General Secretaries Research Articles

History of the International Association of Geodesy

Then the 1984 Geodesist's Handbook contains brief biographical memoirs of former Presidents and General Secretaries of the Association. For the 1988 Geodesist's Handbook the Special Study Group 0.67 (History of Geodesy, Chairman : Ch. Whitten) has prepared similar memoirs for three Presidents of the old Association and also concise bio-reference notes for deceased former Section, Commission and Special Study Group officers as well as other geodesists who have made significant contributions.

The "New Type" of Sino-Soviet Relations

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's four-day visit to China in May 1989 signaled the end of two decades of Sino-Soviet hostility. It was the first visit by the top Soviet leader since September 1959 when Nikita Khrushchev went to China and the two sides bitterly debated policy toward India. Gorbachev's visit cleared the air of the residue of the previous summit and, according to the rhetoric used by both sides, ushered in a new type of normal, long-term, stable, good-neighborly, friendly, cooperative Sino-Soviet relations. The talks between Gorbachev and Deng Xiaoping proclaimed the beginning of state-to-state relations, while the meeting later the same day between General Secretaries Zhao Ziyang and Gorbachev was hailed as the natural of party-to-party relations. The day after Gorbachev's departure from China, a Renmin Ribao (People's Daily) editorial foresaw a steady and normal development of party-to-party ties. Chinese leaders (though not Chinese press reports) referred to Gorbachev as comrade, and President Yang Shangkun lauded the restoration of the traditional friendship between the Chinese and Soviet peoples. No agreements or breakthroughs on major issues emerged from the meetings. To a considerable degree, however, this probably reflected Beijing's desire to minimize the international impact of the summit, also seen in such moves as cutting the size of Gorbachev's entourage from 1,000 to 300 and insisting, inter alia, that officials of the two sides greet one another with handshakes rather than by embracing. Moscow, on the other hand, stressed the significance of the summit, although without going so far as to risk antagonizing Beijing, Washington, or Tokyo. Within weeks, however, the two sides reversed their positions regarding such atmospherics. In the aftermath of the Tiananmen incident, Beijing tried to stress its options

Historical dictionary of Vietnam

Part 1 Editor's Foreword Part 2 Preface Part 3 Reader's Notes Part 4 Acronyms and Abbreviations Part 5 Maps Part 6 Chronology Part 7 Introduction Part 8 THE DICTIONARY Part 9 Appendixes Chapter 10 A. A Brief Outline History of Vietnam Chapter 11 B. Rulers of Vietnamese Kingdoms, 10th-19th Centuries Chapter 12 C. Emperors and Governors under Colonial Rule Chapter 13 D. Leaders of Independent Vietnamese Governments Chapter 14 E. Communist Party General Secretaries Chapter 15 F. Population of Vietnam (Yearly Estimates) Chapter 16 G. Population Distribution According to Province and Municipality Chapter 17 H. Population by Ethnic Background Chapter 18 I. Key Social and Economic Indicators Part 19 Bibliography Part 20 About the Authors

Modernization and Participation in the Leninist Developmental Strategy

The Soviet Union achieved its stability in the early stages of development not by institutionalizing participation but by forcing departicipation and substituting a functionally distinct form of political activity—involvement in co-production. These policies constitute essential complements in the Leninist developmental strategy. The ability of enlisted involvement to block the growth of participatory pressures tends to decline in later stages of development, however. The result is spontaneous withdrawal from the institutions of coproduction and the rise of participatory pressures. This pattern is documented with evidence from Soviet electoral and membership statistics, Soviet reports of opinion surveys, Western interviews of Soviet émigrés, and cross-national estimates of political dissidence. The Leninist crisis of participation requires a policy response to close the participation-institution gap once again. The alternative policy responses of Soviet general secretaries are characterized as totalitarian, authoritarian, liberal, and socialist.

The year after the three general secretaries: Change without change

The year after the three general secretaries: Change without change

Unions ask for meeting with PM

The General Secretaries of the five major nursing unions have requested an urgent meeting with the Prime Minister to dicsuss their concerns over 'the current situation in the National Health Service.'

Exemptions from trade union law.

The General Secretaries of the Royal College of Nursing, Royal College of Midwives, British Medical Association and other royal medical colleges will be exempt from provisions under new trade union law which would have required them to be elected to office.

