General Role Research Articles

Coping strategies and adherence in people with mood disorder: a cross-sectional study.

Non-adherence to treatment recommendations is a significant problem, as it contributes to the progression of the disease and to the exacerbation of distressing symptoms. Failure to cope with the disease and elevated levels of stress, in turn, influence the choice of strategy for coping with a difficult situation, and thus adherence to recommendations. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the impact of the subjects' stress coping styles on therapeutic adherence, life satisfaction, disease acceptance and quality of life (QoL) in people with mood disorders. This survey-based study included 102 respondents diagnosed with mood disorders, living in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It was performed using the sociodemographic questionnaire and standardized tools: The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), The Short Form-36 (SF-36) Health Survey, The Adherence to Refills and Medication Scale (ARMS), and The Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS). Some 47.06% of the respondents suffered from depressive disorders, while 34.31% had depression or mixed anxiety disorder. Patients who made greater use of an emotion-focused style were found to have significantly lower life satisfaction than other patients. Moreover, this style was related to such SF-36 domains as general health, social functioning, role emotional, vitality, and mental health, as well as to physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS). Treatment non-adherence is a serious challenge in the treatment of patients with mood disorders. Individuals who do not adequately follow treatment recommendations often resort to alternative activities as a mechanism for coping with difficult situations. Patients who predominantly adopt an emotion-oriented coping style tend to experience lower life satisfaction and greater difficulty accepting their condition compared to their peers. Conversely, patients who adopt a task-oriented coping style report better quality of life than those who rely on emotion-oriented coping or alternative activities.

Stephen Hawking’s superspace and supergravity blackboard: an iconic artefact in the making

Among about a thousand objects obtained by the Science Museum from Stephen Hawking’s office is a blackboard full of cartoons and puns, both childishly silly and deeply scientifically meaningful. This blackboard is now one of the Museum’s most popular objects thanks to its playful imagery and perhaps also its perceived fragility. But it is also one of the objects that best illustrates the scientific life of Stephen Hawking and his generation, and more broadly, it is an exemplar of the social and material culture of the postmodern epoch of theoretical physics in the decades around the turn of the twenty-first century. In this article, the curator of the Hawking Collection explains the importance of this blackboard, first through an account of its unexpected trajectory to becoming the Hawking Collection’s most charismatic object, followed by a discussion of the general historical role of blackboards: their iconography, material culture, and value as historical sources and how their conservation requirements contribute to their perceived value. The author then delves deeper into the specific content of this blackboard, showing how it constitutes a window into the highs and lows of a generation of physicists inspired by Hawking’s work, as they attempted, and ultimately failed, to unify the two great theories of the twentieth century: general relativity and quantum mechanics. What we now call the superspace and supergravity blackboard is a microcosm of one of those moments in physics when theory broke away from what was empirically verifiable. The scribblings on the blackboard were collectively drawn by an up-and-coming generation of supersymmetry theorists. It immortalises the promising early years of supergravity, one of the hopeful candidates at the time for the long-wished-for Theory of Everything. Preserved in chalk are the seeds of one of the most brilliant theoretical discoveries of the turn of the century: what is now called the holographic principle. But also, seen with the benefit of hindsight, supersymmetric approaches seeded the identity crisis that theoretical physics is experiencing today, especially around the role of empirical anchoring of proposed fundamental theories. The contested status of the blackboard’s content and its humorous, self-ironic style, make it a key piece of a unique zeitgeist of physics at the turn of the twenty-first century, which one could call the era of postmodern physics. In addition to its significance to the history of specific ideas, this paper also argues that the blackboard reflects the collective, social nature of theoretical research, while also inviting reflection on what constitutes success and failure in the physical sciences.

Сургуулийн өмнөх болон ерөнхий боловсролын сургалтын байгууллагын удирдах ажилтны чиг үүргийг тодорхойлох судалгааны үр дүнгээс

