Quasi-experimental analysis of an original survey of lottery participants reveals that support not only is tepid, but substantially higher among winners than non-winners. In-depth interviews suggest that applicants believe lotteries miss the most deserving beneficiaries. A general population survey experiment reveals that lotteries are not perceived as just or efficient when compared to alternative beneficiary selection methods. While sometimes normatively desirable, the use of lotteries for government programs enjoys limited popular support.

Do facilitators and barriers to community ambulation differ among stroke survivors in low resource settings? A cross-sectional study in Nigeria

ABSTRACT Purpose Stroke survivors (SSV) in many low- and middle-income countries experience frustrating participation restriction in community ambulation (CA), which impedes community life. This study assessed facilitators and barriers to CA among community-dwelling SSV in a southwest state of Nigeria. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 66 community-dwelling ambulating SSV, purposively recruited from physiotherapy out-patient clinics of selected hospitals in southwest Nigeria. Semi-structured questionnaire containing physical and social environment elements of the ICF domains was administered on respondents. Mobility status at home and community, socio-demographic and clinical data of SSV were also obtained. Responses from open-ended questions were triangulated with appropriate close ended options. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression at p < 0.05 Alpha value. Results Majority of the SSV were independent in their homes (59.1%), used mobility aids (87.9%) and assisted in CA (66.7%). They identified limited physical accessibility by crowds 25 (37.9%), lack of inclined surfaces 40 (95.2%), uneven floors 36 (87.8%), public seating arrangements 33 (78.6%), rain (73.8%) and inability to use services, systems and policies (77.3%) as barriers to CA. Built physical environment was a significant predictor of home (OR = 0.754, p = 0.001) and community mobility (OR = 0.850; p = 0.018), while post-stroke depression was a significant predictor of community mobility (OR = 1.038; p = 0.014). Conclusion Mobility aids, social attitudes and general support were identified as facilitators, whereas barriers to CA included built physical environment, services and policies, products and technology. Facilitators and barriers to CA are similar to some HIC contexts, perceived difficulties and experiences differ for infrastructural and social reasons among others.

Analyzing the Lange–Lerner Hypothesis: is a monopolized banking sector a threat to democracy?

Is a monopolized banking sector a threat to democracy? Increasing bank monopolization and its growing share of the economy have brought renewed interest to this historical concern. Oskar Lange and Abba Lerner held that banking monopolization would undermine democracy through the concentration of political power among banking elites. This led them to exclude the banking sector from their more general support for private ownership of the means of production. We examine whether banking monopolization is associated with concentrated political power and the undermining of democracy using the Lerner Index (based on Lerner’s measure of banking concentration), Polity scores, Varieties of Democracy’s (V-Dem’s) Political Civil Liberty Index, and V-Dem’s Power Distributed by Socioeconomic Position Index, comprising data for 101 countries from 1996 to 2014 in our full specification. We find no relationship between civil liberties and the banking sector in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries but a negative and statistically significant relationship in non-OECD countries. We find no relationship between the Lerner Index and the concentration of power by socioeconomic status. Our results support only one variant of the Lange–Lerner Hypothesis and only among non-OECD countries. We argue that, most likely, this is because long-established democracies are more resilient.

Implementation of a patient-centered phone line to address non-medical cancer support needs in an integrated health system.

208 Background: From the moment cancer is suspected, patients and their caregivers may feel overwhelmed and not know where to seek help for non-medical questions. Social risks, including financial instability, housing and food insecurity can lead to poor cancer outcomes, and 39% of Kaiser Permanente (KP) cancer patients screened positive for at least one social risk. KP implemented the Cancer Support Line to provide patients and caregivers with a single point of contact to address non-medical concerns, including financial navigation, social health needs, and general cancer information. Methods: Kaiser Permanente partnered with patients, clinicians, and health plan functions supporting member services, social health, and quality to co-design and implement a phone number for cancer members in the KP Northwest market. The Cancer Support Line (‘Line’) is an inbound phone number staffed by Cancer Support Specialists (‘Specialists’), a dedicated team of health plan member services, trained in cancer support skills. Specialists use four co-designed pathways to navigate callers to resources for financial questions, social needs, and general cancer information and support. If clinically appropriate questions arise, Specialists use existing operational channels to connect patients back to their care teams. Results: During the pilot, there were 1,057 interactions with members, patients, and caregivers from March 12 th to May 17 th . Financial questions about payment assistance and insurance benefits/eligibility emerged as the highest call driver. The top call outcomes by volume are shown in the included table. A high majority of calls (94%, n=992) were addressed by the Cancer Support Specialists themselves. Post-call survey results revealed that 96% of callers (n=26) rated their call experience high when asked “How would you rate your overall call experience today?” Conclusions: Effective collaboration across KP’s project teams was a critical driver of the pilot’s success. Workflows were built with all partner teams and departments, Specialist training was designed internally with consultation from the American Cancer Society, team communications were open and consistent, call reporting was robust and adaptable. Furthermore, the Line addresses a critical gap in the cancer patient experience: navigating non-medical needs that busy care teams are unable to address on their own. Though positive, these pilot results are preliminary and focused on one KP market. To evaluate the pilot for scalability, the team will assess process metrics and outcomes on caller, frontline staff, and Specialist experience on an ongoing basis to capture the Line’s broader operational impact. Call transfer destination. Transfer Destination # of calls % No Transfer 992 93.9% KP Community Support Hub Transfer 45 4.3% Clinical Transfer 17 1.6% KP Community Support Hub + Clinic Transfer 3 0.3%