Confessing the Lord Jesus Christ as God and Saviour

The Ecumenical ReviewVolume 37, Issue 2 p. 182-188 Confessing the Lord Jesus Christ as God and Saviour Konrad Raiser, Konrad Raiser The Rev. Dr Konrad Raiser is teaching at the Ecumenical Institute of the Department of Protestant Theology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany. Till recently he was one of the Deputy General Secretaries of the World Council of Churches.Search for more papers by this author Konrad Raiser, Konrad Raiser The Rev. Dr Konrad Raiser is teaching at the Ecumenical Institute of the Department of Protestant Theology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany. Till recently he was one of the Deputy General Secretaries of the World Council of Churches.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1985 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6623.1985.tb01302.x Read the full textAboutRelatedInformationPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessClose modalShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Volume37, Issue2April 1985Pages 182-188 RelatedInformation RecommendedJesus ChristJohn A. Bertone, The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization, [1]Paul, Jesus, and ChristEdward Adams, The Blackwell Companion to Jesus, [1]Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic FaithAlexander Constantine Stewart, The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization, [1]CONFESSING OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST AS GOD AND SAVIOURW. A. Visser't Hooft, International Review of Mission

Megaw and the public sector: A union response

One Civil Service union ‐ the Institute of Professional Civil Servants ‐ welcomed the Megaw Report on the grounds that it would help restore internal relativities. Unions representing the great majority of civil servants, however, came out strongly against it. The general secretaries of the Civil and Public Servants Association and the Society of Civil and Public Servants prepared a note for the TUC's public service committee on the implications of Megaw for the public sector as a whole. The following is based on that note.

Organization and Policies of National Olympic Committee — Problems of methodology, access and the results of a pilot - study

Problems of methodology and access are discussed for a pilot project dealing with the organizational structure and policies of 21 National Olympic Committees. In using the expert opinion of leading executives (presidents or general secre taries) by mailed questionnaire in each of these NOCs the study finds them mainly independent organizations as prescribed by IOC rules. But there are also some controlled by other bodies or government agencies. The major influencing body is the IOC for these committees with considerable influence also noted for their own executives and national sport organizations. The sports represented by these NOCs reflect some difference to the general interest in sport in these countries. Some descriptive data are presented for principles guiding the organiza tion of Olmpic teams. In evaluating NOC policies in terms of expectations and realization it appears that NOCs do well in controlling the amateur rule and promoting international understanding. Executives give less favorable reports for the promotion of national sport programs financing of their team and the promotion of time arts, a prescribed rule of the IOC that gets little support in attitudes and evenness in realization. A policy with high latent importance seems to be the promotion of careers and education of Olympic athletes. With regard to four relational constructs introduced for policy analysis (of. Combs and Lüschen) it is found that NOCs face the highest discrepancies for fidelity, i.e. the pursuit of NOC policies in lime with societal values and developments, while NOCs do well in terms of efficiency, i.e. pursuit of policy goals in line with evailable resourccs.

The Unit of Pastoral Care in the Early Church

When, in modern ecumenical converse, it is suggested that a non-episcopal church may do well to take episcopacy into its system, there is bound to be discussion of the theology of episcopacy, of whether or not the bishop is of the esse of the Church, is necessary to its being, necessary for the perpetuation of orders and sacraments, and of the nature and significance of apostolic succession. But that is not all. Besides these high doctrinal problems, there will be questions about bishops as facts of history. Fear of prelacy may cast doubt upon their being even of the bene esse of the Church. Frequently, however, there is a genuine interest in the pastoral potentialities of episcopacy. While it is claimed that the ministers of non-episcopal churches do in fact exercise episkope over their parishes or congregations, it is freely allowed that, for good pastoral and evangelistic reasons (and not solely for the sake of what is sometimes called mere administration), the modern trend has been strongly towards the appointment of ministers to an office involving supervision of larger areas and of other ministers, whether the former are called moderators, superintendents, chairmen, general secretaries, what you will—even bishops. But if such men are meant to exercise a pastoral office, how can it be secured that they do not degenerate into ‘mere administrators’?

The Ethics of Trade Union Leaders

^ rN this paper I have endeavoured to give an account of the premlsses from which trade union leaders act and to examine, in a general way, their aims, i *their code of trade union morality, their loyalties and to show their attitude to the standard of social behaviour in the society which they purport to change. It is not a comprehensive examination. Some aspects of behaviour are barely mentioned: for example, the problem of remuneration whether these men should be paid like the workers they represent or as businessmen is not discussed. There is considerable discussion of the problem of Honours, but, though useful, this can cast only an oblique light on their approach to what is an appropriate standard of social behaviour. Throughout this paper only full-time general secretaries and presidents of trade unions are classified as trade union leaders.