The research was carried out at the document level or qualitative analysis to define the roles of administrators of pre-school and general education organizations. Opinions of pre-schools and school administrators were collected about the roles and activities defined by the administrator on Google Forms, applying the Likert scale questions, which is the equal interval response scale. After consolidating the data descriptive and correlation analysis have been conducted using SPSS27 and excel programs. 82.9 percent of total general education school directors and 89.2 percent of kindergarten principals participated in the survey, which is considered representative of the original sampling population. Based on the research results, the roles of state-owned kindergarten and general education school administrators (principals and directors) were identified as main and general roles. See the roles below, Main roles Role 1. Management instructional activities in schools and kindergartens: Implement curriculum and extracurricular activities, develop, and implement additional programs. Role 2. Human resource management: recruit and dismiss of teachers and staff, support their development, accommodate stable working conditions, and support for solving their social challenges. Role 3. Student development and protection: provide opportunities for learning and development, ensuring their health and safety. Role 4. Assessment and monitoring: organize monitoring and assessment, and taking measures based on its results. Role 5. Financial management: allocate funds and budgets efficiently, spend, submit reporting, and declare transparently. General roles Role 6. Leadership: Take lead in any organizational activity, create a positive atmosphere and culture, and nurture effective communication Role 7. Cooperation and partnership: cooperate with stakeholders of the school, nurture and support diverse cooperations. Role 8. Digital transformation in education: General roles include leadership, implementation of cooperation and partnership, and taking leads in organizing digital transformation in education. Also, in accordance with the digital transformation policy in development and education sector of Mongolia, the role of leading and organizing the digital transformation is included in General Roles.

Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Agri-Food Wastes: A Novel Perspective in the Valorization of Agri-Food Wastes and By-Products.

Agri-food wastes generated by industrial food processing are valorized through the extraction of biomolecules to obtain value-added products useful for various industrial applications. In the present review, we describe the valuable by-products and bioactive molecules that can be obtained from agricultural wastes and propose extracellular vesicles (EVs) as innovative nutraceutical and therapeutic compounds that could be derived from agriculture residues. To support this idea, we described the general features and roles of EVs and focused on plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) that are considered natural carriers of bioactive molecules and are involved in intercellular communication between diverse kingdoms of life. Consistently, PDEVs exert beneficial effects (anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and immune-modulatory) on mammalian cells. Although this research field is currently in its infancy, in the near future, the isolation of EVs and their use as nutraceutical tools could represent a new and innovative way to valorize waste from the agri-food industry in an ecofriendly way.

The Role and Impact of Generics in Pharmaceutical Markets

Generics, an essential component of drug manufacturing, represent copies of brand-name drugs whose patents have passed away. This abstract investigates the significance of generics in healthcare, their effect on display movement, regulatory foundations, and healthcare commerce. Generics play an important role in extending the patient approach to affordable cures while supporting contests in pharmaceutical advertising. They offer economical alternatives to brand-name drugs, forceful unhappy healthcare payments, and improving drug devotion. However, concerns concerning quality, security, and productiveness persist, making necessary tight supervisory oversight and bioequivalence experiments to guarantee therapeutic similarity accompanying their brand-name matches. Key stakeholders, including healthcare providers, subjects, insurers, and policymakers, are progressively embracing generics by way of lightening rising healthcare costs and improving healthcare sustainability. Market currents display a growing inclination for generics on account of their lower prices, driving advertise seepage and growing market share. Regulatory instrumentalities general have achieved policies to advance the use of generics, containing expedited authorization pathways, patent expirations, and inducements for general manufacturers. These initiatives aim to promote contests, incentivizes change, and provoke retail entry, eventually enhancing customers and healthcare systems alike. Challenges front the generics manufacturing include protected property created by original thought rights, supply chain disruptions, and supervisory obstacles to market entrance. Additionally, the rise of complex generics, biosimilars, and specialty generics poses singular challenges in conditions of happening, manufacturing, and advertising agreements. In conclusion, generics show a cornerstone of healthcare, contribute inexpensive alternatives to brand-name drugs, and forceful contest and novelty in pharmaceutical advertising. Through cooperation between managers, manufacturers, and healthcare partners, generics manufacturing can continue to develop and bloom, guaranteeing an equitable approach to essential cures and advancing worldwide fitness effects.

Pedestrian evacuations with imitation of cooperative behavior.

We analyze the dynamics of room evacuation for mixed populations that include both competitive and cooperative individuals through numerical simulations using the social force model. Cooperative agents represent well-trained individuals who know how to behave in order to reduce risks within high-density crowds. We consider that competitive agents can imitate cooperative behavior when they are in close proximity to cooperators. We study the effects of the imitation of cooperative behavior on the duration and safety of evacuations, analyzing evacuation time and other quantities of interest for varying parameters such as the proportions of mixing, the aspect ratio of the room, and the parameters characterizing individual behaviors. Our main findings reveal that the addition of a relatively small number of cooperative agents into a crowd can reduce evacuation time and the density near the exit door, making the evacuation faster and safer despite an increase in the total number of agents. In particular, for long spaces such as corridors, a small number of added cooperative agents can significantly facilitate the evacuation process. We compare our results with those of systems without imitation and also study the general role of cooperation, providing further analysis for homogeneous populations. Our main conclusions emphasize the potential relevance of training people how to behave in high-density crowds.