Drilling Deeper: Non-Linear, Non-Parametric Natural Gas Price and Volatility Forecasting

This paper studies the forecast accuracy and explainability of a battery of dayahead (Henry Hub and Title Transfer Facility (TTF)) natural gas price and volatility models. The results demonstrate the dominance of non-linear, non-parametric models with deep structure relative to various competing model specifications. By employing the explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) approach, we document that the price of natural gas is formed strategically based on crude oil and electricity prices. While the conditional volatility of natural gas returns is driven by long-memory dynamics and crude oil volatility, the informativeness of the electricity predictor has improved over the most recent volatile time period. Although we reveal that predictive non-linear relationships are inherently complex and time-varying, our findings in general support the notion that natural gas, crude oil and electricity are interconnected. Focusing on the periods when markets experienced sharp structural breaks and extreme volatility (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict), we show that deep learning models provide better adaptability and lead to significantly more accurate forecast performance.

“There's just a lot of numbers and I just want to have a drink”: The challenge of communicating the energy content of alcohol products

Various governments are considering the implementation of energy labelling on alcohol products as one element of obesity prevention policies. However, little is known about the most effective ways to communicate energy information to consumers. The aim of the present study was to explore consumers’ reactions to different energy information provision formats to assist the development of effective energy labels. Nine focus groups (n=83 participants) were conducted with Australian adults who reported drinking alcohol at least twice per month. Participants were exposed to an energy-only information label and labels displaying full nutrition information panels. A thematic analysis approach was used to identify key issues. While few participants were overtly enthusiastic about the mandatory display of energy values on alcohol products, there was general support for the provision of this information to assist those drinkers who could benefit from it. Substantial confusion was apparent as participants attempted to distil meaning from the provided information, particularly where it was expressed in terms of serving sizes and standard drinks. Full nutrition panels were especially problematic in terms of creating a health halo due to the nil or low values for multiple nutrients listed. This was especially notable for information relating to sugar content. Overall, there appears to be inadequate public understanding of the concept of dietary energy in alcoholic beverages and the various terms used to quantify its presence, which is likely to limit the utility of mandatory energy information provision requirements unless they are accompanied by effective community education.

ACTION-ARC Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Ventricular Assist Device Adverse Event Definitions-2023.

Adverse events (AEs) experienced by children and adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) on ventricular assist devices (VADs) are sometimes unique to these populations. The Advanced Cardiac Therapies Improving Outcomes Network (ACTION) and the Academic Research Consortium (ARC) aimed to harmonize definitions of pediatric and CHD AEs for use in clinical trials, registries, and regulatory evaluation. Data from the ACTION registry and adjudication committee were used to adapt general mechanical circulatory support ARC definitions. This ACTION-ARC international expert panel of trialists, clinicians, patients, families, statisticians, biomedical engineers, device developers, and regulatory agencies drafted and iterated definitions harmonized to ACTION data and existing literature during sessions conducted between December 2022 and May 2023, followed by dissemination across clinical/research audiences and professional organizations and further revision. Both email-linked, internet-based surveys and in-person discussions were used as a modified Delphi process. Nineteen AE types were identified and defined, including seven new event types and six event types that were deleted and will no longer be collected, achieving consensus. ACTION-ARC paired rigorous development with methodical stakeholder involvement and dissemination to define pediatric VAD AEs to facilitate assimilation of data across future clinical trials and evaluation of devices for VAD-supported children and adults with CHD.

Age-induced changes in affective prosody comprehension and its relationship with general cognitive ability and social support utilization among older adults

ABSTRACT Aging can impact emotional recognition, affecting older adults’ mental health and social function. This study examined how aging affects affective prosody comprehension (APC: understanding emotions through speech) across seven emotions (happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and neutrality) and its relationship with cognitive function (via the Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and social support (via the Social Support Rating Scale) in 199 cognitively normal older adults. We found that older adults had lower APC accuracy and more errors, often mistaking negative emotions for neutral or positive ones. APC accuracy was significantly associated with social support, and a partial least squares (PLS) cognitive component fully mediated the relationship between the APC component and social support utilization, explaining 61.7% of the total effect. These results suggest that declines in APC during aging are linked to social support utilization through cognitive function, offering insights for interventions to improve social and cognitive health in older adults.