British Association : Birmingham Meeting

NEXT year the British Association for the Advancement of Science will meet in Birmingha(August 30-September 6). The Council has completed appointments to the various offices in the Association. These include:President, Sir Harold Hartley;General Treasurer, Mr. M. G. Bennett; General Secretaries, Dr. Edward Hindle and Sir Richard Southwell; Presidents of Sections, Prof.E. H. Neville (Physics and Mathematics), Prof. E. L. Hirst (Chemistry), Dr. W. Campbell Smith (Geology), Dr. V. B. Wigglesworth (Zoology), Prof. S. W. Woold-ridge (Geography), Prof. G. C. Allen (Economics), Prof. Andrew Robertson (Engineering), Dr. R. N. Salaman (Anthropology and Archeology), Prof. R. J. Brocklehurst (Physiology), Dr. J. C. Flugel (Psychology), Dr. W. B. Turrill (Botany), Mr. W. F. Okeshott (Education), Prof. H. D. Kay (Agriculture). The Lord Mayor of Birmingham is the local patron, and Sir Raymond Priestley, vice-chancellor of the University of Birmingham, is chairman of the Local Executive Committee. The Lord Mayor of Birmingham has issued an appeal for a local fund of £6,000, and more than two hundred local volunteers are already making preparations for what is expected to be one of the largest meetings in the history of the British Association. The meeting will be the sixth to be held in Biimingham.

Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress

A THIRD circular on the coming Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress has recently been published. Details of this Congress have already been reported (see Nature, February 5, p. 206), but this new circular, besides covering all the points previously mentioned, contains the final programme details in the various centres, a list of papers to be read and a list of delegates. The general time-table is : July 9-12, inauguration of the Congress in London, and short excursions in the London area ; July 13-17, technical sessions in Oxford ; July 18-23, excursions to a choice of one of the four following centres–Cardiff, Cornwall, Edinburgh or Newcastle-on-Tyne. The sessions in Oxford will be organised as follows : A and B, mineral resources ; C modern methods of prospecting ; D, physiological and psychological effects of heat and humidity on workers in deep mines and metallurgical works ; E, petroleum ; F, coal ; G, present-day trends in mineral dressing ; H and I metallurgy and metallurgical industries. In addition to the technical papers which will be presented at these sessions, three evening lectures will be delivered : "Metallurgical and Mining Aspects of Atomic Energy" by Sir John Cockcroft, director of research (atomic energy), Ministry of Supply ; "Miners as Pioneers" by Dr. Charles Camsell, formerly Deputy Minister of Mines and Resources, Ottawa ; and "The General Theory .of Metals and Alloys" by Dr. W. Hume-Rothery, lecturer in metallurgical chemistry, University of Oxford. Besides the member States of the British Commonwealth, eleven other countries will be represented at the Congress, as follows : Belgium, Chile. Egypt, Holland, Iraq, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States. Further information may be obtained from the Joint General Secretaries, Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress, 436 Salisbury House, Finsbury Circus, London, E.C.2.

Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress

THE Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress onvened by the Empire Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions will be held in Great Britain in July 1949, under the presidency of Sir Henry Tizard. The chief object of the Congress is to afford an opportunity for scientific men, engineers and others concerned with the mining and metallurgical industries to meet and discuss technical progress and problems, including the development of the mineral resources of the Commonwealth. The programme will be divided into three parts : July 9-12, inaugural meeting, official functions, exhibitions, visits, etc., in London ; July 13-17, technical sessions in Oxford ; July 18-23, excursions based for the most part on universities in Great Britain. Further information can be obtained from the General Secretaries, Fourth Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress, 436 Salisbury House, Finsbury Circus, London, E.C.2.