Insights from an updated personnel selection meta-analytic matrix: Revisiting general mental ability tests' role in the validity-diversity trade-off.

General mental ability (GMA) tests have long been at the heart of the validity-diversity trade-off, with conventional wisdom being that reducing their weight in personnel selection can improve adverse impact, but that this results in steep costs to criterion-related validity. However, Sackett et al. (2022) revealed that the criterion-related validity of GMA tests has been considerably overestimated due to inappropriate range restriction corrections. Thus, we revisit the role of GMA tests in the validity-diversity trade-off using an updated meta-analytic correlation matrix of the relationships six selection methods (biodata, GMA tests, conscientiousness tests, structured interviews, integrity tests, and situational judgment tests) have with job performance, along with their Black-White mean differences. Our results lead to the conclusion that excluding GMA tests generally has little to no effect on validity, but substantially decreases adverse impact. Contrary to popular belief, GMA tests are not a driving factor in the validity-diversity trade-off. This does not fully resolve the validity-diversity trade-off, though: Our results show there is still some validity reduction required to get to an adverse impact ratio of .80, although the validity reduction is less than previously thought. Instead, it shows that the validity-diversity trade-off conversation should shift from the role of GMA tests to that of other selection methods. The present study also addresses which selection methods now emerge as most valid and whether composites of selection methods can result in validities similar to those expected prior to Sackett et al. (2022). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Transcription Factors AcuK and AcuM Influence Siderophore Biosynthesis of Aspergillus fumigatus.

The mold Aspergillus fumigatus employs two high-affinity uptake systems, reductive iron assimilation (RIA) and siderophore-mediated iron acquisition (SIA), for the acquisition of the essential trace element iron. SIA has previously been shown to be crucial for virulence in mammalian hosts. Here, we show that a lack of AcuK or AcuM, transcription factors required for the activation of gluconeogenesis, decreases the production of both extra- and intracellular siderophores in A. fumigatus. The lack of AcuM or AcuK did not affect the expression of genes involved in RIA and SIA, suggesting that these regulators do not directly regulate iron homeostasis genes, but indirectly affect siderophore production through their influence on metabolism. Consistent with this, acetate supplementation reversed the intracellular siderophore production defect of ΔacuM and ΔacuK. Moreover, ΔacuM and ΔacuK displayed a similar growth defect under iron limitation and iron sufficiency, which suggests they have a general role in carbon metabolism apart from gluconeogenesis. In agreement with a potential role of the glyoxylate cycle in adaptation to iron starvation, transcript levels of the malate synthase-encoding acuE were found to be upregulated by iron limitation that is partially dependent on AcuK and AcuM. Together, these data demonstrate the influence of iron availability on carbon metabolism.

Seven Tesla Evidence for Columnar and Rostral-Caudal Organization of the Human Periaqueductal Gray Response in the Absence of Threat: A Working Memory Study.

The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a small midbrain structure that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct, regulates brain-body communication, and is often studied for its role in "fight-or-flight" and "freezing" responses to threat. We used ultra-high-field 7 T fMRI to resolve the PAG in humans and distinguish it from the cerebral aqueduct, examining its in vivo function during a working memory task (N = 87). Both mild and moderate cognitive demands elicited spatially similar patterns of whole-brain blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response, and moderate cognitive demand elicited widespread BOLD increases above baseline in the brainstem. Notably, these brainstem increases were not significantly greater than those in the mild demand condition, suggesting that a subthreshold brainstem BOLD increase occurred for mild cognitive demand as well. Subject-specific masks were group aligned to examine PAG response. In PAG, both mild and moderate demands elicited a well-defined response in ventrolateral PAG, a region thought to be functionally related to anticipated painful threat in humans and nonhuman animals-yet, the present task posed only the most minimal (if any) "threat," with the cognitive tasks used being approximately as challenging as remembering a phone number. These findings suggest that the PAG may play a more general role in visceromotor regulation, even in the absence of threat.

Vision-related quality of life in patients with glaucoma before and after trabeculectomy.