Overview and confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis of AI literacy scale

Comprehensive concepts of AI literacy (AIL) and valid measures are essential for research (e.g., intervention studies) and practice (e.g., personnel selection/development) alike. To date, several scales have been published, sharing standard features but differing in some aspects. We first aim to briefly overview instruments identified from unsystematic literature research in February 2023. We identified four scales and one collection of items. We describe the instruments and compare them. We identified common themes and overlaps in the instruments and developmental procedure. We also found differences regarding scale development procedures and latent dimensions. Following this literature research, we came to the conclusion that the literature on AI literacy measurement was fragmented, and little effort was undertaken to integrate different AI literacy conceptualizations. The second focus of this study is to test the factorial structures of existing AIL measurement instruments and identify latent dimensions of AIL across all instruments. We used robust maximum-likelihood confirmatory factor analysis to test factorial structures in a joint survey of all AIL items in an English-speaking online sample (N=219). We found general support for all instruments' factorial structures with minor deviations from the original factorial structures for some of the instruments. In a second analysis step, to address the issue of fragmented research on AI literacy conceptualization and measurement, we used principal axis exploratory factor analysis with oblique rotation to identify latent dimensions across all items. We found four correlated latent dimensions of AIL, which were mostly interpretable as the abilities to use and interact with AI, to design/program AI (incl. in-depth technical knowledge), to perform complex cognitive operations regarding AI (e.g., ethical considerations), and a common factor for the abilities to detect AI/differentiate between AI and humans and manage persuasive influences of AI (i.e., persuasion literacy). Our findings sort the multitude of AIL instruments and reveal four latent core dimensions of AIL. Thus, they contribute importantly to the conceptual understanding of AIL that has been fragmented so far.

Voluntary Turnover Rate Fluctuations, Human Resource Practices, and Innovation: A Within‐Organization Investigation

ABSTRACTOrganizations constantly navigate voluntary employee departures to facilitate organizational effectiveness. To date, most studies on the implications of voluntary turnover rate have been conducted at the between‐organization level, comparing organizations with varying levels of voluntary turnover rates. Building upon complex adaptive system (CAS) theory, we develop within‐organization theorizing regarding the implications of voluntary turnover rate fluctuations for organizational innovation. We propose a U‐shape threshold model, where the relationship between voluntary turnover rate fluctuations and innovation takes a negative form when voluntary turnover rate fluctuations are within the normal range for an organization, and a positive form when voluntary turnover rate fluctuations surpass a critical threshold reflecting far‐from‐equilibrium conditions. Furthermore, we investigate how organizations may utilize human resource (HR) practices to shift the critical threshold. Specifically, we argue that increased reliance on interaction‐facilitating HR practices (employee participation and group‐based pay) lowers the threshold, while increased reliance on interaction‐inhibiting HR practices (individual‐based pay) raises the threshold. With firm‐fixed effects modeling, we found general support for our hypotheses using a large‐scale, multi‐level, longitudinal dataset from Statistics Canada (7110 workplace‐year observations from 1980 workplaces). We provide a novel theoretical lens to understand the nature and management of collective turnover.

A Phenomenological Approach to Medication Adherence in Elderly Patients: A Qualitative Study.

Background: Patient adherence to drug treatment is crucial to the success of any prescribed therapy, especially in chronic conditions. The present phenomenological qualitative study aims to explore the elderly experience in managing their medication therapy and their perception of medication adherence. Methods: Based on Husserl's perspective, a qualitative descriptive study was conducted utilizing the phenomenological approach, specifically Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The data analysis followed Giorgi's phenomenological approach and the inductive content analysis method. Approval for the study was obtained from the relevant Ethics Committee. Results: Themes emerged when participants described experiences about their own adherence to therapy. The following general theme emerged from the interviews and the phenomenological analysis: Generating awareness: taking therapy saves your life. It was followed by three other themes: (1) Drug therapy awareness; (2) Drug therapy in daily life; and (3) Drug therapy as a life partner. Conclusions: Elderly patients undergoing polypharmacological treatment emphasize the key factors for improving medication adherence, highlighting the influence of individual, motivational, and relational aspects. They express a strong desire for information and value the support of family doctors and nurses in managing therapy. Patient interviews indicate general support among elderly patients for using mobile health in pharmacological treatment, recognizing its potential and limitations.

Reaction qualifications in the eyes of the people: An experimental‐philosophical study based on US survey data

AbstractIs it fair for employers to select candidates partly based on how the employers think customers react to the candidates' appearances, that is, based on candidates' reaction qualifications? Both philosophically (in the literature on wrongful discrimination) and empirically, this question has recently been getting attention. Here, we focus on a theory of unfair disadvantages emphasizing (i) whether the possession of the appearance feature in question reflects choices on the part of the candidate and (ii) whether the appearance feature in question reflects values or convictions of importance to the candidate. We scrutinize the theory by evaluating how well these factors map on to folk intuitions about wrongful discrimination using an experimental‐philosophical approach and data from the United States. We do so on the presumption that coherence with folk intuitions is one desideratum for a philosophical theory and that attention should be given to potential discrepancies between philosophical theories and folk intuitions. Our central finding is that there is only general support for factor (i), not (ii), in the American population. Our study also adds to the extant empirical literature on reaction qualifications that tend to focus on the employer's side of the matter, not the candidate's as we do.