Botany at Cambridge: Prof. F. T. Brooks, C.B.E., F.R.S

On September 30 Prof. F. T. Brooks retired from the professorship of botany in the University of Cambridge, which he has held since 1936. When he succeeded Sir Albert Seward he became head of a large and well-organised department, which continued to expand and prosper under his direction in spite of the difficulties and restrictions of the war years. At the present time, accommodation in the Botany School is strained to its utmost by ever-increasing numbers of research students, and investigations are being made in all the main fields of botanical science, while the number of undergraduate students is well maintained. During his tenure of the chair, Prof. Brooks has continued his researches in plant pathology, and during his career he has been responsible for the training of a large number of mycologists and plant pathologists who now hold .important posts in many parts of the world. His wise guidance and administrative ability have been freely extended to the University Botanic Garden ; he has acted as chairman of its executive committee and as secretary of the managers of the Cory Trust. His work has extended beyond the University ; he was for five years an active member of the Agricultural Research Council and has been one of the general secretaries of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He will continue to live in Cambridge and to carry on his researches in the Botany School.

International Geological Congress, 1948

THE 18th Session of the International Geological Congress, originally planned for 1940 and postponed on the outbreak of war, is to be held in Great Britain in 1948, on the invitation of the Geological Society of London. A third circular containing preliminary arrangements for the session has been issued. Meetings will take place in London during August 25-September 1, 1948, and the following subjects have been provisionally listed for discussion : (1) Problems of Geochemistry ; (2) Metasomatic Processes in Metamorphism ; (3) Rhythm in Sedimentation ; (4) Geological Results of Applied Geophysics ; (5) Geology of Iron-Ore Deposits ; (6) Geology of Petroleum ; (7) Geology, Paragenesis and Reserves of the Ores of Lead and Zinc ; (8) Geology of Sea and Ocean Floors ; (9) Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary ; (10)Faunal and Floral Facies and Zonal Correlation ; (11) Correlation of Continental Vertebrate-bearing Rocks ; (12) Earth Movements and Organic Evolution. Geological excursions covering most of the British Isles, which are planned to take place between August 7 and September 18, form part of the Congress programme. They include sixteen long excursions (7-16 days) before the meetings in London, and sixteen of similar length after the meetings. There will also be daily excursions, centred on London, between August 22 and September 3. Sir Thomas Holland is president of the General Organising Committee and president-designate of the Congress. The general secretaries are Mr. A. J. Butler and Dr. L. Hawkes, and the. treasurer is Mr. F. N. Ashcroft. All communications should be addressed to the General Secretaries, XVIII Session International Geological Congress, Geological Survey and Museum, Exhibition Road, London, S.W.7.

British Association: New Officers

IT is announced by the British Association that the following changes in office bearers have been approved by the General Committee: President, Sir Henry Dale, to succeed Sir Richard Gregory on January 1, 1047 (see Nature, July 27, p. 124); General Officers (with effect from July 20, 1946): Treasurer, Mr. M. G. Bennett, to succeed Sir Harold Hartley; General Secretaries, Dr. E. Hindle and Sir John Lennard-Jones, to succeed Prof. F. T. Brooks, Prof. D. Brunt and Prof. Allan Ferguson; Secretary, Mr. D. N. Lowe, to succeed Dr. O. J. R. Howarth.

South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies

THE fiftieth annual congress of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies will be held this year on July 7 at Harpenden, the headquarters being at the Rothamsted Experimental Station. The presidentelect is Dr. W. G. Ogg, who will speak on some aspects of the work at Rothamsted, of which he is director. The sectional presidents and their addresses are: Mr. Edward Yates (archæology), "Church Chests"; Dr. W. E. Brenchley (botany), "Trace Elements",· Mr. P. Evans (geology), "Some New Weapons in the Geological Armoury"; Dr. C. S. Orwin (social science), "Country Planning"; Dr. E. S. Russell (zoology), "Fishing Research and the Overfishing Problem". The honorary general secretaries of the Union are Mr. A. Farquharson and Mr. F. J. Epps, 78 Dunwich Road, Bexley Heath.

Empire Broadcasts on Scientific Topics

The British Broadcasting Corporation has instituted a short series of quarter-hour broadcasts to the Empire on recent advances in science. the first talk of the series was given at 11.15 p.m. on July 31 by Prof. Allan Ferguson, one of the general secretaries of the British Association. Prof. Ferguson, after giving a simple picture of the structure of the atom, and the results to be expected from atomic bombardment, described briefly the development of the cyclotron, recent experiments on nuclear disintegration, including the uranium-fission experiments, and the production of ‘labelled’ particles. Succeeding talks will be given by Wing-Commander Cave-Browne-Cave on mechanical engineering (August 7), by Dr. S. J. F. Philpott on psychology (August 14) and by Prof. F. A. E. Crew on biology (August 21).