To determine vision-related quality of life (VR-QoL) and functional and structural parameters associated with VR-QoL in patients with glaucoma before and 12 months after trabeculectomy. Fifty-eight patients undergoing trabeculectomy were included. Participants completed the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25) prior to and 12 months after trabeculectomy. Functional (visual acuity and visual fields) and structural (ganglion cell layer volume) parameters were evaluated for their association with VR-QoL using multiple linear regression of VFQ-25 subscale scores. Intraocular pressure and the number of glaucoma medications were also included in the analyses. The VFQ-25 composite score did not change after trabeculectomy (before: 74.9; 12 months: 74.0; p = 0.512). The subscale mental health had a significantly higher score 12 months after trabeculectomy (before: 65.6; 12 months: 71.4; p = 0.017). The VFQ-25 scores for general health (before: 68.5; 12 months: 62.5; p = 0.009) and role difficulties (before: 78.9; 12 months: 53.7; p < 0.001) were significantly lower 12 months after trabeculectomy. No functional or structural parameters were associated with VFQ-25 composite score. Overall, VR-QoL in glaucoma patients was similar before and after trabeculectomy, reflecting the procedure's stabilizing effect on both objective and subjective visual function. The absence of correlations between VR-QoL and clinical parameters emphasizes the multifaceted nature of VR-QoL and highlights the limitations of depending solely on objective clinical metrics to evaluate patients' subjective experiences. Using both objective measures and VR-QoL, clinicians can better understand the challenges patients face due to glaucoma and trabeculectomy, potentially leading to better solutions.

Octopaminergic descending neurons in Drosophila: Connectivity, tonic activity and relation to locomotion

Projection neurons that communicate between different brain regions and local neurons that shape computation within a brain region form the majority of all neurons in the brain. Another important class of neurons is neuromodulatory neurons; these neurons are in much smaller numbers than projection/local neurons but have a large influence on computations in the brain. Neuromodulatory neurons are classified by the neurotransmitters they carry, such as dopamine and serotonin. Much of our knowledge of the effect of neuromodulators comes from experiments in which either a large population of neuromodulatory neurons or the entire population is perturbed. Alternatively, a given neuromodulator is exogenously applied. While these experiments are informative of the general role of the neurotransmitter, one limitation of these experiments is that the role of individual neuromodulatory neurons remains unknown. In this study, we investigate the role of a class of octopaminergic (octopamine is the invertebrate equivalent of norepinephrine) neurons in Drosophila or fruit fly. Neuromodulation in Drosophila work along similar principles as humans; and the smaller number of neuromodulatory neurons allow us to assess the role of individual neurons. This study focuses on a subpopulation of octopaminergic descending neurons (OA-DNs) whose cell bodies are in the brain and project to the thoracic ganglia. Using in-vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and anatomical analyses that allow us to compare light microscopy data to the electron microscopic volumes available in the fly, we find that neurons within each cluster have similar physiological properties, including their relation to locomotion. However, neurons in the same cluster with similar anatomy have very different connectivity. Our data is consistent with the hypothesis that each OA-DN is recruited individually and has a unique function within the fly's brain.

Involvement of the claustrum in the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry: connectional study in the non-human primate

The claustrum is an ancient telencephalic subcortical structure displaying extensive, reciprocal connections with much of the cortex and receiving projections from thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. This structure has a general role in modulating cortical excitability and is considered to be engaged in different cognitive and motor functions, such as sensory integration and perceptual binding, salience-guided attention, top-down executive functions, as well as in the control of brain states, such as sleep and its interhemispheric integration. The present study is the first to describe in detail a projection from the claustrum to the striatum in the macaque brain. Based on tracer injections in different striatal regions and in different cortical areas, we observed a rough topography of the claustral connectivity, thanks to which a claustral zone projects to both a specific striatal territory and to cortical areas involved in a network projecting to the same striatal territory. The present data add new elements of complexity of the basal ganglia information processing mode in motor and non-motor functions and provide evidence for an influence of the claustrum on both cortical functional domains and cortico-basal ganglia circuits.

Clinical significance of echocardiographic signs of right heart dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction

Aim: To analyze the features of clinical signs, quality of life and psycho-emotional state in patients with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF) and non-obstructive atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, depending on the presence of echocardiographic criteria for dysfunction of the right heart.Material and Methods. Patients underwent an extended protocol of echocardiography with an assessment of the structure and function of the right heart; ultrasound examination of the lungs with the determination of the number of B-lines; a six-minute walk test, a test for the presence of a symptom of bendopnea with the determination of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) before and during the test. In addition, quality of life was assessed using the Minnesota questionnaire and the SF-36 questionnaire (The Short Form-36); the psycho-emotional state of patients was analyzed according to the HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), the level of adherence to treatment was analyzed according to the Morisky – Green questionnaire. Patients were divided into two groups depending on signs of right heart dysfunction: Tei index more than 0.54, tricuspid annulus systolic excursion (TAPSE) less than 17 mm, tricuspid annulus systolic velocity (RV S’) less than 9,5 cm/sec.Results. Echocardiographic signs of right heart dysfunction in patients with HFpEF was associated with lower quality of life indicators according to the SF-36 questionnaire, in particular, general health status (p = 0.008) and role limitations due to emotional problems (p = 0.03). During the bendopnea test (p = 0.04), the majority of patients with signs of dysfunction of the right heart (66.7%) had a decrease in SpO2, while in the comparison group the proportion of such patients was 36.7% (p = 0.04). The psycho-emotional state according to the HADS scale and adherence to treatment did not differ in both groups (p &gt; 0.05). The frequency of detection of B-lines according to lung ultrasound was also comparable.

Evaluation of different models of general practitioners working in or alongside emergency departments: a mixed-methods realist evaluation.

Emergency healthcare services are under intense pressure to meet increasing patient demands. Many patients presenting to emergency departments could be managed by general practitioners in general practitioner-emergency department service models. To evaluate the effectiveness, safety, patient experience and system implications of the different general practitioner-emergency department models. Mixed-methods realist evaluation. Phase 1 (2017-8), to understand current practice: rapid realist literature review, national survey and follow-up key informant interviews, national stakeholder event and safety data analysis. Phase 2 (2018-21), to collect and analyse qualitative (observations, interviews) and quantitative data (time series analysis); cost-consequences analysis of routine data; and case site data for 'marker condition' analysis from a purposive sample of 13 case sites in England and Wales. Phase 3 (2021-2), to conduct mixed-methods analysis for programme theory and toolkit development. General practitioners commonly work in emergency departments, but delivery models vary widely in terms of the scope of the general practitioner role and the scale of the general practitioner service. We developed a taxonomy to describe general practitioner-emergency department service models (Integrated with the emergency department service, Parallel within the emergency department, Outside the emergency department on the hospital site) and present a programme theory as principal output of the study to describe how these service models were observed to operate. Routine data were of variable quality, limiting our analysis. Time series analysis demonstrated trends across intervention sites for: increased time spent in the emergency department; increased emergency department attendances and reattendances; and mixed results for hospital admissions. Evidence on patient experience was limited but broadly supportive; we identified department-level processes to optimise the safety of general practitioner-emergency department models. The quality, heterogeneity and extent of routine emergency department data collection during the study period limited the conclusions. Recruitment was limited by criteria for case sites (time series requirements) and individual patients (with 'marker conditions'). Pandemic and other pressures limited data collection for marker condition analysis. Data collected and analysed were pre pandemic; new approaches such as 'telephone first' and their relevance to our findings remains unexplored. Findings suggest that general practitioner-emergency department service models do not meet the aim of reducing the overall emergency department waiting times and improving patient flow with limited evidence of cost savings. Qualitative data indicated that general practitioners were often valued as members of the wider emergency department team. We have developed a toolkit, based on our findings, to provide guidance for implementing and delivering general practitioner-emergency department services. The emergency care data set has since been introduced across England to help standardise data collection to facilitate further research. We would advocate the systematic capture of patient experience measures and patient-reported outcome measures as part of routine care. More could be done to support the development of the general practitioner in emergency department role, including a core set of competencies and governance structure, to reflect the different general practitioner-emergency department models and to evaluate the effectiveness and cost effectiveness to guide future policy. This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42017069741. This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: 15/145/04) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 12, No. 10. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.

UPAYA BAWASLU KABUPATEN PROBOLINGGO MENINGKATKAN PERAN SERTA MAHASISWADALAM PENGAWASAN PARTISIPATIF

Abstrack&#x0D; &#x0D; Election Supervisory Board (Bawaslu) as a trusted body of guardians in holding democratic, dignified, and quality elections. Bawaslu or the General Election Supervisory Agency is an election organizing agency in charge of supervising the implementation of elections in all regions of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The vision of the General Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) is the realization of the General Bawaslu's role is very important because it aims to create an election with integrity in accordance with the rules of the election. The purpose of this research is to find out how important the role of students in the election and what are the efforts of the Probolinggo Regency General Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) in increasing the role of students in participatory supervision. This research method uses an empirical research method with an approach through interviews and looking at existing data to the staff and commissioners of Bawaslu Probolinggo Regency. With this research, we hope that there will be an understanding regarding the duties and authorities of Bawaslu and the role of students who should be to oversee future elections and elections. The results of this study concluded that the role of students is very important in participatory supervision for future elections and elections. To avoid unwanted things in the implementation of the election, the Bawaslu of Probolinggo Regency has contributed to providing education to increase the Human Resources (HR) of students related to the election. With the role of students, it is expected to minimize all forms of violations in every stage in the Elections and Elections. With the synergy between the Bawaslu of Probolinggo Regency and students, it is hoped that there will be an increase in the progress of democracy in Indonesia.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keyword : Effort, Bawaslu, Role, University Student.

Industrial chimneys – as a potential art object

Industrial chimneys – as a potential art object

Short-distance vesicle transport via phase separation

In addition to long-distance molecular motor-mediated transport, cellular vesicles also need to be moved at short distances with defined directions to meet functional needs in subcellular compartments but with unknown mechanisms. Such short-distance vesicle transport does not involve molecular motors. Here, we demonstrate, using synaptic vesicle (SV) transport as a paradigm, that phase separation of synaptic proteins with vesicles can facilitate regulated, directional vesicle transport between different presynaptic bouton sub-compartments. Specifically, a large coiled-coil scaffold protein Piccolo, in response to Ca2+ and via its C2A domain-mediated Ca2+ sensing, can extract SVs from the synapsin-clustered reserve pool condensate and deposit the extracted SVs onto the surface of the active zone protein condensate. We further show that the Trk-fused gene, TFG, also participates in COPII vesicle trafficking from ER to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment via phase separation. Thus, phase separation may play a general role in short-distance, directional vesicle transport in cells.

Women's Education in Refugee Communities of Post-Colonial Bengal

The word education is inextricably linked with our way of life. Because education makes people's intellectual and cultural heritage creative and dynamic. This education organizes people's mind, intellect and taste.In Bengal after the partition of British India in 1947. The refugees, coming from the eastern part of the erstwhile province of Bengal, spread all over West Bengal and in other parts of India. Many refugee 'colonies', which were a novel and distinct spatial arrangement in the urban morphology, came up in the Calcutta region and almost all of these had a primary school. The study of these schools and the general role of education in these settlements will reveal complex socio-economic dynamic of a population trying to carve out a niche on a new terrain. On the other hand, the government, from time to time, came up with various policies to meet the pressing demands that this huge influx of people put on it. Education and training were crucial part of the post-Partition regime of rehabilitation of the refugees.

The role of calcium in neuronal membrane tension and synaptic plasticity.

Calcium is a primary second messenger that plays a role in cellular functions including growth, movement and responses to drugs. The role that calcium plays in mediating communication between neurons by synaptic vesicle release is well established. This review focuses on the dependence of the physical properties of neuronal plasma membranes on calcium levels. After describing the key features of synaptic plasticity, we summarize the general role of calcium in cell function and the signaling pathways responsible for intracellular increase in calcium levels. We then present findings showing that increases in intracellular calcium levels cause neurites to contract and break synaptic connections by changes in membrane tension.

Improved RNA stability estimation through Bayesian modeling reveals most Salmonella transcripts have subminute half-lives

RNA decay is a crucial mechanism for regulating gene expression in response to environmental stresses. In bacteria, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are known to be involved in posttranscriptional regulation, but their global impact on RNA half-lives has not been extensively studied. To shed light on the role of the major RBPs ProQ and CspC/E in maintaining RNA stability, we performed RNA sequencing of Salmonella enterica over a time course following treatment with the transcription initiation inhibitor rifampicin (RIF-seq) in the presence and absence of these RBPs. We developed a hierarchical Bayesian model that corrects for confounding factors in rifampicin RNA stability assays and enables us to identify differentially decaying transcripts transcriptome-wide. Our analysis revealed that the median RNA half-life in Salmonella in early stationary phase is less than 1 min, a third of previous estimates. We found that over half of the 500 most long-lived transcripts are bound by at least one major RBP, suggesting a general role for RBPs in shaping the transcriptome. Integrating differential stability estimates with cross-linking and immunoprecipitation followed by RNA sequencing (CLIP-seq) revealed that approximately 30% of transcripts with ProQ binding sites and more than 40% with CspC/E binding sites in coding or 3' untranslated regions decay differentially in the absence of the respective RBP. Analysis of differentially destabilized transcripts identified a role for ProQ in the oxidative stress response. Our findings provide insights into posttranscriptional regulation by ProQ and CspC/E, and the importance of RBPs in regulating gene expression.